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Topic: Nicopolis, Bulgaria

	Nicopolis (BiblePlaces.com)
		The odeum of Nicopolis was built in the late 1st century A.D. and used until the late 3rd century A.D. At one point a roof covered the structure.
		Nicopolis Bible Study (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) Good discussion of Paul's intended stay in Nicopolis with a summary of the city's early history.
		Nicopolis (Catholic Encyclopedia) Surveys the history of the city from the first century BC through the eighth century AD.
	www.bibleplaces.com /nicopolis.htm (482 words)

	Bulgaria.com - History of Bulgaria, the Ottoman conquest.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bulgaria and all the other medieval Christian states in the Balkans were ruined in the twists of this dramatic clash between the European and the Asian civilizations during the l4th-l5th centuries.
		The dramatic situation in Bulgaria and the Balkan states was not yet clear to the Roman Catholic West.
		In spite of the coalition missing a number of the strong Bulgarian, Serbian and all Byzantine feudal possessions, the united Christian troops succeeded in striking a heavy blow on the Islamic army, believed to be invincible until then, at Plochnik in 1387.
	www.bulgaria.com /history/bulgaria/ottoman.html (1345 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicopolis
		Nicopolis (Thrace or Moesia), situated at the junction of the Iatrus with the Danube, was built by Trajan in commemoration of his victory over the Dacians (Ammianus
		Nicopolis figures as an autocephalous archbishopric about 640, and then disappears from the episcopal lists, owing to the fact that the country fell into the hands of the Bulgarians.
		The Latin mission of Bulgaria, subject during the sixteenth century to the Archbishops of
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11070c.htm (347 words)

	Nicopolis
		Nicopolis (meaning in Greek: city of victory) or Actia Nicopolis was an ancient city of Epirus, founded 31 BC by Octavian in memory of his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium.
		The colony, composed of settlers from a great many of the towns of the neighboring countries (Ambracia, Anactoriuni, Calydon, Argos Amphilo-chicum, Leucas etc), proved highly successful, and the city was considered the capital of southern Epirus and Acarnania, and obtained the right of sending five representatives to the Amphictyonic council.
		The ruins of Nicopolis, now known as Palaeo-prevesa (Old Prevesa) lie about 3 miles North of that city, on a small bay of the Gulf of Arta (Sinus Ambracius) at the narrowest part of the isthmus of the peninsula which separates the gulf from the Ionian Sea.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/n/ni/nicopolis.html (330 words)

	The Shire of Vanished Wood
		The period between the campaign of 1390 and the crusade of Nicopolis in 1396 represents the peak of Philip's prolific output in the field of propagandist literature.
		Nicopolis was built on a fortified hill overlooking the Danube to the north and a vast plain to the south.
		In the second phase, extending from 1331 to the battle of Nicopolis in 1396, western expeditions to the east were motivated both by papal fears and by the commercial interests of Venice, whose eastern trade and colonies were increasingly threatened by the advance of the Ottoman Turks.
	www.vanishedwood.org /castle/library/book.php?id=CrusadesIII (22146 words)

	Journey.bg \| Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The archaeological reserve Nicopolis Ad Istrum is situated 20km to the north of the town Veliko Tarnovo.
		Nicopolis was built on bear field, by the river Rositsa, where important roads cross the fertile lands.
		During the archaeological survey in the ancient Roman town were discovered a marble statue of the God of love Eros, a bronze head of the Emperor Gordian III (238-244), a number of statues, inscriptions etc. Over 100 tumuli are preserved in the vicinity of Nicopolis Ad Istrum.
	en.journey.bg /bulgaria/printable.php?guide=575 (341 words)

	The advance against Europe 1365-1402
		But swift action by Murad I detacbed Bulgaria from the league and, as he marched north to take on Lazar, he was joined by many sympathetic Serbian nobles.
		In spite of the account by Froissart, who depicted the French knights being surprised in their tents, Bayezid the Thunderbolt did not attack the Christian camp but set up battle lines on ground of his own choosing in territory that was already very familiar to him.
		Nicopolis was Bayezid's greatest victory, and was marred only by his execution of prisoners the following day.
	www.ottomanonline.net /history/3.html (2860 words)

	Bulgaria Under Ottoman Domination 1336
		On 22 September 1396, at Nicopolis they met the Ottoman army and its Serbian allies in the dramatic battle of Nicopolis.
		That was a process similar to the "enclosures" in 16th and 17th century England as a result of which the land was expropriated from the peasants who became hired hands to the new owners or joined the urban plebs.
		This was an epoch of the re-creation of Bulgaria, known as the Bulgarian national revival.
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/ottomans.htm (2451 words)

	Nikopol Town Bulgaria: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Founded in 629 by Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Nikopol (then Nicopolis) became a flourishing trade and cultural center of the second Bulgarian kingdom.
		In 1396 at Nikopol the Ottoman Turks under Beyazid I defeated an army of crusaders led by King Sigismund of Hungary (later Emperor Sigismund).
		For two generations Bulgaria, in spite of its Slav affinity with...penetration and mischief-making.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/nikopol_town_bulgaria.jsp (475 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania
		Bulgaria was the last of the mediaeval Balkan states to regain complete independence from Turkey.
		Claimed by Bulgaria and seized by Serbia in the Balkan Wars, Macedonia was nevertheless allowed to leave Yugoslavia in 1991 with a minimum of hassle.
		Bulgaria seems to have given up claims to Macedonia, but I am still not clear whether Macedonian is or is not a dialect of Bulgaria.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (12137 words)

	Department of Archaeology - University of Nottingham
		Nucleated communities (vici/komai) remain the least understood category of ancient settlement despite their potential for identifying the social and economic changes which separate the Roman and Late Roman periods: an advantage not shared by urban centres where political and military factors are as likely to account for significant changes in function (Poulter 1995).
		In the Balkans, despite the quality of the epigraphic evidence which elucidates the complex organisation and social composition of such settlements (Poulter 1987), no archaeological research programme has ever been designed to investigate this kind of settlement.
		The designated study region in north central Bulgaria provides the best possible conditions for achieving the programme's objectives; 1) Intensive field-work has identified a hierarchy of well-preserved sites across an area of 2,000 square kilometres, providing a choice of 268 settlements for investigation.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /archaeology/research/balkans/bulg/bcount.html (617 words)

	Beyazid I
		This was perceived as a serious threat by the Christian rulers of Europe, and a new Crusade was organized to defeat him.
		The Christian allies, under the leadership of Hungary and Venice, reached the city of Nicopolis[?] in Bulgaria, where Beyazid was waiting for them.
		He crushed their armies and returned to Constantinople, where a new threat was waiting in the east.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Bayezid_I.html (271 words)

	Battle of Nicopolis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Nicopolis (Bulgarian: Битка при Никопол, Bitka pri Nikopol; Turkish: Niğbolu Savaşı, Hungarian: nikápolyi csata) took place on September 25, 1396, between a French–Hungarian alliance and the Ottoman Empire, near the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis (Nikopol, Bulgaria).
		It is often referred to as the crusade of Nicopolis, and was both the largest and last large-scale "crusade" of the Middle Ages.
		The countryside was plundered along the way by the French, and the city of Rahova (Oryahovo) was sacked, its inhabitants killed or taken prisoner.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis (1550 words)

	Department of Archaeology - University of Nottingham
		Bulgaria - the city: Nicopolis ad Istrum Excavations
		As in 1996, part of the British team worked with a supervisor within the agora of the Roman city.
		Tempting is it to suggest that the rebuilding of the agora and its elevation to its new level belongs to the late 2nd or early 3rd century, a period notable for its construction activity and the city's apparent wealth.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /archaeology/research/balkans/bulg/bcity.html (665 words)

	Bulgaria Discovered
		Welcome to the home page of Bulgaria Discovered, a small business owned and run in the UK by Mariana and Simon Watts, which is dedicated to providing you with a base for a truly excellent holiday in Bulgaria.
		The Republic of Bulgaria is situated in the south-east part of Europe and more precisely in the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula.
		The medieval city is the capital of an extraordinarily culturally diverse area, boasting evidence of a 7000 year history with Neolithic settlements, the Roman town Nicopolis ad Istrum, a rich medieval legacy, and many buildings from the Bulgarian National Revival period from the late 19th century.
	www.bulgariadiscovered.com (276 words)

	Roman And Late Antique Archaeology in Bulgaria
		Its second volume was related to the ancient monuments and marked in fact the beginning of the scientific archaeological studies in Bulgaria.
		Bogdan Filov (1883-1945) was the indisputable leader of the Antique archaeology (the Roman archaeology in particular) in Bulgaria.
		Bulgaria is very rich in finds and monuments dating from the 1st to the 6th century, which form a part of the history of the Roman and the Early Byzantine Empire.
	www.nipissingu.ca /department/history/muhlberger/orb/bulgbib.htm (1930 words)

	The Battle of Nicopolis (1396), according to Johann Schiltberger
		The Battle of Nicopolis (1396), according to Johann Schiltberger
		Nicopolis was the first battle where the Ottoman Turks encountered a western European army.
		Then came the ruler of the country and of the city, and gave himself up to the king; then the king took possession of the city with three hundred men, good horse and foot soldiers, and then went to another city where were many Turks.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/nicopolis.htm (1448 words)

	Osprey Campaign 64 : Nicopolis 1396 : The Last Crusade
		The background to the Nicopolis Crusade can be found in the rapid spread of Ottoman Turkish conquests, particularly in the southern Balkans, during the second half of the 14th century.
		At Nicopolis on the Danube they met the Ottoman army in battle.
		Ignoring the advice of their Hungarian and Transylvanian allies the Crusaders charged the Turks and were in turn smashed by the Ottoman heavy cavalry.
	www.militaryfocus.com /osprey/campaign/64.htm (205 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bulgaria, the former GDR, Poland and the former Soviet Union.
		Hungary -- Romania -- Bulgaria -- Albania -- The collapse of the
		the Holocaust in postcommunist Bulgaria -- Anti-semitism and the
	www.cs.columbia.edu /~radev/bulgaria/archive/booksatanas.archive (9562 words)

	Main Events of Bulgarian History, by Neytcho Iltchev
		Golden Age of Bulgaria: Simeon the Great (b.864; 893-927) accomplishes the greatest cultural achievements and territorial power with an outlet to the three seas - the Aegean, Black and Adriatic; in 913 he is crowned as the 'Emperor of the Bulgarians and Romans' by Patriarch Nicholas in Constantinople (
		The king of Volga Bulgaria Almus invites a mission from the Caliph of Baghdad al-Muktadir for explaining Islamic laws; Ibn Fadlan heads the mission and presents the king with gifts; the account of his journeys with the embassy, Risala; and the legend of the trip,
		Tsar Kaloyan restores the mighty power of Bulgaria; it stands out again as a major power in East Europe; the army of the Latin emperor Baldwin of Flanders is crushed near Adrianople (1204) and he is taken as a prisoner (chronique of G.
	www.geocities.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/history0.htm (1464 words)

	Nicopolis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicopolis (meaning in Greek: city of victory; see also List of traditional Greek place names) or Actia Nicopolis was an ancient city of Epirus, founded 31 BC by Octavian in memory of his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium.
		Nicopolis ad Istrum, a city in Thrace at the junction of the latrus (Yantra) with the Danube, founded by Trajan in memory of his victory over the Dacians.
		It was outside this city that the major Battle of Nicopolis was fought in 1396, where the Ottomans crushed a joint Hungarian-Burgundian crusade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicopolis (430 words)

	Nicopolis (BibléLieux.com)
		Auguste César bâtit Nicopolis (“ville de victoire”) en tant que capitale d'Epirus au nord-ouest de la Grèce.
		Nicopolis se situait sur une péninsule menant au golfe d'Ambracian puis à.a mer Adriatique, alors qu'Actium se tenait sur une autre péninsule au sud.
		Nicopolis devint une ville importante et un centre marchand; Auguste réinstalla les citoyens des villes avoisinantes sur ce site pour ensuite y transférer ses Jeux Actiens quartenaires.
	www.biblelieux.com /nicopolis.htm (494 words)

	WHKMLA : List of the Wars of Bulgaria
		John M. Handley, Bulgaria and the 1990 Gulf War Coalition, from American Diplomacy
		The Battle of Nicopolis (1396), according to Johann Schiltberger, primary source posted by De Re Militari
		Battle of Nicopolis; Christian crusaders, with Serbian, Wallachian and Bulgarian allies, were defeated by the Ottomans
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/balkans/milxbulgaria.html (558 words)

	Pope Address to Bishops of Bulgaria on Abortion
		Great is my joy in welcoming you and greeting you "in osculo pacis" at the See and tomb of St Peter, near the tomb of St Paul, the Apostle of the nations, and the places where so many of the martyrs of the first centuries gave their life.
		It is with emotion that I listened to the words of Bishop Stratiev, President of the Episcopal Conference of Bulgaria; I thank him for his witness.
		I entrust to her your homeland: may Bulgaria experience the springtime which it desires and genuine moral and social progress under the patronage of the heavenly Theotókos!
	www.priestsforlife.org /magisterium/92-06-01popebulgaria.htm (1273 words)

	Battle of Nicopolis, 25 September 1396
		The army may have reached sixty thousand men, a vast army for the time, and was almost entirely cavalry.
		The Ottoman sultan, Bajazet, was not rushed into reaction, and waited for his entire army to muster before responding.
		Fortunately for Europe, Bajazet was more concerned with his lands in Turkey, where he had established himself as ruler, before meeting his match in Timur, who defeated and captured him in 1402.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_nicopolis.html (455 words)

	* Guide-Bulgaria * - District Veliko Turnovo, North-Central Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Near the village of Nikyul lie the remnants of the Roman town Nicopolis ad Istrum and in the vicinity of Svishtov are the remnants of Novae.
		The largest number of churches and monasteries in Bulgaria is in Veliko Tarnovo Region which is a very good condition for the development of pilgrimage tourism.
		The numerous cultural monuments, the rich and diverse fauna and thermal waters near the village of Voneshta Voda (âStinking Waterâ) provide conditions for cultural and hunting tourism along with medical and balneological tourism.
	www.guide-bulgaria.com /NC/Veliko_Turnovo (627 words)

	Bulgaria Photo Gallery by Nikola Gruev at pbase.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Most Australians have never been to Bulgaria and have their own perseptions of what it is like, but they are wrong.
		Ot dosta vreme tursia snimki ot Bulgaria da pokaga na priateli i kolegi i bez sumnenie tazi e nai dobrata.
		True, it's strange how few people you show in your pictures, but in the end I find that this is in line with Bulgaria, a country where the environment - natural or built - is so much powerful that sometimes you may forget that people are living there...
	www.pbase.com /ngruev/bulgaria (3236 words)

	Bulgaria - World Heritage Site
		Hello spoiled world travellers: I found a country that is not on the European tourist trail, but is waiting to be explored by adventurous nature and culture lovers.
		It is Bulgaria: greener than Greece, more open and friendly than its former communist neighbours.
		A Bulgaria Travel Guide rested in my book case for a long time before I finally set off in May 2004.
	www.worldheritagesite.org /countries/bulgaria.html (297 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		The new emperor expelled the Normans from Thessalonic and Dyrrachium (Albania), but Bulgaria and Serbia rebelled and he had to face the danger of the Third Crusade when Frederick I Barbarossa marched through his lands and captured Philippopolis (Bulgaria) and Adrianople (Edirne).
		In 1396, the sultan won a victory over the Nicopolis Crusade (Bulgaria) led by King of Hungary Sigismond whose aim was to repel the Ottomans from the Balkans.
		In 1400, Bayezit I lifted the siege of Constantinople when Tamerlane surged through Anatolia, and the city won an unexpected reprieve when he annihilated the sultan's army at the Battle of Ankara in July 1402.
	www.guide-martine.com /history6.asp (2433 words)

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