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	Nikolai Kardashev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev (Никола́й Семёнович Кардашёв) (born April 25, 1932) is a Russian astrophysicist, and is the deputy director of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
		Other notable experts in the USSR were Vsevolod Troitskii and Iosif Samuilovich Shklovskii (Kardashev's former professor).
		Kardashev became a corresponding (associate) member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Division of General Physics and Astronomy on December 12, 1976.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nikolai_Kardashev (259 words)

	Kardashev scale - ExampleProblems.com
		The Kardashev scale is a general method of classifying how technologically advanced a civilization is, first proposed in 1964 by the Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev.
		Nikolai Kardashev's article On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations, where he explains that with increasing energy levels come increasing technology, decreasing cohesiveness, and varying likelihood of survival and contact, largely is a guide to this section.
		Kardashev's theory can be viewed as the expansion of some social theories, especially from social evolutionism.
	www.exampleproblems.com /wiki/index.php/Kardashev_scale (2875 words)

	Byurakan SETI conferences (1964 and 1971)
		The 1964 Conference on Extraterrestrial Civilizations stemmed from discussions by Shklovskii's group at the Sternberg State Astronomical Institute and was organized by Nikolai Kardashev.
		The Soviet approach was typified by Kardashev's classification scheme for technological races (see Kardashev civilizations) and Troitskii's interest in the possibility of detecting signals from other galaxies.
		Ambartsumian, Kardashev, Shklovskii, and Troitskii carried out the organization on the Soviet side, while Drake, Morrison, and Sagan performed the same function on the American side.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/ByurakanSETI.html (283 words)

	www.rian.ru
		The project was co-authored by Nikolai Kardashev, full-time member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
		Launching Radioastron was last discussed more than 20 years ago, but Kardashev said it never got off the ground because of inadequate monetary appropriations.
		Nikolai Sanko, who heads the department of instrument-packed spacecraft, said it would take over 1.5 billion rubles to complete this project, financed by the state.
	en.rian.ru /science/20050512/39970768-print.html (257 words)

	Wikinfo \| Kardashev scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Kardashev developed three categories, based on the amount of usable energy a civilization has at its disposal to harness, and increasing from there logarithmically.
		However, the Kardashev scale is of use to SETI researchers, science fiction authors, and futurists as a theoretical framework for how theoretical, even likely, alien civilizations would be progressing, and how we might progress in the millennia to come.
		Although intermediate values were not discussed in Kardashev's original proposal, Carl Sagan attempted to extrapolate and calculated humanity's current civilization to be 0.7.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Kardashev_scale (2791 words)

	Kardashev, Nikolai Semenovich (1932-)
		An early advocate of the idea that some alien races may be billions of years ahead of us, he proposed a classification for such supercivilizations (see Kardashev civilizations) and recommended that searches for them concentrate on the infrared and millimeter-wave ranges of the spectrum, rather than the centimeter-wave range.
		In 1963, Kardashev organized a SETI research group at the Sternberg Institute and initiated arrangements for the first All-Union Meeting on extraterrestrial civilizations (see Byurakan SETI conferences).
		Kardashev, N. "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Soviet Astronomy, 8, 217 (1964).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/K/Kardashev.html (225 words)

	Dyson sphere
		The original proposal by Dyson did not go into much detail about how a Dyson sphere would be constructed, focusing instead on the more fundamental issue of how an advanced civilization could expand its energy production to the maximum possible for a given solar system.
		Such a civilization would be classified as a Type II civilization under the Kardashev classification scheme developed by the astronomer Nikolai Kardashev[?].
		A star contained within a Dyson sphere would not be directly visible to the outside universe, but the Dyson sphere itself would radiate an equivalent amount of energy in the form of infrared light due to solar heating from within.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/dy/Dyson_sphere.html (732 words)

	Qwika - similar:SETI
		This equation was devised by Dr. Frank Drake in the 1960s in an attempt to estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy with which we might come in contact.
		Nikolai Kardashev Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev (Никола́й Семёнович Кардашёв) (born April 25, 1932) is a Russian astrophysicist, and is the deputy director of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
		Space opera is a subgenre of speculative fiction or science fiction that emphasizes romantic adventure, interstellar travel, and space battles where the main storyline is centered around interstellar conflict and character drama.
	www.qwika.com /rels/SETI (1552 words)

	Kardashev scale
		The Kardashev scale is a general method of classifying the magnitude of a civilization, first proposed in the 1960s by the Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev[?].
		It has three categories, based on the amount of usable energy a civilization has at its disposal and increasing logarithmically:
		However, the Kardashev scale is of use to SETI researchers, science fiction authors, and futurists as a theoretical framework.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ka/Kardashev_scale.html (237 words)

	futuretalk : Physicists see an end to the universe, but not humanity
		Astronomer Nikolai Kardashev and other visionaries developed a scheme that divides our road to the future into four civilization types.
		Kardashev’s reason for theorizing about advanced civilization types was to identify potential aliens by tracking their energy consumption.
		Personally, this writer believes that civilizations even reaching type 1 status would be so different from us, that we would never identify them by trying to monitor their energy consumption signs.
	betterhumans.com /blogs/futuretalk/archive/2006/02/21/4354.aspx (1248 words)

	Just My Type: Kardashev Civilizations in SF and Beyond
		In this article, we will examine an established method for classifying civilizations and find out where we are, where we're headed, and just how far ahead of us the little green men may be.
		Nikolai Kardashev was what some might call a schemer.
		After turning things over in his head and picking his moment, the Soviet astronomer proposed in 1964 a scheme for classifying civilizations that has become quite popular—even if only transparently—in SF and in speculation about our future in space.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/6513/70188 (345 words)

	PhotonSwarm Futurology Article - Dyson sphere
		The concept was popularised by Freeman Dyson in a paper published in a 1959 Science journal, though Dyson was inspired by a science fiction novel called Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon.
		The Kardashev scale is a method of classifying how technologically advanced a civilisation is, proposed in 1964 by Nikolai Kardashev.
		A Dyson sphere fits with Kardashev's Type II civilisation, in that it could be used to utilise the power output of a star.
	dir.tiraen.com /futurology/?article=11 (962 words)

	Civilization - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		The Kardashev scale, proposed by Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev, classifies civilizations based on their level of technological advancement, specifically measured by the amount of energy a civilization is able to harness.
		The Kardashev scale makes provisions for civilizations far more technologically advanced than any currently known to exist.
		Currently, world civilization is in a stage that may be characterized as an "industrial society," superseding the previous "agrarian society." Some believe that the world is undergoing another transformation, in which civilizations are entering the stage of the "informational society."
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /preview/Civilization (5328 words)

	Re: E.T. Versus Jesus... - Astronomy.com Forums
		Kardashev introduced this theory in 1964 and was actually looking for the supposed civilizations long before any attempts by the US.
		Kardashev was a student of Dr.I.S. Shklovskii and this may explain his sci-fi roots.
		The Kardashev Civilizations are thoroughly explored in this book and this may have been their first exposure to the American public.
	www.astronomy.com /ASY/CS/forums/18/299035/ShowPost.aspx (5482 words)

	TIME.com: Mystery from Way Out -- Nov. 6, 1964 -- Page 1
		Two unusual radio "stars," wrote Astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev in the Astronomical Journal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, may be "supercivilizations" deep in space, calling attention to themselves by transmitting vast amounts of energy on peculiar, and therefore conspicuous, radio frequencies.
		It might be generated handily, Kardashev thinks, by a civilization clever enough to rearrange the matter from its planets into a spherical shell around its central star.
		A properly ambitious form of superlife would not be satisfied with a single captive star; it would surely proceed to capture a whole galaxy containing billions of stars.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,876399,00.html (730 words)

	Centauri Dreams » Blog Archive » Via Wormhole to Another Universe?
		It was Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev who ranked advanced extraterrestrial civilizations by their energy consumption in the 1960s.
		According to Kardashev, a Type III civilization is one that can work at inconceivably powerful levels, harnessing the energies of entire galaxies to do its bidding.
		And when the end of life is threatened by the ‘big freeze,’ as the universe continues to expand and temperatures plunge to near absolute zero, such a civilization might be powerful enough to find a way out, pushing its way into another universe.
	www.centauri-dreams.org /?p=364 (703 words)

	Centauri Dreams » Blog Archive » Centauri Dreams on the Air
		Nikolai Kardashev was a Russian astronomer who sought to classify extraterrestrial civilizations based on energy output.
		Type II would be able to draw on all the energy available from its star, while Type III would exploit the energy resources of its galaxy.
		In Kardashev’s view, the output of each stage is 10 billion times larger than the previous one.
	www.centauri-dreams.org /?p=264 (648 words)

	Future Hi: Kardashev Civilizations
		A scheme for classifying such advanced technological civilizations was proposed by Nikolai Kardashev in 1964.
		Carl Sagan pointed out that the energy gaps between Kardashev's three types were so enormous that a finer gradation was needed.
		If we take Kardashev literally, then even Star Trek has not yet achieved level 2, they would be closer to a 1.7 or 1.8, since they have not yet tapped into ALL of a stars energy.
	www.futurehi.net /archives/000105.html (1539 words)

	Interfax > Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Oct 3 (Interfax-AVN) - Russia will orbit its Radioastron telescope by the end of 2008, said Nikolai Kardashev, head of the Russian Physics Institute's Astro-Space Center.
		I think that in any case this will not happen later than 2008," Kardashev told a news conference on Tuesday.
		The total cost in creating the telescope is about 3 billion rubles, he said.
	www.interfax.ru /e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11598402 (196 words)

	PhysOrgForum Science, Physics and Technology Discussion Forums -> Earth 3000
		Astronomer Nikolai Kardashev devised a scheme to rate future civilizations based on energy consumption.
		When faced with a situation requiring different actions, people armed with this increased intelligence could run dozens or hundreds of simulations in their mind and instantly determine the correct decision; which many psychologists believe could end the desire to create hostile feelings in others – no more crime, wars, or terrorism.
		If humanity is to achieve Kardashev Type I civilization status by 2100, we must first become a global village – one Earth; one people.
	forum.physorg.com /index.php?showtopic=10559 (2279 words)

	List of Russians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Nikolay Andreyev (1873-1932), sculptor, graphic artist and stage designer
		Nikolay Semyonov (1896 -1986), physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize for Chemistry
		Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938), Bolshevik party leader, Soviet statesman
	www.tocatch.info /simple/List_of_Russians.htm (980 words)

	Type I, II, III Civilizations
		With all these important caveats, let us determine when a civilization (either our own or one in outer space) may attain the ability to master the tenth dimension.
		Astronomer Nikolai Kardashev of the former Soviet Union once categorized future civilizations in the following way.
		A Type I civilization is one that controls the energy resources of an entire planet.
	www.angelfire.com /sd/occultic/civili.html (1416 words)

	Tech level concept - HERO GAMES Discussion Boards
		The GURPS Lite PDF at http://www.sjgames.com/gurps/lite/gurpslit.pdf has the basic examples, but if you have access to the GURPS Basic Set you can see tech levels broken down the way you have done.
		Nikolai Kardashev was an an astronomer in the Soviet Union who came up with three (or, technically four if you count type 0) ways of classifying how societies collect and make use of energy...
		Carl Sagan noted that the K-scale types were spaced too far apart to be of much use.
	www.herogames.com /forums/showthread.php?p=51267 (1334 words)

	RUSNET :: CIS Today :: 2006/10/04 :: Russia to Orbit New Generation Telescope by End 2008
		Russia will orbit its Radioastron telescope by the end of 2008, said Nikolai Kardashev, head of the Russian Physics Institute’s Astro-Space Center.
		I think that in any case this will not happen later than 2008," Kardashev was quoted by Interfax as telling a news conference on Tuesday.
		The resolution of such images will exceed that of the human eye by 20 million times," Kardashev told SPX news agency.
	www.rusnet.nl /news/2006/10/04/Technologies01.shtml (258 words)

	Kardashev Civilizations (Text) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Three types of civilizations have been postulated by Nikolai Kardashev for the development of a "super civilization":
		A civilization in a similar stage of development as Earth, having control of most of the energy sources of the planet of origin (~ 4 x 10
		A civilization which has gained control of the energy output of the entire galaxy (~ 4 x 10
	www.coseti.org /9301-006.htm (98 words)

	Goals for Lovolution.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The goal of Lovolution.net is to move us into a Type 1 civilization.
		In Michio Kaku's book Visions, he outlines Nikolai Kardashev and Princeton physicist Freeman Dyson’s civilization types.
		As scientists scan the sky searching for extraterrestrial civilizations, when or if they finally do discover them, they will label them according to the way the civilization utilizes energy.
	www.lovolution.net /MainPages/mission/Type1.htm (315 words)

	Exobiology: Speculations on Alien Life and Intelligence
		At a cosmological time scale, energy manipulation is a good method to classify a civilization.
		Nikolai Kardashev and Freeman Dyson developed the following classification for alien civilizations:
		Space-time manipulation (something we don't understand very well yet, as discussed elsewhere).
	jp.senescence.info /thoughts/exobiology.html (866 words)

	SPACE.com -- Cosmic Billiards and the Promotion of the Human Race: On using an asteroid to move Earth
		Perhaps the most interesting implication of this suggestion is what it means for the human race as a whole.
		The Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev suggested that civilizations could be classified into four groups of which ours is a type 0 civilization, struggling for survival on a single planet that we can't control.
		The knowledge and the ability to modify the configuration of a planetary system to create a more hospitable and efficient environment is one of the criteria for a type II civilization.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/cosmic_billiards.html (747 words)

	Open SETI: Pulsars
		In this, scientists reveal their common humanity, and this human race has a deep fear of such an encounter.
		On the subject of a civilization's resource limitations, it would be well to consider here the classification of civilizations according to the scale of their access to energy, as proposed originally by Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev and taken up more recently by Michio Kaku.
		Kardashev and Kaku visualize societies capable of harnessing the entire energy output of its planet (Type I society), its star (Type II), and its galaxy (Type III).
	www.openseti.org /OSPulsars.html (4027 words)

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