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Topic: Grunitzky, Nicolas

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	History of Togo at AllExperts
		On September 10, 1956, Nicolas Grunitzky became prime minister of the Republic of Togo.
		On November 21, 1966, an attempt to overthrow Grunitzky, inspired principally by civilian political opponents in the UT party, was unsuccessful.
		Grunitzky then tried to lessen his reliance on the army, but on January 13, 1967, a coup led by Lt. Col.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/hi/history_of_togo.htm (2752 words)

	Togo POLITICAL PARTIES
		In the territorial elections of 1955, the PTP won all 30 Assembly seats, and when Togo was given autonomy in 1956, Nicolas Grunitzky, PTP leader, became prime minister.
		In the elections of 5 May 1963, Grunitzky became president and Antoine Meatchi vice-president; a new 56-member Assembly was elected; and a new constitution was approved by national referendum.
		In early 1967, however, Grunitzky was deposed, and a military regime took power, with no constitution and no legislature.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Togo-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (813 words)

	Togo HISTORY
		At the insurgents' behest, Nicolas Grunitzky, the exiled leader of the Togolese Party for Progress, returned to Togo and formed a provisional government.
		In the May 1963 balloting, Grunitzky was elected president, a new 56-member National Assembly was chosen, and a new constitution was approved by national referendum.
		On 13 January 1967, the Grunitzky government was overthrown by a military coup led by Col. Kléber Dadjo, who was succeeded in April 1967 by Lt. Col.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Togo-HISTORY.html (1996 words)

	Togo. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The government’s inability to find employment for most of the 600 men who had served in the French army and then returned to Togo in the early 1960s led to a coup on Jan. 13, 1963, during which Olympio was assassinated.
		Nicolas Grunitzky, Olympio’s brother-in-law and an important political figure in the 1950s who had gone into exile (1958) in Dahomey (now Benin), returned to Togo and became president.
		Grunitzky unsuccessfully attempted to unify the country by including several political parties in his government.
	www.bartleby.com /65/to/Togo.html (1179 words)

	A short history of Togo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In 1956 Nicolas Grunitzky of the Parti Togolais du Progrés (Party of Togolese Progress, PTP) becomes prime minister.
		In the 1961 elections Grunitzky's party is disqualified and Olympio's party wins 90% of the vote and all seats.
		Grunitzky returns as leader of the Mouvement des Personnes Togolaises (Togolese People's Movement, MPT) from exile and becomes president after he reinstated a multi-party system.
	www.electionworld.org /history/togo.htm (537 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		President Sylvanus Olympio was shot and his brother-in-law, Nicolas Grunitzky, returned from exile and was put in charge, but he too was deposed in January 1967 by Lt Colonel Etienne Eyadéma.
		Nicolas Grunitzky was installed, but exactly four years later, there was another military coup.
		One of the original veterans from the 1963 coup, Gnassingbé Eyadéma, was president from 1967 until his death in 2005.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Togo.html (1602 words)

	Nicolas Grunitzky
		Der Artikel Nicolas Grunitzky gehört zur Kategorie: Mann, Togoer, Präsident (Togo), Geboren 1913, Gestorben 1969
		Grunitzky wurde vom Militär als neuer Machthaber eingesetzt.
		Grunitzky wurde abgesetzt und floh nach Paris, wo er zwei Jahre später verstarb.
	www.weblexikon.de /Nicolas_Grunitzky.html (161 words)

	Togo Demographics and Geography - Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
		The government's inability to find work for most of the six hundred men who had served in the French army led to a coup d’etat on January 13, 1963 during which Olympio was assassinated.
		Nicolas Grunitzky, Olympio’s brother-in-law and an important political figure in the 1950s, returned from his 1958 exile in Benin to become president.
		Grunitzky, leader of the Democratic Union of Togolese Populations, unsuccessfully attempted to unify the country by including several political parties in his government.
	www.columbiagazetteer.org /public/Togo.html (860 words)

	Étienne (Gnassingbé) Eyadéma, Dictator of the Month month, 200x
		Not surprisingly, this led to widespread anger and dissent among the military and ultimately to a coup d’etat on 13 January 1963, in which Olympio was killed; it is rumoured that Eyadéma personally killed Olympio.
		After the coup, Nicolas Grunitzky took the office of the president, making Eyadéma chief of staff.
		On 13 January, 1967 Grunitzky was also removed from power by way of bloodless coup, paving the way for Eyadéma to become the President and Minister of Defense.
	www.dictatorofthemonth.com /Eyadema/Aug2005EyademaEN.htm (685 words)

	Togo - MSN Encarta
		President Olympio was assassinated in January 1963, during a military coup.
		The army selected Nicolas Grunitzky to form a provisional government, and he subsequently assumed the office of president.
		A new constitution was approved by a national referendum.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572222_6/Togo.html (582 words)

	Togo - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In Jan. 1963 a group of northern army officers led by Sgt. Etienne Gnassingbe Eyadema overthrew the government and assassinated Pres.
		In 1963 Nicolas Grunitzky who was Olympio's brother-in-law returned from exile and was appointed President.
		Grunitzky established fresh multiparty elections and a new constitution.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/togo.htm (1235 words)

	Togo's Ruler Aims to Create the Switzerland of Africa
		Eyadema then gave government control to Olympio's brother-in-law and political rival, Nicolas Grunitzky.
		In 1967 Eyedema overthrew Grunitzky and kept power for himself.
		During his 13-year rule, at least one assassination attempt has been made against Eyadema; he has walked away unsratched from a suspicious airplane crash that killed four fellow passengers; and his government was the target of an aborted mercenary-planned attack in 1977.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/09/AR2006080901228_pf.html (924 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Togo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In 1963 President Olympio was deposed in a military coup by his brother-in-law, Nicolas Grunitzky.
		Grunitzky, in turn, was deposed in 1967 in a bloodless military coup led by Lieutenant General Etienne Gnassingbe Eyadema.
		After three decades of rule, President Eyadema is currently the longest-serving head of state in Africa.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Tog1.htm (1190 words)

	Togo
		In 1956, Nicholas Grunitzky became prime minister of Togo, but lost to Sylvanus Olympio in a UN supervised general election in 1958.
		In 1963, President Olympio was assassinated by army noncommissioned officers, and Grunitzky returned to head a provisional government first as prime minister and later as president.
		This public holiday marks the overthrow of the government of Nicolas Grunitzky, one of Togo's first leaders, on January 13, 1967.
	www.east-buc.k12.ia.us /01_02/AF/Tog/tog_his.htm (564 words)

	FACT SHEET: Togo at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		On September 10, 1956, Nicholas Grunitzky became prime minister of the Republic of Togo.
		Olympio's brother-in-law, Nicolas Grunitzky, returned from exile and was put in charge, but he was assissinated in January 1967 by Lt. Colonel, now a general, Etienne Eyadéma.
		Eyadema, is Africa's longest-serving head of state and the government continues to be dominated by President Eyadema, whose Rally of the Togolese People party has maintained power almost continually since 1967.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/togo/index.shtml (1251 words)

	Tire Tracks
		On September 10, Nicholas Grunitzky became prime minister of the Republic of Togo.
		Rivalries between elements of these parties had begun as early as the 1940s, and they came to a head with Olympio dissolving the opposition parties in January ostensibly because of plots against the majority party government.
		On November 21, an attempt to overthrow Grunitzky, inspired principally by civilian political opponents in the UT party, was unsuccessful.
	www.tiretracks.org /togo_info.php (5682 words)

	World Homes Network - Toga
		In 1963 Olympio was killed in a military coup and his brother-in-law Nicolas Grunitzky, who had gone into exile, was recalled to become president.
		In 1967 Grunitzky was, in turn, deposed in a bloodless military coup, led by Lt-Gen Etienne Gnassingbé Eyadéma.
		The new constitution was suspended and Eyadéma assumed the presidency, banning all political activity.
	www.world-homes.net /atlas/Africa/nafrica/togo.htm (530 words)

	ThisWeekGhana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He achieved that in 1963 when most Africans had hardly cleaned the post-colonial dew from their eyes.
		In that year, Sylvanus Olympio, the first president who had been elected to that office in 1961, was brutally assassinated in a coup d'etat, and replaced by Nicolas Grunitzky.
		Eyadema became head of the Armed Forces, and again in a 1967 coup seized power from Grunitzky.
	www.thisweekghana.com /ThisWeek/Commentary.ellison.030705.htm (1589 words)

	Sylvanus Olympio Summary
		In 1956 in a United Nations plebiscite, British Togo voted for union with the Gold Coast.
		Olympio and the CUT protested the election to the United Nations, which refused to recognize the French arrangements until better-supervised elections were completed.
		He was assassinated in a military coup d'état on January 13th.
	www.bookrags.com /Sylvanus_Olympio (774 words)

	Snapshot, Africa: Togo
		He was killed the next day, shot by Sgt. Etienne Eyadema.
		Olympio's brother-in-law, Nicolas Grunitzky, returned from exile and was put in charge, but he too was deposed in January 1967 by then Lt Colonel (later General) Étienne Eyadéma who became president.
		Since then, despite the façade of multiparty rule instituted in the early 1990s, the government continues to be dominated by the military, which has maintained its power continuously since 1967 and is loyal to Eyadéma and his family.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Africaweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Africa44.htm (901 words)

	Elections in Togo
		Total Votes N/A [Voter Turnout: N/A] The Party of Togolese Unity (PUT) [formerly the Committee of Togolese Unity] won all 52 seats in the National Assembly.
		Total Votes N/A [Voter Turnout: N/A] Nicolas Grunitzky of the Togolese People's Movement (MPT) was elected unopposed with 99.87% of the vote.
		*Nicolas Lawson withdrew from the election on 23 April 2005, but his name remained on the ballot and he garnered votes.
	africanelections.tripod.com /tg.html (567 words)

	CNN - Almanac - January 13, 1998
		In 1935, in a plebiscite, the Saar region voted for incorporation into Germany.
		In 1963, Sylvanus Olympio, president of the Republic of Togo, was killed in a successful army coup led by Nicolas Grunitzky; Grunitzky was ousted by Etienne Eyedema on the same date in 19967.
		In 1972, in Ghana, a military coup by Colonel I.K. Acheampong deposed civilian prime minister K.A. Busia, who was in London for medical treatment.
	edition.cnn.com /almanac/9801/13 (625 words)

	News Clock : Index
		He was shot and killed by Sgt. Etienne Eyadema while he attempted to scale the walls of the American Embassy to seek asylum.
		The government of Nicolas Grunitzky was overthrown in a bloodless coup on Jan. 13, 1967, led by Lt. Col.
		A National Reconciliation Committee was set up to rule the country, but in April, Eyadema dissolved the committee and took over as president.
	www.newsclock.com /index.php?countryId=110 (1757 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Eyadéma, (etienne) Gnassingbé
		Returning to Togoland in 1962 he became army commander-in-chief (1965).
		Two years later he led a bloodless coup to oust President Nicolas Grunitzky.
		He banned all political activity until he had founded a new organization, the Assembly of the Togolese People, as the only legal party.
	www.reference.com /browse/crystal/11358 (179 words)

	The illegality and absurdity in Togo
		I guess great things come in small sizes, too!
		After the murder of Olympio in 1963, followed by the sacking of Nicolas Grunitzky in 1967, Togo has not been the same.
		For over three decades, Togolese patiently waited for Eyadema to die or be overthrown in a military coup.
	www.kwenu.com /publications/abidde/illegality_absurdity_togo.htm (927 words)

	Grunitzky, Nicolas - Former President of Togo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Normal service will be resumed as soon as possible.
		African presidents at the 1966 OAU summit (from left to right): Léon Mba (Gabon); Ahmadou Ahidjo (Cameroon); Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Nicolas Grunitzky (Togo); Jean-Bédel Bokassa (CAR); Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)
		Reproduced with permission and copyright West Africa magazine
	people.africadatabase.org /en/person/2555.html (231 words)

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