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Topic: Nicotine

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	Nicotine - MSN Encarta
		Nicotine is a very powerful poison, and it forms the base of many insecticides.
		The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from inhaling smoke depends on many factors including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used.
		Nicotine is drawn into the lungs, where it enters the bloodstream and is pumped by the heart to the brain.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761565773 (312 words)

	Nicotine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nicotine is the drug found in tobacco which vaporises into smoke when tobacco leaves are burnt.
		Nicotine seems to provide both a stimulant and a depressant effect, and it is likely that the effect it has at any time is determined by the mood of the user, the environment and the circumstances of use.
		Nicotine can be oxidised to nicotinic acid (niacin) which is present in minute amounts in all living cells.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /rzepa/mim/drugs/html/nicotine_text.htm (407 words)

	Nicotine
		Nicotine, present in mainstream and sidestream smoke, is believed to be one of the most toxic components of tobacco.
		Nicotinic receptor protein has been mapped with [3H] nicotine (Clarke et al., 1987).Lab animals work hard to stimulate dopaminergic neurotransmission in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system which provides the entry point by which psychomotor stimulatory drugs such as nicotine gain access to the reward centers of the brain.
		Nicotinic receptors are present in moderate to high density in the brain areas containing dopamine cell bodies - the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle.
	www.nyu.edu /classes/jaeger/nicotine.htm (3962 words)

	Facts About Nicotine and Tobacco Products
		Nicotine's action on this reward system is believed to be responsible for drug-induced feelings of pleasure and, over time, addiction.
		The primary medication therapy currently used to treat nicotine addiction is nicotine replacement therapy, which supplies enough nicotine to the body to prevent withdrawal symptoms but not enough to provide the quick jolt caused by inhaling a cigarette.
		The association between nicotine addiction and depression is not yet understood, but nicotine appears to have an antidepressant effect in some smokers.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_Notes/NNVol13N3/tearoff.html (719 words)

	Abused Substances
		Nicotine is readily absorbed from the respiratory tract, buccal membranes and skin.
		The release of epinephrine by nicotine especially from adrenal medulla, causes an increase in free fatty acids, glycerol, and lactate concentrations in the blood.
		Nicotine receptors are upregulated in the brains of smokers.
	www.med.unc.edu /subabuse/tobacco.htm (456 words)

	nicotine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Nicotine, a naturally occurring constituent of tobacco, is the active ingredient in tobacco smoke.
		Nicotine, which mimics the affects of acetylcholine, acts primarily on the autonomic nervous system.
		Although not considered carcinogenic, nicotine probably contributes to the increased incidence of heart disease seen in smokers and may enhance the growth of tumors caused by carcinogens.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ni/nicotine.html (416 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Nicotine (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nicotine (NIK-o-teen), in a flavored chewing gum, a lozenge, or a skin patch, is used to help you stop smoking.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of nicotine in teenagers with use in other age groups, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in nicotine-dependent teenagers than it does in adults.
		If a child puts on a nicotine patch or plays with a patch that is out of the sealed pouch, take it away from the child and contact your healthcare professional or poison control center at once.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202407.html (2597 words)

	Nicotine and Addiction: Fact Sheet no. 9 - ASH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nicotine is a stimulant drug, but paradoxically effects of both stimulation and relaxation may be felt.
		Possibly one of the strongest indicators of the effect of nicotine is the discrepancy between the desire to quit and quitting success rates.
		The fact that these symptoms can be attributed to nicotine, rather than behavioural aspects of tobacco use is shown by the finding that withdrawal symptoms are relieved by nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patches, etc.) but not by a placebo (i.e.
	www.ash.org.uk /html/factsheets/html/fact09.html (1249 words)

	Nicotrol Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients - Nicotine Inhalation System - RxList Monographs
		Nicotine is a tertiary amine composed of a pyridine and a pyrrolidine ring.
		Nicotine has a characteristic pungent odor and turns brown on exposure to air or light.
		Nicotine is the active ingredient; inactive components of the product are menthol and a porous plug which are pharmacologically inactive.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic2/nicotini.htm (208 words)

	Nicotine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco, and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper.
		of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice.
		Nicotine and its metabolites are being researched for the treatment of a number of disorders, including ADHD and Parkinson's Disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicotine (1250 words)

	Nicotine and Tobacco - Tourette's Disorder - Tourette Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Whether from a puff on a cigarette, chewing nicotine gum, or a nicotine patch stuck to the skin, nicotine shifts the body into high gear as the drug enters the bloodstream.
		On average, the patients on the nicotine patches were able to cut their dosage of Haldol, a potent tranquilizer used to treat Tourette's with a number of undesirable side effects, by about half, Sanberg says.
		"Nicotine gum tastes very bitter" says Professor Sanberg " so instead of doing what they were supposed to do, which is bite it and park it in their cheek where the nicotine could be absorbed, they would chew it like bubblegum, swallow the stuff and then get gastro-effects like wanting to throw up.
	www.tourettes-disorder.com /therapy/nicotine.html (1194 words)

	NOVA Online \| Search for a Safe Cigarette \| The Dope on Nicotine
		Because of the more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering people's moods, appetites, and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial.
		Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporized by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form.
		Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurons, ready to latch onto the receiving neuron and thus deliver a chemical 'message' that triggers an electrical impulse.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/cigarette/nicotine.html (1190 words)

	Nicotine Information from Drugs.com
		Nicotine in medical products is used as an aid to smoking cessation, to reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms when you quit smoking.
		Transdermal, nasal spray and inhaled nicotine are in the FDA pregnancy category D. This category means that nicotine is known to harm an unborn baby.
		Symptoms of a nicotine overdose include nausea; vomiting; watering mouth; diarrhea; abdominal pain; cold sweat; headache; dizziness; disturbed hearing and vision; confusion; weakness; weak, irregular heartbeats; chest pain; seizures; and death.
	www.drugs.com /nicotine.html (1661 words)

	NICOTINE POISONING
		Although nicotine is one of 3,800 chemical substances found in cigarette smoke, it is the main source of addiction.
		Through the toxicological investigation by GC and GC-MS, however, nicotine was detected in the solution which she had taken orally and in the blood, urine and the contents of the stomach and small intestine.
		The nicotine concentrations of the blood, urine and contents of stomach and small intestine were 6.3 micrograms/ml, 1.5 micrograms/ml, 30 micrograms/ml and 71 micrograms/g respectively, and enough to be le thal.
	www.prn2.usm.my /mainsite/bulletin/1995/prn2.html (3647 words)

	Urban Legends Reference Pages: Nicotine Non-Fit
		Nicotine is one of the most powerful poisons known.
		Those who wear nicotine patches must exercise great care about the disposal of their used patches lest children or pets come in contact with the seemingly "spent" aids and become deeply sickened or even possibly die.
		In the case of nicotine, the number of wrongful death suits filed would be unimaginable, given that it wouldn't take much of that particular poison to kill someone.
	www.snopes.com /food/ingredient/timhortons.asp (1263 words)

	Is nicotine addictive
		Clearly, the answer to whether nicotine is addictive depends on your definition of addiction, or "dependence," which the psychology industry often prefers, since it carries fewer negative connotations.
		According to the bible for classifying psychiatric disorders (see "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual..." in the bibliography) "The essential feature of Substance Dependence is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems" (p.
		University of Vermont professor John Hughes, an expert on nicotine dependence, says the scientific consensus is that "the core of the issue [over dependence] is the loss of control over use.
	whyfiles.org /024nicotine/addiction.html (520 words)

	Nicotine and the Brain - Teacher's Guide
		When nicotine was isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828, scientists began studying its effects in the brain and body.
		Regardless of how nicotine reaches the bloodstream, once there, it is distributed throughout the body and brain where it activates specific types of receptors known as cholinergic receptors.
		That nicotine is a highly addictive drug can clearly be seen when one considers the vast number of people who continue to use tobacco products despite their well known harmful and even lethal effects.
	www.nida.nih.gov /MOM/TG/momtg-nicotine.html (1364 words)

	Nicotine Patches
		Nicotine patches, which are available under several brand names, are designed to help you quit smoking by reducing your craving for tobacco.
		Nicotine patch therapy should be part of an overall stop-smoking program that also includes behavior modification, counseling, and support.
		Nicotine patches come in one, two, or three strengths, depending on the brand; larger patches contain higher doses of nicotine.
	www.healthsquare.com /newrx/nic1292.htm (1496 words)

	Smoking
		When tobacco is smoked, nicotine is absorbed by the lungs and quickly transported into the bloodstream, where it is circulated through the brain.
		Nicotine can also enter the bloodstream through the mucous membranes that line the mouth (if tobacco is chewed) or nose (if snuff is used), and even through the skin.
		Nicotine acts as a stimulant on the central nervous system and also has many metabolic affects.
	www.coolnurse.com /smoking.htm (1377 words)

	NIDA for Teens: Mind Over Matter - Nicotine
		When tobacco is smoked, nicotine is absorbed by the lungs and quickly moved into the bloodstream, where it is circulated throughout the brain.
		Nicotine acts directly on the heart to change heart rate and blood pressure.
		In high concentrations, nicotine is deadly, in fact one drop of purified nicotine on the tongue will kill a person.
	teens.drugabuse.gov /mom/mom_nic1.asp (248 words)

	Nicotine dependence
		Nicotine dependence is the physical vulnerability of your body to the chemical nicotine, which is potently addicting when delivered by various tobacco products.
		Nicotine produces physical and mood-altering effects in your brain that are temporarily pleasing; these effects reinforce your continued use of tobacco and nicotine dependence.
		Nicotine gum is recommended for one to three months, with a maximum of six months.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/library/DS/00307.html (2964 words)

	Nicotine
		Smoking is the primary method of ingesting nicotine, but dipping, or using nicotine gum and inhalers also get the job done.
		When nicotine deprived and non-deprived smokers were allowed to smoke a cigarette, mood improvement only occurred in deprived subjects, who were, due to withdrawal effects, already suffering from poor mood.
		Nicotine replacement therapy does more harm than good if you are not strongly addicted to nicotine.
	www.alcohol-drug.com /nicotine.htm (1365 words)

	Nicotine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nicotine is a SoulSeek client written in Python, based on the PySoulSeek project by Alexander Kanavin.
		They are not required for Nicotine to function, but are recommended as they make it possible for others to see the bitrate of ogg/vorbis files you see.
		Nicotine hasn't been thoroughly tested on win32 platforms, but there shouldn't be too many problems.
	nicotine.thegraveyard.org (379 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nicotine Works"
		Nicotine comes from the leaves of the tobacco plant.
		While there are thousands of chemicals in the tobacco plant (not to mention those added by cigarette manufacturers), one, nicotine, produces all the good feelings that draw people back for another cigarette or plug of tobacco.
		Nicotine gum comes in tasty flavors like mint and citrus.
	www.howstuffworks.com /nicotine.htm (256 words)

	Nicotine patch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin.
		The nicotine patch was invented by UCLA addiction researchers Dr. Murray E. Jarvik and Dr. Jed Rose; their patent was licensed by Ciba-Geigy, later merged with Novartis.
		There are a few recorded cases in which nicotine addicts, died from heart failure after applying multiple patches and then smoking and consuming alcohol at the same time, against doctor's orders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicotine_patch (548 words)

	Nicotine Anonymous- A 12 Step Program offering support to those who want to quit cigarettes and quit smoking and stop ...
		Nicotine Anonymous- A 12 Step Program offering support to those who want to quit cigarettes and quit smoking and stop other forms of tobacco and nicotine addiction.
		Nicotine Anonymous is a Non-Profit 12 Step Fellowship of men and women helping each other live nicotine-free lives.
		Nicotine Anonymous welcomes all those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction, including those using cessation programs and nicotine withdrawal aids.
	www.nicotine-anonymous.org (179 words)

	The Sober Alcoholic's Stop Smoking Support Page
		Nicotine readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in the brain shortly after it enters the body.
		When rats were given nicotine for a week and then it was withdrawn, their brains registered a 40 per cent drop in response to pleasure stimuli for periods lasting from several days to as long as two weeks.
		Nicotine addiction runs in families and there is evidence for a genetic basis for it in many individuals.
	www.unhooked.com /nosmoke/index.html (5539 words)

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