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Topic: Nigerian Civil War

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Biafran War

Yakubu Gowan

Civil war

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Philip Effiong

Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu

Nigerian

Yakubu Gowon

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List of Heads of State of Biafra

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List of contemporary civil wars

History of Nigeria

	The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War
		The Nigerian Civil War was fought to reintegrate and reunify the country.
		The immediate cause of the civil war itself may be identified as the coup and the counter coup of 1966 which altered the political equation and destroyed the fragile trust existing among the major ethnic groups.
		War is a situation that requires faith - faith in your equipment, faith in your comrades and colleagues, faith in God or the supreme being or whatever one believes in, faith in oneself and in the cause for which one is fighting.
	www.africamasterweb.com /BiafranWarCauses.html (9224 words)

	Nigerian Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, July 6, 1967 – January 13, 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra.
		Amphibious landings by the Nigerian navy led to the capture of two southern towns of Bonny, south of Port Harcourt on July 26, and the port of Calabar on October 18 by elements of the Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando Division.
		The final Nigerian offensive, named "Operation Tail-Wind", was launched on January 7, 1970 with the 3rd Marine Commando Division attacking, and supported by the 1st Infantry division to the north and the 2nd Infantry division to the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biafran_War (1815 words)

	Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Surviving in Biafra: My own experience
		Nigerian civil war occurred from 1967 to 1970 following the declaration of the state of Biafra.
		To Biafra, it became a war of survival, to fight or be exterminated by the marching, ruthless Nigerian soldiers.
		The story of the Nigerian civil war cannot be complete without mention of the Brigadier Benjamin Adekunle's, former commander of 3rd Marine Brigade, murderous rampage in Biafra.
	nigeriaworld.com /articles/2003/may/061.html (2096 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Civil
		Civil society, pluralism, and the future of East and Central Europe.
		Civil societies: liberalism and the moral uses of pluralism.
		Ethnic civil religion: a case study of immigrants from Rumania in Israel.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Civil (404 words)

	Vanguard - Arts: Civil war story has no end—Akachi Adimorah Ezeigbo
		The civil war has produced large volumes of literature and, in Nigeria, there is hardly any writer of reckoning that has not made a comment about the war and even from new writers.
		We don’t know anything about the war, we were not born when it was fought and we are interested in the story because somebody is talking about it and we don’t know anything about it and nothing is being done about it.
		And now we are having the post civil war writers, those writers who were not born during the war and never witnessed the war but are writing about it.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/features/arts/at108042007.html (2024 words)

	Soyinka and the Nigerian Civil War
		Wole Soyinka's A Shuttle in the Crypt contemplates a critical period in Nigerian history between 1966 and early 1971.
		Soyinka's efforts to curtail the Nigerian Civil War in 1967 resulted in his arrest and imprisonment without trial by the federal military government.
		On January 12, 1970, the Biafran forces surrendered in central Iboland, marking the end of the Nigerian Civil War.
	www.thecore.nus.edu /landow/post/nigeria/civilwar.html (787 words)

	Newseum War Stories: An Essay by Harry Evans
		At Guernica in the Spanish Civil War, Noel Monks and George L. Steer are near enough to testify that it was Nationalist squadrons of German warplanes that dropped incendiaries and high explosives and machine-gunned civilians.
		Kenneth Jarecke's Gulf War image of the charred skeletal head of an Iraqi in a vehicle hit by a rocket was not seen in the United States at the time because an Associated Press editor in New York took it off the wire.
		War is good for you." Author Knightley believes most correspondents in most wars have had a romantic sense of their jobs, but that disillusion set in for many as the Vietnam War grew more shocking.
	www.newseum.org /warstories/essay/romance.htm (2967 words)

	53. Research Memorandum From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hughes) to Secretary of State ...
		Subject: USSR-NIGERIA: Bilateral Tensions Increase as War Drags On Moscow's views of its interests in Nigeria in general, and of its relations with Lagos in particular, are important factors in assessing the possibility that the Soviets might be interested in a compromise solution to the Nigerian civil war.
		The civil war, and Moscow's exploitation of it, have made possible a considerable increase in Soviet presence and visibility in Nigeria.
		However, the war may be nearing the end of its utility for the Soviets as a vehicle for improving their position in Nigeria.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e5/54853.htm (1661 words)

	Obasanjo, the Civil War, and Resource Control By A. A. Madiebo
		For Biafra, it was simply a war of basic survival because in 1966, the oil industry had not even become a major factor in the Nigerian economy to tempt the Ibos to sacrifice 3 million lives in an attempt to gain control of the oil wells.
		Without doubt, the civil war had its roots in the January 1966 coup which was executed by officers and men from all the Nigerian tribes, led by mainly Ibo and Yoruba Majors plus other junior officers including those from Northern Nigeria.
		What is more, though under heavy pressure throughout the war, Biafra did not mortgage the oil installations under its control to a world power for military assistance to enhance her fire power and prolong the war.
	www.waado.org /NigerDelta/Essays/ResourceControl/Madiebo.html (1183 words)

	The Nigeria-Biafra War Letters
		The Nigeria Biafra War letters is the true first hand account from the central wartime Commander to emerge from the brutal 67-70 Nigerian civil war.
		That soldier, Brigadier-General Benjamin Adekunle was the most effective and dynamic Nigerian Commander to emerge from the civil war when he led his forces of the 3rd Marine Commando Division as a 30-year-old Colonel between 1967-1969.
		The Nigeria Biafra civil war was tragic and brutal, a humanitarian and famine disaster which led to the deaths of 2-5 million Ibo.
	www.blackscorpion.org /index.html (247 words)

	Nigerian Mig 17F "Fresco C" fighters
		The Nigerians contracted a West German military mission of 75 specialists and military educators in 1964/5 but these quickly made an ungraceful exit as the situation in Nigeria drifted towards a civil war.
		Until late in the war no attempt was made at camouflaging the Nigerian Mig 17s and they were operated in the original protective aluminum paint, their surfaces were not left in natural polished aluminum like those of western aircraft.
		True the Nigerians used mercenaries during the Civil War, they were forced to by a lack of native pilots.
	www.brushfirewars.org /aircraft/mig_17f_pf_pm/naf/mig_17f_naf.htm (1904 words)

	Cut Down the Number Of Outside Actors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Regarding the Nigerian civil war and the secession of Biafra, the professor has given us some interesting points about it, but I thought we should take a lesson from it, to see what can be applied to the agenda we are discussing today, or other conflict situations in Africa.
		This was the first, probably, of its kind in post-independence Africa, a civil war that was atrocious and vicious, and cost Nigeria plenty.
		From what we heard this morning, what civil war does to an economy, to a people, to social life, infrastructure, to everything, to the dignity of the people, is obvious.
	www.aboutsudan.com /conferences/khartoum/mogus.htm (804 words)

	Civil war
		A civil war is a war in which the parties are segments of the same country or empire.
		The contention is often over matters of religion, ethnicity, or politics, but is sometimes simply a struggle for power between two or more rival groups.
		There were also several major civil wars in the Roman Empire.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ci/Civil_war.html (54 words)

	A History of Violence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The civil war in Sudan is perhaps one of the most complex wars in recent history.
		It is important to examine the historical context of Sudan's civil war, with particular respect to the southern Sudanese, because the root causes of the current internal conflict have foundation in the history of Sudan.
		The civil war started with Angola's independence from Portugal in 1975 when the left-wing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) took power and Washington launched a CIA covert operation in July to overthrow it.
	www.peace4africa.com /gpage8.html (10836 words)

	NigerianMuse \| Opessays: Madiebointerview Biafra
		And of all the Nigerian heroes, he is the only one who has not been involved in a coup.
		Right now, Obasanjo still regards the Igbos as a conquered race, and it is in his interest that the civil war is not forgotten because that is the only thing he is known for.
		The only thing he is known for is the civil war, so it is not in his interest to forget the civil war.
	www.nigerianmuse.com /opessays/?u=Madiebointerview_Biafra.htm (1630 words)

	Niall Ferguson: War of the World: History's Age of Hatred - Penguin Books Ltd
		It was not a war between worlds that the twentieth century witnessed, but rather a war of the world.
		Significantly larger percentages of the world's population were killed in the two world wars that dominated the century than had been killed in any previous conflict of comparable geopolitical magnitude.
		Although wars between 'great powers' were more frequent in earlier centuries, the world wars were unparalleled in their severity (battle deaths per year) and concentration (battle deaths per nation-year).
	www.penguin.co.uk /static/cs/uk/0/articles/waroftheworld/index.html (550 words)

	Nigerian Civil War
		The Nigerian Civil War, July 6, 1967 – January 13, 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra.
		Amphibious landings by the Nigerian navy led to the capture of two southern towns of Bonny, south of Port Harcourt on July 26, and the port of Calabar on October 18 by elements of the Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando Division.
		However reorganisation of the Nigerian forces, the reluctance of the Biafran army to attack again, and the effects of a naval, land and air blockade of Biafra led to a change in the balance of forces.
	www.tagate.com /wars/page/nigerian.shtml (1251 words)

	Nigerian Ilyushin Il-28 "Beagle" bombers
		The Il-28s are among the most obscure participants of the Nigerian Civil War and few specifics are known of their operations or service history in Nigeria are known.
		The result was that NAF attackers were often simply labeled "Nigerian Mig's" regardless of the aircraft's identity making the reconstruction of the Il-28's history in NAF service harder than reconstructing the history of the Mig-17F where a small number of ex mercenaries have provided information.
		As I mentioned before there is a number of stories going around about the Il-28's service during the Nigerian civil war that seem to be untrue or at the very least partly inaccurate.
	www.brushfirewars.org /aircraft/ilyushin_il-28_naf/ilyushin_il-28_naf.htm (2374 words)

	The Nigerian Civil War - The Early Days (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Nigerian Civil War, a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra led by Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu.....
		The sensitivities of Nigerian politics had created three ethnically centred political blocs locked in a perpetual jostle for supremacy - The Hausa-Fulani of which Tafawa Balewa was a member, the Igbos (Azikiwe) and the Yorubas (Awolowo).
		Although the Biafran Army continued to prove their mettle by recapturing Owerri and pinning down the Federal Forces in Onitsha, the Nigerian government unleashed a new weapon, which was to have devastating effect on Biafra and haunt the memories of observers of the war for years to come.
	www.clickafrique.com /Magazine/ST014/CP0000000008.aspx (1224 words)

	Russian Civil War
		The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922.
		The war was fought for the most part between the "Reds" who were mostly communists and revolutionaries, and the "Whites", a loose coalition of monarchists, conservatives, liberals, and socialists who opposed the Bolshevik Revolution.
		Lenin was surprised by the outbreak of civil war and initially underestimated the extent of the forces that rose against his new government.
	www.tagate.com /wars/page/russia.shtml (1580 words)

	Welcome to the 1 Division Nigerian Army
		1 Division Nigerian Army known, as "the first" is one of the Divisions established during the Nigerian civil war.
		As result of the outbreak of the civil war in 1967 and considering the growth of the Nigerian Army due to challenges of the war, the nomenclature was changed from "1st Area Command " to "1 Infantry Division".
		The Division played major roles throughout the civil war and its campaigns and liberation efforts were fully hailed.
	www.nigerianarmy.net /divisions/1Div.htm (349 words)

	American Civil War
		The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a civil war between the United States of America, called the Union, and the Confederate States of America, formed by eleven Southern states that had declared their secession from the Union.
		The causes of the war, the reasons for the outcome, and even the name of the war itself, are subjects of much controversy, even today.
		The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, politics, disagreements over the scope of States' rights versus federal power, expansionism, sectionalism, economics, modernization, and competing nationalism of the Antebellum period.
	www.tagate.com /wars/page/american.shtml (2005 words)

	Soyinka and the Nigerian Civil War
		Wole Soyinka's A Shuttle in the Crypt contemplates a critical period in Nigerian history between 1966 and early 1971.
		Soyinka's efforts to curtail the Nigerian Civil War in 1967 resulted in his arrest and imprisonment without trial by the federal military government.
		On January 12, 1970, the Biafran forces surrendered in central Iboland, marking the end of the Nigerian Civil War.
	www.postcolonialweb.org /nigeria/civilwar.html (787 words)

	Liberian Civil War
		The Underlying Factors of the the Civil War.
		Although the Liberian-civil war was ignited by the brutal dictatorship of President Samuel Kanyon Doe, there were underlying ethnic hatred coupled with political dictatorship which permitted the crisis to implode.
		One of the tragic consequences of the Liberian-Civil war was the use of children to fight the war.
	pages.prodigy.net /jkess3/Civilwar.html (5608 words)

	The Nigerian Civil War
		At first Nigerian progress was slow, and failures of its larger army to invade the territory of the new republic led to a growth in worldwide support for Biafra.
		However reorganisation of the Nigerian forces, the reluctance of the Biafran army to fight, and the effects of a naval, land and air blockade of Biafra led to a change in the balance of forces.
		An overused tactic of the Nigerian forces had been the sabotage of farmland, and this was now beginning to affect the Biafran population.
	www.nigeria-planet.com /The-Nigerian-Civil-War.html (1184 words)

	The Nigerian child (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Nigerian child of today, scarcely experiences the blissful innocence and joys of childhood, such as the pre-independence Nigerian Child did, before he is abandoned and thrown into the wreckage of humanity, that people our city slums, and economically deprived ghettos, where they grow to become adults overnight.
		The Nigerian child is not different from any others worldwide, he is part of the universal brotherhood of children, with similar hopes for the full enjoyment of life, and the fulfillment of his destiny.
		More so, as many Nigerian parents, have inherent moral and ethical defects of their own; perhaps that is why Juvenal satirically observed that, "A child is owed the greatest respect; if you ever have something disgraceful in mind, don’t ignore your son’s tender years".
	nigerdeltacongress.com /narticles/nigerian_child.htm (2069 words)

	John de St. Jorre - The Nigerian Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Like the American civil war, it was a war about nationhood and self-determination; and like the Spanish conflict it involved foreign intervention on both sides.
		It was the first televised war where the fighting and the plight of civilians caught up in it were watched in living rooms around the world.
		The war ended with a nation intact although it failed to resolve Nigeria's seemingly intractable political, economic and social problems.
	www.johndestjorre.com /nigerian.html (209 words)

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