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Topic: Nictitating membrane

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nictitating membrane
		The Nictitating membrane is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten the eye while also keeping visibility.
		Nictitating membranes are found in birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, but is less common in mammals, mainly being present in monotremes and marsupials.
		In cats and dogs, the nictitating membrane is not usually visible, and its being chronically visible should be taken as a sign of poor condition or ill health.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nictitating_membrane (488 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		basa´lis duc´tus semicircula´ris basal membrane of semicircular duct: the basement membrane underlying the epithelium of a semicircular duct.
		saccifor´mis the synovial membrane of the inferior radioulnar articulation.
		the layer of plasma membrane of epithelial cells that is adjacent to the basement membrane and separated from the apical membrane by the zonula occludens.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_m_08zPzhtm (3235 words)

	Bird Ecology Study Group, Nature Society (Singapore): Nictitating membrane
		It is believed that birds cover their eyes with the nictitating membrane when under water.
		The nictitating membrane is also believed to comes in useful during flying.
		Ornithologist Geoffrey Davison believes that the whiteness of the eye in the image is due to the nictitating membrane coming across the eye just at the moment the image was taken.
	besgroup.blogspot.com /2006/08/nictitating-membrane.html (444 words)

	Protrusion of the Feline Nictitating Membranes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Idiopathic bilateral protrusion of the feline nictitating membranes is a common, poorly understood ophthalmic disorder.
		Retraction of the nictitating membranes after use of a topical adrenergic agent such as epinephrine or phenylephrine is suggestive of a loss of sympathetic innervation such as that seen in Horner's syndrome, but other ophthalmic signs of Horner's syndrome are absent.
		Intraocular structures are normal, and vision is unaffected unless the nictitating membranes protrude to the extent that they cover the pupil.
	www.maxshouse.com /protrusion_of_the_feline_nictita.htm (225 words)

	The Modern Apprentice - Raptor Biology
		Nictitating membrane The nictitating membrane is sometimes called the third eyelid or the "haw".
		It is a thin, white membrane that can operate independently of the eyelid.
		Note: In the graphic, the first image has the eye exposed and the membrane open while the second image shows the eye covered by the membrane.
	www.themodernapprentice.com /gen_biology.htm (1105 words)

	Animal Eye Care: FAQ
		Human eyes do not have a full nictitating membrane only a tiny remnant at the inside corner of the eye which looks like a small pink lump.
		The Nictitating Membrane is a thin piece of tissue, supported by cartilage, which moves across the eyeball like a windshield wiper, to give the cornea additional protection.
		In cats and dogs, the nictitating membrane is not usually visible, and its appearance is a sign of poor health or a painful eye.
	www.animaleyecare.com /faq.html (829 words)

	Bald Eagle's Eyesight and Hearing
		Every three or four seconds, the nictitating membrane slides across the eye from front to back, wiping dirt and dust from the cornea.
		Because the membrane is translucent, the eagle can see even while it is over the eye.
		An eagle's eye is almost as large as a human's, but its sharpness is at least four times that of a person with perfect vision.
	www.baldeagleinfo.com /eagle/eagle2.html (401 words)

	Psychology Faculty - Isidore Gormezano
		Nowak, A., and Gormezano, I. Electrical stimulation of brainstem nuclei: Elicitation, modification, and conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
		Marshall-Goodell, B., and Gormezano, I. Effects of cocaine on conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
		Nitrous oxide and interstimulus interval: Conditioning the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
	www.psychology.uiowa.edu /Faculty/Gormezano/Gormezano.htm (557 words)

	Cerebellar lesions and the nictitating membrane reflex: performance deficits of the conditioned and unconditioned ...
		Cerebellar lesions and the nictitating membrane reflex: performance deficits of the conditioned and unconditioned response -- Welsh and Harvey 9 (1): 299 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		Cerebellar lesions and the nictitating membrane reflex: performance deficits of the conditioned and unconditioned response
		by an increase in stimulus threshold for elicitation of the nictitating
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/9/1/299 (1072 words)

	What is a Nictitating Membrane?
		The nictitating membrane is part of the conjunctiva, a mucus membrane.
		Harbor seals benefit from their nictitating membrane because they live in and out of the water.
		The nictitating membrane of other mammals, like cats, dogs, and horses, only protrudes if they are ill. A visible haw could be a symptom of dehydration, tetanus, low body weight, or an abscess near the eye.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-nictitating-membrane.htm (364 words)

	BM Galleries - How do animals protect their eyes?
		The nictitating membrane is stored in the lower corner of the eye nearest the nose and it sweeps outward to clean and wet the eye, while still allowing light to penetrate.
		We find various forms of the nictitating membrane in a large number of terrestrial vertebrates such as birds, lizards, crocodilians, and even mammals.
		For example, the aardvark uses its nictitating membrane for protection against its termite prey — insects that bite at the eye.
	ebiomedia.com /gall/eyes/protect.html (978 words)

	Jim Kehoe's Publications
		Overshadowing and summation in compound stimulus conditioning of the rabbitÕs nictitating membrane response.
		CS-US contiguity and CS intensity in conditioning of the rabbitÕs nictitating membrane response to serial and simultaneous compound stimuli.
		Kehoe, E. J., Palmer, N. Weidemann, G., and Macrae, M. The effect of feature-target intervals in conditional discriminations on acquisition and expression of conditioned nictitating membrane and heart-rate responses in the rabbit.
	rlai.cs.ualberta.ca /RLAI/KehoePubs.html (1995 words)

	SBP - Cat Nictitating Membrane (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An interactive, menu driven program which simulates experiments on the superior cervical ganglion-nictitating membrane preparation of the cat (in vivo) to teach the pharmacology of ganglionic transmission and sympathetically innervated smooth muscle.
		Methods: describes the preparation, protocols for nerve stimulation and administration of drugs to the superior cervical ganglion and the nictitating membrane, and the method of recording contractions of the nictitating membrane.
		Experiments: allows students to perform simulated experiments on the preparation and provides recordings of the force of contraction of both ipsilateral and contralateral nictitating membranes which are displayed on a screen designed to emulate a chart recorder.
	members.aol.com /Sheffbp/products/catnict.htm (345 words)

	Overexpectation: Response Loss During Sustained Stimulus Compounding in the Rabbit Nictitating Membrane Preparation -- ...
		Gormezano, I. and Gibbs, C.M. Transduction of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response.
		Hardiman, M.J., Ramnani, N., and Yeo, C.H. Reversible inactivation of the cerebellum with muscimol prevents acquisition and extinction of conditioned nictitating membrane responses in the rabbit.
		Kehoe, E.J. Overshadowing and summation in compound stimulus conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/476 (6463 words)

	Bird Brain II
		This nictitating membrane is between the other two eyelids and the cornea and has its own lubricating duct equivalent to our tear duct.
		membrane that moves or vibrates in response to pressure waves in the cochlea.
		the tectorial membrane (yellow), nerve fibers at the base of the hairs are activated and nervous impulses are generated.
	people.eku.edu /ritchisong/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html (5682 words)

	WVU :: School of Medicine :: Physiology and Pharmacology
		Schreurs, B. Classical conditioning and modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response.
		Schreurs, B. G., Smith-Bell, C. A., Lochhead, J. and Sparks, D. Cholesterol modifies classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
		Schreurs, B. and Smith-Bell, C. Heart rate changes during conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response.
	www.hsc.wvu.edu /som/physio/bioSchreurs.asp (337 words)

	Eye Anatomy and Function
		Most animals have three eyelids: the upper lid, lower lid, and nictitating membrane (third eyelid).
		The conjunctiva is the delicate membrane that lines the inside of the upper and lower lids and some outer portions of the eyeball.
		The nictitating membrane is clear and affords the eye extra protection, still allowing the animal to see through it.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=1&cat=1344&articleid=1596 (1694 words)

	Relationship between heterosynaptic reflex facilitation and acquisition of the nictitating membrane response in control ...
		Relationship between heterosynaptic reflex facilitation and acquisition of the nictitating membrane response in control and scopolamine- injected rabbits -- Harvey et al.
		Relationship between heterosynaptic reflex facilitation and acquisition of the nictitating membrane response in control and scopolamine- injected rabbits
		the nictitating membrane response evoked on paired tone- shock trials were
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/5/3/596 (326 words)

	[No title]
		Animalens asserts that unlike the human lens which lies directly on the cornea, the chicken lens sits above the nictitating membrane (the chicken's third eyelid which helps keep the eye clean and moist) and that properly inserted, the lens does not touch the cornea.
		The nictitating membrane is not enough to relieve the irritation of having a foreign object in the eye for a whole year, or to keep out all the dust; 5.
		The lens would have to be uniformly smooth or rough edges could catch on the nictitating membrane; 6.
	www.upc-online.org /RedLens.html (1731 words)

	eurca review: Cat Nictitating Membrane
		Due to the in vivo preparation of cat nictitating membrane possible causing some moral objections by students, this programme can be a good alternative resource.
		The cat nictitating membrane is an appropriate preparation to study sympathetic ganglionic pharmacology, but the laboratory animal necessary in this experiment is difficult to obtain and the methodology requires technical expertise.
		Due to nictitating membrane preparation not usually being introduced in a normal course of pharmacology, the resource gives the students the opportunity to know this in vivo preparation through a programme computer without using animals.
	www.eurca.org /rev_full.asp?EdID=766231 (779 words)

	Frog External Anatomy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Locate the frog's eyes, the nictitating membrane is a clear membrane that attached to the bottom of the eye.
		Use tweezers to carefully remove the nictitating membrane.
		Measure the diameter (distance across the circle) of the tympanic membrane.
	www.biologycorner.com /worksheets/frog_external.html (323 words)

	Classical nictitating membrane conditioning in the awake, normal, restrained cat -- Patterson et al. 196 (4294): 1124 ...
		Classical nictitating membrane conditioning in the awake, normal, restrained cat -- Patterson et al.
		Classical nictitating membrane conditioning in the awake, normal, restrained cat
		Response frequencies and latency characteristics in conditioning and control groups indicate that the response of the nictitating membrane can be classically conditioned in a new restraint system in which detailed brain and behavior measures can be easily obtained.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/196/4294/1124 (220 words)

	Animal Planet :: Cat Guide -- Body -- Third Eyelid
		As soon as the sleeping cat is alerted by any sound, the nictitating membrane flicks back to the inside corner of the eye.
		Hidden from view behind the outer eyelids of a sleeping cat and barely noticeable in the corner of the eyes while the cat is awake, the nictitating membranes are sometimes visible in felines that doze with open eyelids.
		Cats with very short noses, such as Persians, may not be physically able to close their eyes completely because the eyes bulge more, causing the nictitating membranes to be visible during sleep.
	animal.discovery.com /guides/cats/body/eyelid.html (234 words)

	Dendritic Excitability Microzones and Occluded Long-Term Depression After Classical Conditioning of the Rabbit's ...
		Membrane excitability is localized to a specific microzone.
		of the rabbit nictitating membrane/eyelid response (Berthier and
		, J. Cerebellar lesions and the nictitating membrane reflex: performance deficits of the conditioned and unconditioned response.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/86 (5117 words)

	A Mare Defies the Odds in Her Battle with Cancer
		Technically known as the nictitating membrane, the third eyelid is a thick fold of tissue that lies flat on the inner corner of the horse's cornea.
		Q.T. recovered from surgery uneventfully, and the mass was sent to the pathology laboratory for analysis.
		But to everyone's surprise and relief, the pathology report showed that Q.T.'s lymphosarcoma tumor appeared to be the exception: Careful examination of the removed tissue revealed that the abnormal cells seemed to be restricted to the mass itself and removal of the entire membrane appeared to have fully eliminated the cancer, said Brightman.
	equisearch.com /horses_care/health/illnesses_injuries/cancerbattle_021606 (1157 words)

	About sharks
		Some species in New England coastal waters without a nictitating membrane are: the white, shortfin mako, porbeagle, thresher, sand tiger, dogfish, and basking shark.
		The mako on the photo left, which lacks a nictitating membrane, rarely rolls its eyes for protection no matter what difficulty it is in.
		The blue shark on the photo right has brought up it's nictitating membrane for protection.
	newenglandsharks.com /IDshark.htm (965 words)

	Fish Identification: Find order (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Body sharklike; snout produced in a long flat blade with teeth on each side (teeth unequal in size, usually alternating large and small, and weakly embedded); one pair of long barbels; no dorsal fin spines (sometimes present as internal rudiments); anal fin absent; spiracles large.
		Two dorsal fins (one dorsal fin in the scyliorhinid Pentachus profundicolus, known only from the holotype), without spines; anal fin present; five gill slits, with the last one to three over the pectoral fin; gill rakers absent; eyes with nictitating fold or membrane; spiracles present or absent; intestinal value of spiral or scroll type.
		Two dorsal fins, each with a spine; anal fin present; five gill slits; eyes without nictitating fold; spiracle present but small; nostrils connected with mouth by deep grove.
	www.fishbase.org /identification/orderlist.cfm?areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= (338 words)

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