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Topic: Nicolaus Copernicus

	Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Toruń (Thorn), in Royal Prussia, an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Poland.
		Aryabhata in India anticipated Copernicus' discoveries by over 1,000 years and formulated a heliocentric model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the Earth and the planets were given with respect to a stationary Sun.
		Copernicus, called Mikołaj Kopernik in Polish and Nikolaus Kopernikus in German was born in Toruń (Thorn) and spent most of his working life in Royal Prussia which enjoyed substantial autonomy as part of the lands of the Polish Crown - it had its own Diet, monetary unit and treasury (to which Copernicus contributed) and armies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copernicus (4482 words)

	[No title]
		Nicolaus Copernicus (in Polish Nikolaj Kopernik, in German-Prussian dialect Niklas Koppernick) was born on February 19, 1473, at Torun, near the Vistula River in eastern Poland, where his father was a merchant of social standing.
		Copernicus' fame as an industrious student of astronomy rapidly increased, and in 1514 he was invited to give his opinion on calendar reform, which was then being considered by the Lateran Council, a general meeting of the church authorities.
		Copernicus concluded that, in view of the many circles and their displacements from the center of the Earth that the Ptolemaic system required to account for the observed motions of heavenly bodies, a simpler, alternative explanation might be possible.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/copernicus.html (2143 words)

	Science and Human Values - Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Copernicus was the son of a well-to-do merchant, and, after his father's early death in 1483, was brought up by his uncle, a prince-bishop, so he had the advantage of being able to get a first-class education.
		Copernicus, however, still kept the notion of perfectly circular orbits and had to retain thirty-four of the epicycles and eccentrics associated with the older theory.
		Copernicus described his system in a book, but for years he hesitated to publish it, believing that any suggestion that the earth moved would be considered heretical and might get him into trouble.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/copernicus.html (1724 words)

	Nicholas Copernicus
		According to a later horoscope, Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Torun, a city in north-central Poland on the Vistula River south of the major Baltic seaport of Gdansk.
		Copernicus, as is known from Rheticus, was "assistant and witness" to some of Novara's observations, and his involvement with the production of the annual forecasts means that he was intimately familiar with the practice of astrology.
		Copernicus later painted a self-portrait; it is likely that he acquired the necessary artistic skills while in Padua, since there was a flourishing community of painters there and in nearby Venice.
	www.crystalinks.com /copernicus.html (2755 words)

	MSN Encarta - Copernicus
		Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun.
		Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Toruń), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials.
		From 1503 to 1510, Copernicus lived in his uncle's bishopric palace in Lidzbark Warminski, assisting in the administration of the diocese and in the conflict against the Teutonic Knights.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571204/Copernicus_Nicolaus.html (619 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Torun (German Thorn), in Royal Prussia, a newly aquired province of Poland.
		Copernicus worked for years with duke Albert of Prussia on monetary reform and published some studies about the value of money; as a governor of some parts of the Duchy, he administered and dealt out justice, taxes and a cadastrian-like activity.
		Copernicus' theories have an extraordinary relevance in the history of human knowledge, and many authors suggest that only Euclidean geometry, or Charles Darwin's Evolutionism, or Newton's physics could have a similar influence on human culture in general and on science in particular.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/n/ni/nicolaus_copernicus.html (4516 words)

	Copernicus \| Cleric and Astronomer
		Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikolai Kopernik) was born February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland.
		Copernicus was a proponent of the theory that the Sun, and not the Earth, is at rest in the center of the Universe.
		Copernicus' heliocentric system was considered implausible by the vast majority of his contemporaries, and by most astronomers and natural philosophers until the middle of the seventeenth century.
	www.lucidcafe.com /library/96feb/copernicus.html (515 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus
		Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it.
		Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473, the youngest of four children of Nicolaus Copernicus, Sr., a well-to-do merchant who had moved to Torun from Cracow, and Barbara Watzenrode, the daughter of a leading merchant family in Torun.
		Copernicus arrived at the heliocentric theory by a careful analysis of planetary models — and as far as is known, he was the only person of his age to do so — and if he chose to adopt it, he did so on the basis of an equally careful analysis.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/copernicus (5050 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicolaus Copernicus
		Of the four children the oldest and youngest, Andreas and Nicolaus, adopted the clerical career, while the older girl became a Cistercian nun and Abbess of Culm, and the younger married.
		In 1497 Nicolaus was enrolled in the University of Bologna as of German nationality and a student in canon law.
		After the death of his uncle, in 1512, Copernicus went to Frauenburg for the election of the new bishop, and remained there until 1516, when he was nominated administrator of the diocesan castle of Allenstein.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04352b.htm (1640 words)

	The Scientists: Nicolas Copernicus.
		Copernicus is said to be the founder of modern astronomy.
		Returning from his studies in Italy, Copernicus, through the influence of his uncle, was appointed as a canon in the cathedral of Frauenburg where he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days.
		Copernicus' theories might well lead men to think that they are simply part of nature and not superior to it and that ran counter to the theories of the politically powerful churchmen of the time.
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Biographies/Science/Copernicus.htm (841 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork
		Nicolaus Copernicus leaves the parish school of St. John, Torun for the University in Kraków.
		Copernicus completes his fourth year of studies; his three year leave of absence from duties as Canon to the Chapter House expires; he goes to Frombork and requests two year extension of his leave to complete his studies.
		Copernicus is part of the Polish embassy to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights requesting restoration of Braniewo, captured by the Teutonic Knights.
	www.frombork.art.pl /Ang11.htm (817 words)

	Niclaus Copernicus
		After the death of his father when Copernicus was 10 years old, an uncle, a churchman who later became a bishop, raised him and saw to it that he had an excellent education.
		Copernicus studied mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, and astrology at the University of Cracow, and he studied law and medicine at the Universities of Bologna and Padua.
		Nicolaus Nicolai de Thorunia was matriculated in Krakow in 1491, where he studied classics, mathematics, drawings, and perspective.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/copernicus_nicolaus.htm (1986 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Thorn (Torun), Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus was destined to become, through the publication of his heliocentric theory 70 years later, one of the seminal figures in the history of scientific thought.
		Copernicus not only faithfully performed his ecclesiastical duties, but also practiced medicine, wrote a treatise on monetary reform, and turned his attention to a subject in which he had long been interested--astronomy.
		In the midst of his radical reordering of the structure of the universe, Copernicus still adhered to the ancient Aristotelian doctrines of solid celestial spheres and perfect circular motion of heavenly bodies, and he held essentially intact the entire Aristotelian physics of motion.
	www.phy.hr /~dpaar/fizicari/xcopern.html (559 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus — Divided Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus); February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful.
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Toruń in Polish Royal Prussia.
		Copernicus went to Rome, where he could observe a lunar eclipse and where he gave some lessons of astronomy or mathematics (unfortunately, nothing of this remains to us).
	www.dividedline.com /author/copernicus (2746 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Copernicus accompanied or respresented his uncle on a number of diplomatic missions.
		Copernicus also submitted a work on the debasement of Prussian coinage to the Prussian Landestag in 1528.
		Copernicus was invited by the Lateran council to assist in calendar reform in 1514.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/coprnics.html (498 words)

	Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, is best known for his theory that the sun lies near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun.
		Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials.
		Copernicus' geographical and astronomical interests were greatly stimulated by Domenico Maria, an early critic of the accuracy of the geography of the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy.
	www.newlisbon.k12.wi.us /physicists/copernicus.html (826 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		COPERNICUS, Nicolaus (1473–1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun.
		Copernicus was born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials.
		Copernicus entered the University of Kraków in 1491, studied the liberal arts for four years without receiving a degree, and then, like many Poles of his social class, went to Italy to study medicine and law.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/copernicus.html (947 words)

	Copernicus: Biography
		Copernicus shared his ideas with him, and Rheticus published the Narratio Prima (First Report on the Books of Revolution) in 1540 at Gdansk, in which he reported Copernicus' heliostatic theory in an astrological framework: the changing fortunes of the kingdom of the world, according to Rheticus, depended on the changing eccentricity of the sun.
		Copernicus is known to have carried out many observations (though he explicitly mentions only about 27), and none seems to have been crucial for formulating his theory.
		Copernicus certainly believed that this was the true system of the physical universe, but this conviction was not shared widely by his contemporaries for various reasons.
	www.hps.cam.ac.uk /starry/copernicus.html (672 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This provided Copernicus with a secure and relatively renumerative position which he held to the end of his life, allowing him the freedom to pursue his interest in astronomy.
		Copernicus' landmark work On the Revolutions (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) was dedicated to Pope Paul III and published in 1543 in Nurenberg, as Copernicus lay on his deathbed.
		Copernicus, N., On the Revolutions, edited and translated by E. Rosen, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
	web.hao.ucar.edu /public/education/sp/images/copernicus.html (245 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nicolaus Copernicus came from a middle class background and received a good standard humanist education, studying first at the university of Krakow, and then travelling to Italy where he studied at the universities of Bologna and Padua.
		While he was in Italy, Copernicus visited Rome, and it seems to have been for friends there that in about 1513 he wrote a short account of what has since become known as the Copernican theory.
		Copernicus is said to have received a copy of the printed book for the first time on his deathbed.
	www.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/Co.html (287 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Nicolaus Copernicus (1473)
		Nicolaus Nicolai de Thorunia was matriculated in Krakow in 1491,; where he studied classics, mathematics,; drawings, and perspective.
		After the death of his uncle, in 1512, Copernicus went to Frauenburg for the election of the new bishop,; and remained there until 1516, when he was nominated administrator of the diocesan castle of Allenstein.
		Rheticus, Clavius, and others called Copernicus the second Ptolemy,; and his book the second "Almagest." His genius appears in the fact that he grasped the truth centuries before it could be proved.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=121 (1731 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus
		Copernicus lost his father at age 10 and was taken under the wing of his Uncle Lucas, a loose-living Polish cleric, who planned to push Nicolaus into a clerical career.
		Later, while studying in Italy, Copernicus learned that he had been appointed canon at Ermland Cathedral —; Copernicus was neither a cleric nor very devout — where his uncle (now Bishop of Ermland) had arranged a comfortable income for him.
		When his uncle died in 1512, Copernicus returned to Poland and made Frauenburg his full-time residence, but resumed his astronomical study at the little observatory in one of the town's towers (his clerical duties were very light).
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0524almanac.htm (520 words)

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