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Topic: Niko Tinbergen

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	Amazon.ca: Books: Niko's Nature: The Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behaviour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Niko's Nature goes on to follow Niko's progress in Oxford after the Second World War, where he became the world authority on the behaviour of animals in the wild: his inspiring book The Study of Instinct remains an all-time classic.
		In this fascinating and engaging story, Niko's long-time friend and student Hans Kruuk argues that his impact as a scientist and naturalist was in large part due to his skills as a communicator, photographer, and film-maker.
		Niko's Nature is an intimate and insightful portrait of an extraordinary figure.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0198515588 (459 words)

	Superb Biography of a Great Pioneer by Iver Mysterud
		This is a profound biography of the eminent ethologist and Nobel Laureate Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988).
		Tinbergen has been one of my scientific heroes for many years, with his brilliant focus on the four whys, his emphasis on the importance of observation and naturalistic studies, his all-time classic "The Study of Instinct", and his many inspiring field experiments, such as the egg shell removal in fl-headed gulls (an antipredator tactic).
		Tinbergen was superb as a communicator, both in print and orally, and he was an excellent photographer and film maker in the area of animal behavior.
	www.human-nature.com /ep/reviews/ep032023.html (1605 words)

	Royal Van Gorcum - publishing and printing company, Assen - toonboek.asp
		Niko Tinbergen and the Birth of Ethology in The Netherlands
		In this century during the thirties Dutch researcher Niko Tinbergen, together with a group of kindred spirits, developed the ethological approach to animal behaviour.
		Niko Tinbergen and the rise of ethology: a pastime (1907-1930)
	www.vangorcum.nl /en/toonPubl.asp?PublID=3590 (194 words)

	Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen
		Lorenz and Tinbergen were ethologists, who along with Karl von Frisch, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1973.
		Both Lorenz and Tinbergen developed intimate relationships with the animals they studied, and that contributed to their success.
		Tinbergen's research skills lay in his ability to "ask questions of nature." His four questions: immediate causation, development, evolution, and function still form the basis for modern ethological theorizing.
	www.peace.saumag.edu /faculty/Kardas/Courses/GPWeiten/C1Intro/LorenzTinbergen.html (267 words)

	K. Lorenz
		Niko Tinbergen, his lifelong colleague and friend, is born on April 15 in Den Haag, The Netherlands.
		In early summer, Niko Tinbergen and KL experiment with the "Instinkt Dressur Verschränkung" and investigate the features of fixed action patterns (a term coined later, one of the core concepts of classical ethology) at the example of eggretrieval ("Eirollbewegung") in Greylag geese.
		Dec. 10: KL together with Niko Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch is awarded the Nobel Price for Physiology and Medicine for their efforts in Ethology, notably for developing a unified, evolutionary theory of animal and human behaviour.
	www.univie.ac.at /zoology/nbs/gruenau/K__Lorenz/hauptteil_k__lorenz.html (1991 words)

	Independent Online Edition > Reviews : app3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Tinbergen told students Mark Twain's jest about how, when the literary German dives into a sentence, that is the last you will see of him till he emerges on the other side of the Atlantic with a verb in his mouth.
		During the war, Tinbergen resisted the occupiers' efforts to Nazify Leiden University, where he was a lecturer, and was interned as a hostage against Dutch acts of resistance.
		Tinbergen was also disappointed in his own country, which in peacetime did not seem to be becoming the new Holland for which he had hoped.
	enjoyment.independent.co.uk /books/reviews/article72661.ece (827 words)

	Nikolaas Niko Tinbergen Ethology
		Niko Tinbergen (Nikolaas Tinbergen) was born in The Hague, Netherlands, on 15th April 1907, as the third of five children to a schoolmaster and his wife.
		The two men became friends such that the Tinbergens, who by now had a small son, were invited to an extended stay at the Lorenz home near Vienna.
		Niko Tinbergen was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1962 and as a Foreign Member of the Netherlands Academy of Sciences in 1964.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /scientist/niko_tinbergen.html (700 words)

	Empty Shells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Tinbergen hypothesized that the bright white lining of the shell would make the nest easier to detect by predators.
		Tinbergen went on to discover a great deal about how the gulls differentiate between an egg, a half-hatched chick, and an empty eggshell.
		Tinbergen observed that oystercatchers and Ringed Plovers removed eggshells from their nests much more rapidly than did the gulls.
	www.stanfordalumni.org /birdsite/text/essays/Empty_Shells.html (750 words)

	Wired 3.07: Revolutionary Evolutionist
		Dawkins came to Oxford in 1959 as an undergraduate, and eventually came under the spell of Niko Tinbergen, the eminent Danish biologist.
		Ethology, as Tinbergen constantly stressed, was a highly interdisciplinary biological science, requiring insights into psychology, physiology, ecology, sociology, taxonomy, and evolution.
		Tinbergen focused on the eternal tension between the breadth of behaviors observed in nature and a scientist's need to reduce these behaviors to a set of fundamental principles.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/3.07/dawkins.html?pg=4 (694 words)

	Learn more about Ethology in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lorenz’s collaborator, Niko Tinbergen, argued that ethology always needed to pay attention to four kinds of explanation of any instance of behaviour:
		After the war, Tinbergen moved to the University of Oxford, and ethology became stronger in the UK, particularly under the influence leadership of Willard Thorpe, Robert Hinde and Patrick Bateson at the Sub-department of Animal Behaviour of the University of Cambridge, located in the village of Madingley.
		Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973 for their work in developing ethology.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/et/ethology.html (1123 words)

	Konrad Lorenz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lorenz shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other important early ethologists, Niko Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch.
		Lorenz and Tinbergen developed the idea of the "Innate Releasing Mechanism" to explain the occurrence of instinctive behaviours ("Fixed Action Patterns"), and under the influence of the ideas about instinct of William McDougall, Lorenz further developed this into a "Psychohydraulic" model of the motivation of behaviour.
		These ideas were influential as ethology became more popular in the 1960s, but they are now regarded as outdated because of their use of an energy flow metaphor; the nervous system and the control of behaviour are now normally treated as involving information transmission rather than energy flow.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Konrad_Lorenz (658 words)

	Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Later, after the Second World War, Tinbergen was arguably the more important of the two with respect to furthering the field's conceptual and practical development It was he in 1951 who published the first systematic overview of the new field in his book, The Study of Instinct.
		And he, furthermore, was the one who worked hardest for ethology's coordinated, balanced growth in the 1950s and 1960s, promoting ethology as the biological study of behavior and identifying new directions for ethology's conceptual and methodological development.
		In addition, in the years immediately after the war, Tinbergen offered a particularly important example of putting aside deeply-felt wartime grievances for the sake of ethology's postwar recovery.
	shum.cc.huji.ac.il /~por/icz_xviii/abstracts/Burkhardt.html (315 words)

	Richard Dawkins - outline biography
		Dawkins was born in Kenya in 1941 and, although his father moved to England for a time to volunteer for wartime service, raised in East Africa until 1949 when the family relocated to England.
		Tinbergen, author of The Study of Instinct (1951) was one of the first of the biologists who stove to explore and to explain the nature of animal behaviour.
		(Niko Tinbergen was eventually awarded a share of a Nobel Prize in 1973 for his pioneering work on animal behaviour).
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /scientist/richard_dawkins.html (755 words)

	Niko's Nature: The Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behaviour
		Here is the first biography of Niko Tinbergen, the brilliant but reticent naturalist (once described as 'pathologically modest') who turned a passion for observing nature into a revolutionary new branch of science that illuminated the study of animal behavior.
		The period in Greenland set the stage for the groundbreaking experiments with free-living birds in the 1930s and 1940s that brought the study of animal behavior out of the laboratory and into the wild.
		Written by Hans Kruuk, a former student of Niko Tinbergen and himself a distinguished scientist, Niko's Nature offers a fascinating and affectionate account of the man who forever changed the way we think about animal behavior.
	www.literacyconnections.com /ItemId/0198515588 (221 words)

	OUP: Niko's Nature: Kruuk
		Tinbergen was a complex and interesting character - he was a pioneer in the field of animal studies and also published controversial research into the problems of childhood autism
		Tinbergen was a master communicator, producing books and scientific papers in several languages, as well as being a prize-winning film maker
		Readership: This book will appeal to all who are interested in natural history and animal behaviour, and anyone with an interest in Niko Tinbergen, the father of the study of animal behaviour.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-851558-8?view=00 (662 words)

	Tinbergen-Symposium
		In the year 2003 it was 40 years ago that Niko Tinbergen published his famous paper on the 4 questions in behavioural biology.
		Tinbergen's Four Questions and Contemporary Animal Biology', at the Institute of Biology, Leiden University on 5 September, 2003.
		The aim of the symposium was to invite some leading behavioural biologists to give us their views on the state of the art with regard to the four questions.
	www.bio.uu.nl /~kndv/Tinbergen-Symposium.html (298 words)

	The Observer \| Comment \| The Observer Profile: Richard Dawkins
		The boy did well, but not brilliantly, though his love of biology quickly revealed itself, as did his antipathy to religion, with one housemaster warning school authorities that by forcing the lad to attend chapel they were doing him 'positive harm'.
		Dawkins was accepted by Balliol College, Oxford, and studied zoology under Niko Tinbergen, the Dutch Nobel prize-winning ethologist, and a major scientific influence for the young researcher.
		Tinbergen had already outlined the notion that plants and animals could be described as survival machines for genes.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html (1445 words)

	Simonyi Professorship Event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Niko Tinbergen Lecture is given annually as part of the winter conference of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour at the London Zoo.
		Abstract of Lecture : Niko Tinbergen's famous sorting out of the Aims and Methods of Ethology has come to be known by the catch phrase, "The Four Whys".
		Within the context of one of Tinbergen's Four Whys (the functional one), I shall attempt a similar sorting out of "The Four Whos": four distinct and mutually non-threatening meanings of "Who", in the question, "Who benefits from adaptation?" Confusion is rife in the literature because of failure to distinguish these four meanings.
	www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk /dawkins/calendar/cal_item.shtml?select=94 (135 words)

	Nikolaas Tinbergen : Niko Tinbergen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		terms defined : Nikolaas Tinbergen : Niko Tinbergen
		Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988) was a noted ethologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl Von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.
		Born in Hague, Netherlands[?], he is also noted as the brother of Jan Tinbergen won the first Nobel Prize in Economics.
	www.termsdefined.net /ni/niko-tinbergen.html (337 words)

	Articles - Nikolaas Tinbergen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen (April 15, 1907 â€“ December 21, 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl Von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.
		He studied biology at Leiden University and later taught at the University of Oxford.
		Hans Kruuk (2003) Niko's Nature: The Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behaviour ISBN 0198515588
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Nikolaas_Tinbergen (259 words)

	July 13, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I read about this behavior in Niko Tinbergen's The Herring Gull's World, but I never saw a gull do it.
		According to Tinbergen, herring gulls do it in meadows, not in the inter-tidal zone.
		Tinbergen does say he saw common fl-headed gulls doing it on the beach in shallow and muddy water, like what my Bonaparte's gulls were doing today.
	world.std.com /~jegan/0713mm.htm (517 words)

	Patterns of Behavior : Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology \| Evie's Eden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Used Patterns of Behavior : Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology are in stock for only $33.13.
		The Niko's Nature: The Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behaviour is part of our discount Book catalog.
		Used Niko's Nature: The Life of Niko Tinbergen and His Science of Animal Behaviour are in stock for only $3.53.
	evieseden.com /amazon/asin.0226080900.Book_Patterns_of_Behavior_Konrad_Lorenz_Niko_Tinbergen_and_the_Founding_of_Ethology.html (408 words)

	Tinbergen, The Animal in its World
		From a lecture given by Tinbergen at Oxford University, 27 October 1964:
		Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1973.
		He is considered one of the founders of ethology, the systematic study of animal behavior.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Tinbergen_72.html (422 words)

	Desmond Morris : Naked Ape Human Zoo
		Here he was placed under the tutorship of Dr. Niko Tinbergen.
		His studies on the Reproductive Behaviour of the Ten-spined Stickleback (a small freshwater fish) led to his being awarded a doctorate in 1954 and then to post-doctoral research at Oxford Oxford on the reproductive behaviour of birds.
		In this role it was anticipated that he would work in association with Niko Tinbergen's research group in the Department of Zoology and would continue to research human action-patterns.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /scientist/desmond_morris.html (545 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Niko's Nature
		Niko Tinbergen's pioneering work in ethology won him a Nobel Prize, co-authored with Konrad Lorenz, a one-time Nazi.
		This is his story, illustrated throughout with photographs and with Tinbergen's own drawings.
		Niko's two worlds: Oxford in the 1960s; 8.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=0198515588 (373 words)

	BioEd Online Slides: ethology, behavior, cognition
		Much of the work of early ethologists was unified by two Nobel Laureates, Niko Tinbergen (identified four areas of study: the behavior itself, along with its cause, development and evolution) and Konrad Lorenz (who conducted studies on imprinting).
		The ethological approach typified by the research of Lorenz, Tinbergen and von Frisch was largely concerned with the behavior of organisms as it is expressed in their natural environments.
		Cognitive ethology is the comparative, evolutionary and ecological study of the mental experiences of animals, particularly in their natural environment, in the course of their daily lives.
	www.bioedonline.org /slides/slide01.cfm?q=ethology (375 words)

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