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Topic: Nicotinic receptors

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G protein coupled receptors

receptor biochemistry

sensory receptor

acetylcholine receptor

receptor proteomics

Adrenergic receptor

olfactory receptor neuron

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

GABA A receptor

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	Acetylcholine: Nicotinic receptors
		Muscarinic receptors originally were distinguished from nicotinic receptors by the selectivity of the agonists muscarine and nicotine respectively.
		Nicotinic receptors are found in a variety of tissues, including the autonomic nervous system, the neuromuscular junction and the brain in vertebrates.
		Nicotinic receptors found at the neuromuscular junction differ from the receptors found in autonomic ganglia and can be distinguished both pharmacologically and biochemically.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC3320/nicotinic.htm (1144 words)

	Nicotine Conference Summary - Kellar
		Nicotinic receptors are found on neurons throughout the brain, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, midbrain, and hindbrain.
		Nicotine, in fact, stimulates the release of dopamine and norepinephrine in specific neuronal circuits thought to be closely involved in so-called reward functions.
		Thus, a critical task is to identify the receptor subtypes that are associated with the pharmacological actions of nicotine in altering neurotransmission and ultimately behavior.
	www.nida.nih.gov /MeetSum/Nicotine/Kellar.html (900 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are essential for neuromuscular signaling and are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues, where their function is less clear.
		Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neurons alter apoptotic signaling, protecting against cell death in some settings, and this action may in some cases be directed through alternative signaling pathways.
		Nicotinic receptors expressed in non-neuronal tissues may also be involved in the response to smoking.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/h_achPathway.asp (494 words)

	muscarinic receptors - Student Doctor Network Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Receptors for ACh are classified according to the action of two pharmacological agonists, nicotine from the tobacco plant and muscarine from several species of poisonous mushrooms.
		Nicotinic receptors are seen at the junction of all pregang synapses for both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.
		Not to mention the Ach receptors in the Basal Nucleus of Meynert and in the Medial Septal Nucleus and Nucleus of the Diagonal Band in the basalar forbrain.
	forums.studentdoctor.net /showthread.php?t=82348 (750 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		Nicotine molecules are so small that they can make their way across the blood-brain barrier and bind to the nicotinic receptors in the brain.
		Nicotinic receptors were the first kind to be studied in detail, because they are present in high concentrations in the electrical organ that sting rays use to paralyze their prey.
		Nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions are not the only place in the nervous system where acetylcholine plays a role.
	www.thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/d/d_06/d_06_m/d_06_m_mou/d_06_m_mou.html (771 words)

	Nicotine Conference Summary - Picciotto
		Nicotine in tobacco exerts its actions on physiology and behavior by binding to nicotinic receptors in the brain.
		Electrophysiological studies are beginning to show how nicotinic receptors are able to exert their actions on nerve cells, but much more research is needed to characterize which subunits are responsible for the effects of nicotine on different neurotransmitter systems.
		A multidisciplinary approach to nicotinic receptor function could unite a large body of work on the behavioral pharmacology of nicotine with the newer body of knowledge on the molecular biology of these receptors.
	www.nida.nih.gov /MeetSum/Nicotine/Picciotto.html (1172 words)

	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicotinic receptors, with a molecular weight of about 280 kDa, are made up of five receptor subunits, arranged symmetrically around the central pore.
		receptors, glycine receptors, and the type 3 serotonin receptors, which are all therefore classed into the nicotinicoid receptor family, or the signature Cys-loop proteins (Cascio, 2004).
		The subunits of the nicotinic receptors belong to a multigene family (16 members in human) and the assembly of combinations of subunits results in a large number of different receptors (For more information see the Ligand Gated Ion Channel database).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor (964 words)

	PennMed Neuroscience - Dr. Lindstrom
		We are studying the biochemical and antigenic structure of nicotinic receptors from human muscle and Torpedo electric organ.
		On prolonged exposure it increases assembly of receptor subunits and decreases turnover of receptors in the surface membrane.
		Combinations of these effects on various receptor subtypes in various regions are responsible for addiction to nicotine, tolerance to some of its effects, and mediating its many effects, which range from enhanced cognition to reduced anxiety and pain.
	www.med.upenn.edu /nscience/neuro_lindstrom.html (638 words)

	Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors (page 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They were one of the first kinds of neurotransmitter receptors to be studied in detail because they are found in high concentrations in the organs used by electric rays (Torpedo californica) to paralyze their prey.
		Nicotinic receptors are composed of five glycoprotein subunits.
		Nicotine is one of the agonists of nAChRs
	www.bergen.org /ACADEMY/Bio/molbio/AAMB5_Lesson/NICOTINIC/Page3.html (390 words)

	Neurotoxins
		Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found primarily at neuromuscular junctions while muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are found primarily in the central nervous system.
		Receptor subunits are either alpha (alpha2 - alpha9) or beta (beta2 - beta5) types, which leads to quite a number of potential combinations but the alpha-subunit is always present in two identical copies as these are the sites to which acetylcholine binds.
		Ligands for muscarinic receptors trigger activation of an intracellular enzyme by GTP with this enzyme being subsequently responsible for initiating an intracellular cascade leading to an increase in Ca2+.
	www.venomdoc.com /neurotoxins.html (1212 words)

	Acetylcholine
		Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and mediate their responses by activating a cascade of intracellular pathways.
		In addition, muscarinic receptors are found throughout the brain, including the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem.
		receptors are found in the forebrain, especially in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC3320/acetylcholine.htm (3098 words)

	Research Page: Nicotinic receptors at GABAergic synapses in the hippocampus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Nicotine, the primary addictive compound in tobacco, achieves its effects by acting through proteins in the membrane called nicotinic receptors.
		The receptors are expressed at their highest levels in the hippocampus during the first few weeks postnatally in mammals, and preliminary evidence suggests that at this time the receptors may be preferentially concentrated on the downstream side of synapses using the chemical GABA for signaling.
		The significance of this is that stimulation by nicotine early in development may inappropriately accentuate the excitatory GABA signaling in the neonatal brain and may even produce long-lasting effects.
	www.trdrp.org /research/PageGrant.asp?grant_id=3738 (470 words)

	Nicotinic Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Dale distinguished the actions of muscarine and nicotine, leading to the recognition of two pharmacologically distinct (and now known to be structurally and functionally unrelated) families of receptors for ACh, that take their names from these natural products.
		Nicotine is widely used in behavioural studies: it crosses the blood brain barrier readily and its pharmacokinetics and metabolism are well documented.
		The principal metabolite of nicotine, cotinine, is devoid of significant nicotinic binding activity.
	www.tocris.com /nicotinicrev.htm (6592 words)

	Agonist Regulation of Rat alpha 3beta 4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Stably Expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney ...
		Hulihan-Giblin BA, Lumpkin MD and Kellar KJ (1990b) Effects of chronic administration of nicotine on prolactin release in the rat: inactivation of prolactin response by repeated injections of nicotine.
		Rowell PP and Hillebrand JA (1994) Characterization of nicotine-induced desensitization of evoked dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes.
		Nicotinic AChR in Subclassified Capsaicin-Sensitive and -Insensitive Nociceptors of the Rat DRG
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/60/3/568 (6537 words)

	Psycoloquy 12(004): Nicotinic Receptors: Molecular Issues
		Expression of neuronal nicotinic receptors in Xenopus oocytes has shown that several different subunit combinations are functional, with a range of pharmacological and biophysical properties.
		In the nervous system, nicotinic receptors are found on the soma or the presynaptic terminals of neurones: the precise molecular identification of these receptor subtypes remains a challenge to pharmacology.
		Cuevas, J. and Berg, D.K. Mammalian nicotinic receptors with Alpha7 subunits that slowly desensitize and rapidly recover from alpha-bungarotoxin blockade.
	www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk /cgi/psyc/newpsy?12.004 (2819 words)

	Research Page: Nicotinic receptors and Parkinson's disease
		Nicotinic receptors are the molecules in the brain that are activated by nicotine.
		However, when nicotine enters the body either through smoking, or use of the nicotine patch or gum, it stimulates many different types of nicotinic receptor both in the brain and in the rest of the body.
		To study the receptors that are changed in Parkinson’s disease brain, we will use a number of different experimental techniques and approaches involving drugs and reagents which target nicotinic receptors in different ways.
	www.trdrp.org /research/PageGrant.asp?grant_id=2385 (745 words)

	Genes Affecting the Activity of Nicotinic Receptors Involved in Caenorhabditis elegans Egg-Laying Behavior -- Kim et ...
		receptors to mediate cholinergic neurotransmission in the egg-laying
		Egg-laying responses to nicotine were determined using the M9 assay described in Fig 1.
		, 1993 Acetylcholine receptor molecules of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/157/4/1599 (5996 words)

	Modulation of cerebral microvascular permeability by endothelial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors -- Hawkins et al. ...
		Expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in cerebral
		that nicotine increases the permeability of the blood-brain
		The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/289/1/H212 (4072 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Acetylcholine (nicotinic)
		All nicotinic receptors are formed as pentamers of subunits.
		Nicotinic receptors at the somatic neuromuscular junction of adult animals have the stoichiometry (
		Where subunit stoichiometries within a specific nACh receptor subtype are known, numbers of a particular subunit larger than 1 are indicated by a subscript following the subunit (enclosed in parentheses).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/vgrac/ncurrent/full/0706572a.html (886 words)

	Effects of Ginsenoside Rg2 on Human Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors -- Sala et al. 301 (3): 1052 -- Journal ...
		The current records on the left have a duration of 40 s, and the current records on the right show the initial part of the previous record at a time scale 10-fold smaller; their duration is 4 s, showing with more detail the kinetics of activation of the currents.
		The function of the receptors was assessed by measuring the ionic current elicited by ACh pulses in voltage-clamp conditions.
		Paterson D and Nordberg A (2000) Neuronal nicotinic receptors in the human brain.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/301/3/1052 (4489 words)

	Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Alters the Types of Nicotinic Receptors That Facilitate Excitatory Inputs to Cardiac Vagal ...
		a conversion of a population of low-affinity nicotinic receptors
		A subtype of nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is composed of alpha 4 and beta 2 subunits and is up-regulated by chronic nicotine treatment.
		Impaired cardiac function during postnatal hypoxia in rats exposed to nicotine prenatally: implications for perinatal morbidity and mortality, and for sudden infant death syndrome.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/92/4/2548 (3593 words)

	Sivilotti, Lucia (2001) Nicotinic Receptors: Molecular Issues, Psycoloquy: 12,#4 Nicotine Addiction (4) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Expression of neuronal nicotinic receptors in Xenopus oocytes has shown that several different subunit combinations are functional, with a range of pharmacological and biophysical properties.
		In the nervous system, nicotinic receptors are found on the soma or the presynaptic terminals of neurones: the precise molecular identification of these receptor subtypes remains a challenge to pharmacology.
		Cuevas, J. and Berg, D.K. Mammalian nicotinic receptors with Alpha7 subunits that slowly desensitize and rapidly recover from alpha-bungarotoxin blockade.
	psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /archive/00000133 (2481 words)

	mAb 35 acetylcholine nicotinic receptors Antibody
		Muscle nicotinic receptors are composed of 4 kinds of subunits with the stoichiometry a2bgd.
		Neuronal nicotinic receptors are composed of 2 kinds of subunits, acetylcholine-binding subunits and structural subunits.
		There are several subtypes of neuronal nicotinic receptors, butnone bind a-bungarotoxin.
	www.uiowa.edu /~dshbwww/mab35.html (442 words)

	Hierarchical control of dopamine neuron-firing patterns by nicotinic receptors
		Receptors such as nAChRs are complex proteins that nestle in the surface of cells and trigger cellular responses when activated by either a natural chemical or an external substance such as nicotine.
		However, mice lacking the a7 subunit did show a neuronal response to nicotine, although it was not the same response as in normal mice.
		The researchers concluded that their "data suggest that a concomitant activation of [â2 and a7 receptor subunits] may be a necessary requirement for the full expression of the sequence of events leading to nicotine reinforcement."
	www.news-medical.net /?id=18455 (653 words)

	International Union of Pharmacology. XX. Current Status of the Nomenclature for Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and ...
		Papke RL (1993) The kinetic properties of neuronal nicotinic receptors: Genetic basis of functional diversity.
		Sargent P (1993) The diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
		Involvement of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Suppression of Antimicrobial Activity and Cytokine Responses of Alveolar Macrophages to Legionella pneumophila Infection by Nicotine
	pharmrev.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/2/397 (3547 words)

	Expression of functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat urinary bladder epithelial cells -- Beckel et al. 290 ...
		Expression of functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat urinary bladder epithelial cells -- Beckel et al.
		nicotinic subunits was identified in rat urothelial cells
		Intravesical nicotine (50 nM, 1 µM) increased the intercontraction interval.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/290/1/F103 (251 words)

	Galantamine modulates nicotinic receptors in Alzheimer's
		Despite the proven efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease, there is a need for new and more effective treatments.
		Galantamine is a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease that inhibits acetylcholinesterase and modulates nicotinic receptors.
		Since galantamine shows the greatest benefits when treatment is started early, its long-term benefits may result from an effect on the underlying disease process; such an effect might be mediated by galantamine's concomitant action on nicotinic receptors.
	www.smartnutrition.info /galantamine/galantamine-2.htm (200 words)

	Subunit Composition of Functional Nicotinic Receptors in Dopaminergic Neurons Investigated with Knock-Out Mice -- ...
		nicotine (free base), and extracellular DA levels were measured by microdialysis in the ventral striatum.
		Clarke PB, Pert A (1985) Autoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.
		Klink R, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Zoli M, Changeux JP (2001) Molecular and physiological diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/21/7820 (4574 words)

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