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	Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( Villegaignon, Seine et Marne, France, 1510 â“ Beauvais, January 9, 1571) was a French naval officer (vice- admiral of Brittany) who attempted to help the Huguenots in France escape persecution.
		Villegaignon became an important historical figure in his failed dream to build a " France Antarctique ", by invading present-day Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1555 with a fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists, mainly French Huguenots and Swiss Calvinists who were unsatisfied with Catholic persecution in Europe.
		Villegaignon had already returned to France, in 1557, disgusted with the infighting between Catholics and Protestants in the small colony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicolas_Durand_de_Villegaignon (392 words)

	Encyclopedia: France Antarctique
		However, the French crown failed to make good use of Villegaignon's exploits to expand the reach of the French kingdom into the New World, as it was being done at the time with the conquests of Jacques Cartier in the present-day province of Québec, Canada.
		Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, born 1510 in Villegaignon, Seine et Marne, France was a naval officer (vice-admiral of Brittany) who attempted to help the Huguenots in France escape persecution.
		Mem de Sá was a Governor-General of Brazil from 1557-1572.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/France-Antarctique (2169 words)

	Nicolas Durand Villegaignon
		VILLEGAIGNON, or VILLEGAGNON, Nicolas Durand (veel-gan-youg), Chevalier de, French naval officer, born in the castle of Villegaignon, Seine et Marne, in 1510; died in Beauvais, near Nemours, 9 January, 1571.
		Villegaignon's colony subsisted for a few years longer, but, being abandoned by the government, the French were finally expelled, 20 January, 1567, by Men de Saa (q.
		Villegaignon was reputed one of the most skilful navigators of the 16th century, and he acquired distinction also as a historian and in his theological controversies with Calvin about his interference in religious matters in South America.
	www.famousamericans.net /nicolasdurandvillegaignon (689 words)

	France Antarctique biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		France Antarctique was the failed French colony south of the Equator, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 1555 and 1567.
		However, the French crown didn't make good use of Villegaignon exploits to expand the reach of the French kingdom into the New World, as it was being done at the time with the conquests of Jacques Cartier in the present-day province of Québec, Canada.
		Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoyo and Tupynambá Indians of the region, who were fighting the Portuguese.
	france-antarctique.biography.ms (550 words)

	* Irene's Country Corner * - Brasil - History
		In 1565, the Portuguese military Estácio de Sá was sent to the Guanabara Bay with the mission of expelling the French invaders.
		The "Caçador de Esmeraldas" (Emerald Hunter) as a poem by the renowned Brazilian writer Olavo Bilac (1865-1918) would later nickname him, died under the illusion that he had finally found the so-wished emeralds, which were nothing but "turmalinas", green stones like emeralds but without the same value.
		The impact of the gold mines upon the Brazilian economy was largely responsible for the transfer of the capital of the colony from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro in 1763.
	www.irenescorner.com /home/braziliancorner/history/history02.htm (2147 words)

	Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ondinnok - Yves Sioui Durand, thÃ©Ã¢tre mythologique amÃ©rindien.
		Les familles Jean Nicolas Durand, Pierre Genereux et Plessis Histoire de ces trois familles.
		The Society of the Impassioned of Nicolas A tribute to the violinist Nicolas de Lenfent.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Nicolas_Durand_de_Villegagnon.html (270 words)

	Guanabara Bay - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In its southwest shore is the city of Rio de Janeiro and in its southeast shore the city of Niterói.
		The two airports of Rio de Janeiro, the Tom Jobim International Airport (in the Island of Galeão) and the Santos Dumont Airport are located on its shores.
		After its initial discovery, no significant European settlements were established until French colonist and soldiers, under the Huguenot Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon invaded the region in 1555 to establish the France Antarctique.
	www.iridis.com /Guanabara_Bay (501 words)

	Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He commanded the French naval fleet that took Mary Stuart, then five years old, to France, since she was promised to marry the Dauphin of France.
		Villegagnon became an important historical figure in his failed dream to build a " France Antarctique ", by invading present-day Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1955 with a fleet of two ships and a number of soldiers.
		After a number of battles against the Portuguese, Villegagnon was defeated by Estácio de Sá, a nephew of the third Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil, Mem de Sá, in January 20, 1567.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Nicolas_Durand_de_Villegagnon (176 words)

	Les huguenots en Nouvelle-France
		Villegaignon ancien catholique fervent, devient un chaud partisan du protestantisme.
		Des recherches dans les registres d'états civils des temples protestants en France permettraient probablement d'en identifier un bon nombre.
		Il s'agit de Daniel Voïl qui en 1660 fut accusé de sorcellerie, de blasphème et de profanation des sacrements.
	pages.infinit.net /barbeaum/hugue.htm (2035 words)

	Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon - Result for Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon - Meaning of Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		'''Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon''' ( Villegaignon, Seine et Marne, France, 1510 – Beauvais, January 9, 1571) was a French naval officer (vice- admiral of Brittany) who attempted to help the Huguenots in France escape persecution.
		Image:Villegaignon-crest.gif rightframedCrest of the Durand de Villegaignon family A notable public figure in his time, Villegaignon was a mixture of soldier, scientist, explorer, adventurer and entrepreneur.
		After a number of battles against the Portugal Portuguese, the French colonists were defeated by Estácio de Sá, a nephew of the third Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil, Mem de Sá, in January 20, 1567.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Nicolas_Durand_de_Villegaignon.html (394 words)

	Mem de Sá - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Jesuits were stern and persistent missionaries of the Catholic faith with the aboriginal peoples, and their pacification of these warrior societies was one of the most important conquests of Mem de Sá's government.
		Mem de Sá had also an important military and political mission when, in 1560, leading a naval expedition of 26 ships and 2,000 soldiers and sailors, he was sent by the Portuguese crown to attack France Antarctique, a colony founded by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, a Huguenot French vice-admiral in present day Rio de Janeiro.
		Fort Coligny, built by the French colonists on a small island of the Guanabara Bay was destroyed, but Mem de Sá was able to expel definitely the French invaders in 1567 only, with the help of his nephew, Estácio de Sá, who was also the founder of Rio de Janeiro, in March 1st, 1565.
	www.iridis.com /Mem_de_S� (314 words)

	Bell Catalog - Vs
		Schat-kammer, ofte kunst der stuurlieden, inhoudende de arithmetica of rekenkunde, beneevens een duidelyke onderwysinge in de navigatie … Amsterdam, Gerard Hulst van Keulen, 1786.
		Oude en nieuwe-tijds wonder-toneel: vertonende de vorige en hedendaagze vreemde gewoonten van veelerlei volkeren in de bekende deelen des werelds … Den tweden druk verzierd met kopere plaaten.
		De vruchten van’t monster van den treves … [n.p.] 1630.
	www.bell.lib.umn.edu /cat/bib_v.html (4551 words)

	* Irene's Country Corner * - Brasil - Chronological Events
		Under the command of Martim Afonso de Sousa, 400 Portuguese sail for Brazil to explore the coast, expel the French and begin the settlements.
		On October 12, Dom Pedro returns to Rio de Janeiro and is proclaimed the first emperor of Brazil and named Dom Pedro I. On December 1, Dom Pedro I is crowned.
		The prince Dom Pedro de Alcântara, at 5 years of age, is the regent.
	www.irenescorner.com /home/braziliancorner/chronology (2186 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Brazil
		Connecting with this range near Rio de Janeiro, and stretching northward, is the Serra Central, while a third system stretches northwestwards, separating the headwaters of the Sao Francisco and Tocantins Rivers from those of the Parana.
		The principal coffee regions are Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro.
		In 1555 Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, aided by Coligny, the French Huguenot leader, settled with a few Frenchmen on a little island in the bay of Rio de Janeiro.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02745c.htm (4340 words)

	About Brazil - French and Dutch Incursions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Noting that Rio de Janeiro's Guanabara Bay had not been occupied, Vice Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, a French navigator, led a mix of Huguenots and Catholics there in 1555 to establish a colony, France Antarctique, on Ilha de Sergipe.
		In 1786 and 1787, José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho of Rio de Janeiro, a Coimbra graduate studying medicine at Montpelier and a critic of the colonial relationship, approached Ambassador Thomas Jefferson in France.
		Meanwhile, the French Revolution, the resulting slave rebellion in Haiti, and the fear of similar revolts in Brazil convinced the Brazilian elites that the dream of a United States-style conservative revolution that would leave the slave-based socioeconomic structure intact and in their hands was impossible.
	www.floridabrasil.com /brazil/about-brazil-french-dutch-incursions.htm (3530 words)

	French colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Having explored the Mississippi Valley to its mouth, from the direction of Canada, in the North, in 1682, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle named the great central belt of territory Louisiane in honour of Louis XIV of France.
		From 1555 to 1567, French Huguenots under the leadership of vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon made an attempt to establish the France Antarctique in Brazil, but were expelled.
		From 1612 to 1615, a new failed attempt was made in SÃ£o LuÃs, Brazil.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas (1020 words)

	Brésil. La chronique et poèmes de Vera Regina Gaetani
		Dans les États des régions Nord et Nord-est où le climat est tropical, il n'y a pas l'hiver, tandis que dans les États de la région Sud, ils arrivent en hiver, à des températures très basses, de moins 5 à moins 6° et ont même la neige et de la gelée.
		D.Manuel I, roi de Portugal, voulait se certifier de l'existence des terres au-delà de l'Atlantique et sur lesquelles il prendrait possession d'accord avec le traité des "Tordesilhas" selon lequel la moitié de toutes les terres inconnues, au-delà de l'Atlantique, serait des portugais et, l'autre moitié, serait des espagnols.
		La première expédition coloniale au Brésil fut organisée par Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon et reçue le soutien du roi Henri II et de l'amiral Gaspar Coligny( 1555) dans le but d'y fonder un établissement pour donner asile aux protestants français.
	www.french-speaking.com /sites/amis/vera-regina.html (1778 words)

	Rio San Juan, Siglo XVI
		De hecho, sin esperar una respuesta positiva a su propuesta, Colon da orden de embarcar 500 nativos en la carabela proxima a partir.
		La llegada de estos indigenas, embarcados ya como esclavos, causa un serio disgusto a Isabel la Catolica, quien primero ordena su venta y posteriormente da la contraorden para que sean liberados y devueltos a sus tierras.
		A su lado estaba un esqueleto de 2.30 de longitud que podría pertenecer a Pedrarias Dávila.
	www.manfut.org /cronologia/s1500.html (5576 words)

	Encyclopedia: French colonization of the Americas
		The first French attempt at colonization was Fort Caroline in 1564, made by Huguenots.
		New France (French: la Nouvelle-France) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763.
		René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (November 22, 1643 - March 19, 1687) was a French cleric and explorer.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/French-colonization-of-the-Americas (2903 words)

	Thévet (1558) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		En 1555-1556, il accompagna l'expédition de Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon au Brésil, à titre d'aumônier.
		Thévet a en effet obtenu une partie de ses renseignements lors de rencontres avec des explorateurs, des pilotes et des pêcheurs qui fréquentaient alors le golfe du Saint-Laurent, de même que lors d'entrevues avec des Amérindiens ramenés en France.
		Son ouvrage contient donc de précieuses descriptions de nature ethnographique sur les Amérindiens de cette époque: leurs coutumes de guerre, leurs méthodes de chasse, leurs croyances religieuses, leurs pratiques médicales, leurs habitudes alimentaires et leurs tenues vestimentaires, et autres.
	www.collectionscanada.ca /passages/h8-259-f.html (290 words)

	United States and Brazil: The Colonial Period / Brasil e Estados Unidos: O Período Colonial
		In 1555 André Thevet, a Franciscan priest, sailed with a small group of Frenchmen under the command of Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon (1510-1571?) to found a southern New France on the Brazilian coast.
		Esclaves nègres de différrentes nations [Black slaves from different nations], from Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil [A picturesque and historical trip to Brazil], Jean Baptiste Debret, 1834.
		A mineração ajudou a formar uma sociedade rica e de gosto apurado na região das Minas Gerais, onde se desenvolveram cidades e vilas.
	international.loc.gov /intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-3.html (1611 words)

	Villegagnon Island -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Portuguese Ilha De Villegagnon, island in Guanabara Bay, southeastern Brazil, connected by a causeway to Rio de Janeiro's Santos Dumont Airport on the mainland.
		In 1555 French Huguenots from nearby Laje Island under Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon established the colony of La France Antarctique and Fort Coligny.
		bay of the Atlantic Ocean, southeastern Brazil, with Rio de Janeiro on its southwest shore and Niterói on its southeast.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9075386 (608 words)

	9 gennaio - Wikipedia
		1923 - Juan de la Cierva esegue il primo volo su un autogiro.
		1908 - Simone de Beauvoir, scrittrice francese (â 1986)
		1571 - Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, ufficiale di marina francese (n.
	it.wikipedia.org /wiki/9_gennaio (916 words)

	cadernob - No tempo de Villegaignon - 06/11/2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		De cunho autobiográfico, a história se passa na Etiópia, que tem como personagem central um médico francês ligado a uma ONG que tenta ajudar a população em meio a uma guerra civil.
		Recrutado nas ruas de Paris, o contingente incluía tanto católicos como protestantes, o que aumentaria a tensão no interior do grupo, contribuindo para a derrocada do projeto.
		O romance de Rufin só foi escolhido ao fim de dez rodadas de votação entre os jurados.
	www.jb.com.br /jb/papel/cadernob/2001/11/05/jorcab20011105018.html (592 words)

	Brazilwood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The rich commerce which soon followed stimulated other nations to try to harvest and smuggle brazilwood contraband out of Brazil, or even corsair s attacking loaded Portuguese ships in order to steal their cargo.
		For example, the unsuccessful attempt of a French expedition led by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, vice-admiral of Brittany and corsair under the King, in 1555, to establish a colony in present-day Rio de Janeiro ( France Antarctique) was motivated in part by the bounty generated by economic exploitation of brazilwood.
		Excessive exploitation (it has been estimated that in the first two centuries, more than 50 million trees were destroyed) finally led to a steep decrease in the number of brazilwood trees in the 18th century, causing the collapse of this economic activity.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/B/Brazilwood.htm (373 words)

	Nicolas Durand Villegaignon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ingressou na Ordem de Malta (1531), lutou com as tropas de Carlos V no norte da África (1541) e participou da expedição (1548), que se apoderou da princesa escocesa Maria Stuart, então com seis anos de idade e noiva do futuro Francisco II, para conduzi-la à França.
		Aportou na baía de Guanabara à frente de 600 colonos.
		Nomeado governador de Sens (1567), morreu em Beauvais, perto de Nemours, França.
	www.sobiografias.hpg.ig.com.br /NicolVil.htm (218 words)

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