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Topic: Nikolai Krestinsky

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Krestinsky

Karl Radek

Grigory Sokolnikov

Grigory Zinoviev

Alexei Rykov

Nikolai Bukharin

Moscow Trials

Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky

Great Purge

Lev Kamenev

Kliment Voroshilov

Leonid Nikolaev

Nikolai Yezhov

Alexander Orlov

Public health

	Nikolai Krestinsky - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nikolai Nikolaevich Krestinsky (October 13, 1883 - March 15, 1938) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician.
		Krestinsky continued working as a diplomat until 1937 when he was arrested during the Great Purges.
		Krestinsky was sentenced to death and executed in March 1938.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nikolai_Krestinsky (543 words)

	Nikolay Krestinsky
		Nikolay Krestinsky, the son of a teacher, was born in Mogilyov on 13th October, 1883.
		Krestinsky took part in the 1905 Revolution in St Petersburg and as a result was expelled from the city.
		Krestinsky was pardoned following the February Revolution and became Chairman of the Etaterinburg and Urals Province Committee.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSkrestinsky.htm (642 words)

	Moscow Trials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The third trial, in March 1938, included 21 defendants alleged to belong to the so-called "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites," led by Nikolai Bukharin, former head of the Communist International, former Prime Minister Alexei Rykov, Christian Rakovsky and Nikolai Krestinsky.
		The chief accused were Alexei Rykov, Nikolai Bukharin, Nikolai Krestinsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Genrikh Yagoda.
		Nikolai Bukharin and 19 other co-defendants were officially completely rehabilitated in February 1988.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moscow_Trials (1464 words)

	Nikolai Khabibulin - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Nikolai Khabibulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nikolai Khabibulin (born January 13, 1973 in Sverdlovsk, USSR, now Russia), nicknamed "the Bulin Wall", is a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning.
		Although the Coyotes made the playoffs each of these years, some claimed that this heavy workload led Khabibulin to be fatigued for the playoffs, contributing to the team's failure to make it to the second round of the playoffs.
		After the 1998-1999, season, Nikolai became embroiled in a bitter contract dispute with the Coyotes, and ended up holding out for an entire season.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Nikolai-Khabibulin.html (425 words)

	Great Purge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Several hundreds of thousands were executed by firing squad and millions were forcibly resettled or sent to gulags where many of them died due to starvation, disease, exposure and overwork.
		The third trial, in March 1938, included 21 defendants alleged to belong to the so-called "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites," led by Nikolai Bukharin, former head of the Communist International, former Prime Minister Alexei Rykov, Christian Rakovsky, Nikolai Krestinsky and Yagoda.
		Nikolai Bukharin and others convicted in the Moscow Trials were not rehabilitated until as late as 1988.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Purge (3628 words)

	Trial of the Twenty One - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There were four key trials from 1936 to 1938, The Trial of the Sixteen was the first (December 1936); then the Trial of the Seventeen (January 1937); then the trial of Red Army generals, including Marshal Tukhachevsky[?] (June 1937); and finally the Trial of the Twenty One in March 1938.
		The chief accused at the final trial were Alexei Rykov[?], Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Nikolai Krestinsky[?], Christian Georgyevich Rakovsky[?], and Genrikh Gregorevich Yagoda[?].
		In a similar vein to the earlier trials the defendants were accused of plotting to assassinate Stalin, of conspiring to wreck the economy and the country's military power, of working for the espionage services of Britain, France, Japan, and Germany and of making secret agreements with Germany and Japan.
	www.wordinfo.co.za /tr/Trial_of_the_Twenty_One.html (355 words)

	Trial of the Twenty One - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Trial of the Twenty One was the last of the Moscow Trials —Stalinist show trials of prominent Bolsheviks.
		The chief accused at the final trial were Alexei Rykov, Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Nikolai Krestinsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Genrikh Yagoda.
		All confessed immediately, except Krestinsky who initially denied the charges before confessing the following day - "I fully and completely admit that I am guilty of all the gravest charges brought against me personally, and that I admit my complete responsibility for the treason and treachery I have committed".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trial_of_the_Twenty_One (365 words)

	Great Purge - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hundreds of thousands were executed by firing squad and millions were what some call forcibly resettled or sent to labor camps.
		The height of the campaigns occurred while the NKVD was headed by Nikolai Yezhov, from September 1936 to August 1938; this period is sometimes referred to as the Yezhovshchina ("Yezhov era").
		Nikolai Bukharin and others convicted in the Moscow Trials were rehabilitated later, in 1988.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Purges (2890 words)

	And they all confessed ...
		For Nikolai Bukharin, himself condemned and shot during the last of the three show trials held in Moscow, the worst aspect of the collectivisation of agriculture was not the privations suffered by the peasants but "the profound psychological change in those communists who took part in the campaign.
		Krestinsky: In the face of world public opinion, I had not the strength to admit the truth that I had been conducting a Trotskyite struggle all along.
		Krestinsky's submission was clearly the result of a night of brutal torture.
	art-bin.com /art/amosc_preeng.html (1738 words)

	Nikolai Yezhov
		Nikolai Yezhov was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1895.
		Nikolai Yezhov was arrested and was probably executed in 1939.
		In the period of the Yezhov terror - the mass arrests came in waves of varying intensity - there must sometimes have been no more room in the jails, and to those of us still free it looked as though the highest wave had passed and the terror was abating.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSyezhov.htm (655 words)

	Talk:Nikolai Krestinsky - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Should be deleted in favour of 'Nikolai Krestinsky', with the name spelt correctly.
		This comment was left on the talk page of Nikolia Krestinsky by an anon who then did a cut-and-paste move to the present title.
		I fixed the move by merging the edit histories at this title.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Nikolai_Krestinsky (75 words)

	List of Russians - Simple English Wikipedia
		Nikolay Andreyev (1873-1932), sculptor, graphic artist and stage designer
		Nikolay Semyonov (1896 -1986), physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize for Chemistry
		Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938), Bolshevik party leader, Soviet statesman
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Russians (1041 words)

	Leon Trotsky Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Trotsky was able to suppress the contents of the letter in 1921 to avoid embarrassment, but once he started losing power in the early 1920s, the letter was made public by his opponents within the Communist Party in 1924 and used to paint him as Lenin's enemy.
		Left Communists, led by Nikolai Bukharin, continued to believe that there could be no peace between a Soviet republic and a capitalist country and that only a revolutionary war leading to a pan-European Soviet republic would bring a durable peace.
		Trotsky had 4 votes (his own, Felix Dzerzhinsky's, Nikolai Krestinsky's and Adolf Joffe's) and, since he held the balance of power, he was able to pursue his policy in Brest-Litovsk.
	www.aplaceinthesun.com /encyclopedia/Leon_Trotsky (4080 words)

	Glossary of People: Kr
		Nikolai Krylenko was born in Bekhteevo near Smolensk in 1885.
		In 1931 Joseph Stalin appointed Krylenko as Commissar for Justice and was involved in the conviction of a large number of members of the Communist Party during the Great Purges.
		Nikolai Krylenko was himself arrested and executed for treason in 1938.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/people/k/r.htm (660 words)

	The Bolsheviks
		Miliutin, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Leonid Petrovich Serebryakov, the Latvians Ivars Smilga and Berzin, Nikolai Krestinsky, M K Muranov, Stepan Shaumian and Moisei Uritsky and Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko who both sided with the Mensheviks in 1903 but, like Trotsky, joined the Bolsheviks before the Revolution.
		Inessa Armand (often remembered for her affair with Lenin), Ivan Smirnov, Sergei Kirov (whose assassination was a trigger for the first of the notorious Moscow Trials), and Nikolai Krylenko.
		Mikhail Frunze was one of those who joined the Bolsheviks before the Revolution, but who had supported the Mensheviks in 1903, and a leader in the Red Army, while the great Red Army General Mikhail Tukhachesky was one of millions who joined the Bolsheviks after the Revolution.
	www.marxists.org /subject/bolsheviks (1398 words)

	alexei rykov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rykov supported Joseph Stalin, Nikolay Bukharin and Mikhail Tomsky against Leon Trotsky.
		In 1938 Rykov, Bukharin, Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Krestinsky and Christian Rakovsky were arrested and accused of being involved with Trotsky in a plot against Stalin.
		Rykov was found guilty of treason and executed.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /alexei_rykov.html (309 words)

	Encyclopedia: Great Purge
		Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (Russian: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°Ð¹ Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘ÑƒÑ…Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð½), (October 9 (September 27 Old Style) 1888 â€“ March 13, 1938) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and intellectual, and later a Soviet politician.
		The commission recommended to rehabilitate every accused with exception of Radek and Yagoda, because Radek's materials required some further checking, and Yagoda was a criminal and one of the falsifiers of the trials (though most of the charges against him had to be dropped too, he wasn't a "spy", etc.).
		The commission stated: Shvernik Commission (Shverniks Commission, Russian:) was an informal name of the commission of the CPSU Central Committee Presidium headed by Nikolay Shvernik for the investigation of political repressions in Soviet Union during the period of Stalinism.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Great-Purge (7889 words)

	LEON TROTSKY FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Krestinsky's place in the secretariat was taken by Vyacheslav_Molotov, later Stalin's right hand man and Trotsky's enemy.
		He was replaced by Elena_Stasova and then, in November 1919, by Nikolai Krestinsky.
		After Krestinsky's ouster in March 1921, Vyacheslav Molotov became the senior secretary, but he lacked Krestinsky's authority since he was not a full Politburo member.
	www.velocitydatasys.com /Leon_Trotsky (11065 words)

	Excerpted from Tangled Loyalties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He did not know that his childhood friend Nikolai Bukharin was about to be brought to trial and that Stalin would personally arrange for him to see Bukharin in the dock.
		For Ehrenburg, the trial of Nikolai Bukharin was the preeminent event of his sojourn in Moscow.
		Aside from Bukharin there were twenty other defendants, including two prominent diplomats, Nikolai Krestinsky, a former ambassador to Germany, and Christian Rakovsky, who had represented the Soviet government in Paris and London.
	www.joshuarubenstein.com /rubenstein/tangled/excerpt.html (2257 words)

	Stalin: Why and How (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938) was the author of works on Marxist theory, and head of the Comintern after Stalin ousted Zinoviev.
		Nikolai Krestinsky (1883-1938) was party secretary in 1921, and a defendant in the third Moscow trial.
		Evgeny Preobrazhensky (1886-1937), the author of several works on Marxist economics, was party secretary in 1919.
	www.whatnextjournal.co.uk /Pages/Back/Wnext19/Stalin.html (5559 words)

	List of Russians
		They may have emigratedd or immigratedd, and thus may appear in other "Lists of...", but nevertheless their names are linked to the words "Russia", "Russian", whether with pride, with shame, or with pain.
		Aleksandra Ekster (1882-1949), painter, one of the founders of Art Deco
		Nikolai Przhevalsky (1839 - 1888), explorer of central and eastern Asia
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_russians.html (1184 words)

	Stalin's use of terror - The Education Forum
		Yezhov quickly arranged the arrest of all the leading political figures in the Soviet Union who were critical of Stalin.
		This included Nickolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Krestinsky and Christian Rakovsky.
		They were accused of being involved with Trotsky in a plot against Stalin and with spying for foreign powers.
	educationforum.ipbhost.com /index.php?showtopic=1325 (3843 words)

	biography : Joseph Stalin The Great Terror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nikolai Yezhov was born in St. Petersburg during 1895.
		He was a small man, only 5 feet tall and had a crippled leg.
		Yezhov organized the arrest and show trials of Nickolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, Nikolai Krestinsky and Christian Rakovsky (1937).
	histclo.com /bio/s/stalin/sta-ter.html (1794 words)

	Great Purge Details, Meaning Great Purge Article and Explanation Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The purge targeted all categories of the society: members of the Communist Party, the government, the armed forces and the intelligentsia, as well as "anti-Soviet elements" among peasants (kulaks), in industry, and in transport.
		The height of the purge occurred while the Soviet secret police (the NKVD) was headed by Nikolai Yezhov, from September 1936 to August 1938; this period is often referred to as the Yezhovshchina ("Yezhov era").
		However, the purge was carried out on the orders of Stalin himself.
	www.e-paranoids.com /g/gr/great_purge.html (2573 words)

	The Degeneration of the Soviet Secret Police - From Guardians to Executioners
		Throughout 1918, Nikolai Bukharin, Lev Kamenev, Maxim Gorky, Victor Serge and I.Z. Steinberg (a Left SR and Commissar of Justice and Home Affairs) were among those who voiced misgivings over the growing power of the Cheka to operate free of any independent review.
		Yuri Pyatakov, Karl Radek and fifteen others were eliminated in a trial in which Trotsky was alleged to have been an agent of the secret services of Nazi Germany and militarist Japan.
		The last of the show trials were held in March 1938: Bukharin, Rykov, Nikolai Krestinsky, Christian Rakovsky and Yagoda were all convicted of being members of the ‘‘Anti-Soviet Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites,’’ and participating in plots against Stalin, acts of sabotage and various other crimes.
	www.bolshevik.org /1917/no10/no10kgb.html (4478 words)

	N.I. Bukharin's Last Plea
		What matters is not the personal feelings of a repentant enemy, but the flourishing progress of the U.S.S.R. and its international importance.
		Note: In the final verdict of this trial, notified on March 13th, 1938, Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda, Krestinsky, Rosengoltz, Ivanov, Chernov, Grinko, Zelensky, Ikramov, Khodjayev, Sharangovich, Zubarev, Bulanov, Levin, Kazakov, Maximov-Dikovsky, Kryuchkov were sentenced to be shot, with the confiscation of all their personal property.
		Pletnev was sentenced to twenty-five years of imprisonment, with deprivation of political rights for a period of five years after expiration of his prison term and with the confiscation of all his personal property.
	art-bin.com /art/obukharin.html (5244 words)

	BRIA 7:4 The 14th Amendment, Equal Protection Clause, Stalin Purges, Due Process, fair trial, self-incrimination
		The most spectacular of the "show trials" was the last, held in March 1938.
		With Stalin looking on from a darkened viewing area, the script of the trial almost fell to pieces on the first day when defendant Nikolai Krestinsky refused to plead guilty.
		The most important defendant at this trial was Nikolai Bukharin, known as the "Heir of Lenin." Following the first "show trial" in 1936, Bukharin accused Stalin of trying to take over the Communist Party to increase his personal power.
	www.crf-usa.org /bria/bria7_4.htm (5917 words)

	Articles - Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lenin set up the Politburo in 1917 to direct the Revolution, and following the Eighth Party Congress in 1919 it became and remained the true centre of political power in the Soviet Union.
		Originally, the Politburo consisted of 5 members: Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Krestinsky.
		Although, in theory, the Politburo was elected from below, in practice, the leading members of the Politburo and, of course, Lenin were highly influential in determining the body's composition which, in the end, reflected the weight and competing influence of various individuals within the party, their allies within the Politburo and supporters outside of it.
	www.wathcesa.com /articles/Politburo_of_the_CPSU_Central_Committee (2161 words)

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