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Topic: Nikolai Marr

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	Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marr was born in Kutaisi, Georgia, in the family of the Scottish gardener James Marr (aged more than 80) and a Georgian woman.
		Marr earned a fabulous reputation of the maverick genius with his Japhetic theory, postulating the common origin of Caucasian, Semitic-Hamitic, and Basque languages.
		Obtaining recognition of his theory from Soviet officials, Marr was permitted to run the National Russian Library from 1926 until 1930 and the Japhetic Institute of the Academy of Sciences from 1921 until his death.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nikolai_Yakovlevich_Marr (441 words)

	Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - Nikolai Marr and his excavations at Ani
		Nikolai Yakovievich Marr was born in the Georgian town of Kutaisi on the 6th of January 1865 (25th December 1864 according to the Julian calendar then in use in the Russian Empire).
		Marr had already painted a similar picture in his essay published in 1921 in "Revue Des Études Arméniennes", pointing out the irony that the people who had destroyed the museums were probably the same Muslim villagers that he had employed as workers during the excavations.
		Nikolai Marr's early academic career was devoted to the study of languages rather than archaeology or art history - and it was to his former discipline that he returned to for the remainder of his life.
	www.virtualani.freeserve.co.uk /marr (3981 words)

	Joseph Stalin - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		At the beginning of Stalin's rule, the dominant figure in Soviet linguistics was Nikolai Yakovlevich Marr, who argued that language is a class construction and that language structure is determined by the economic structure of society.
		It is of note that the poet Anna Akhmatova was subjected to several cycles of suppression and rehabilitation, but was never herself arrested, although her first husband, poet Nikolai Gumilev, had been shot in 1921, and her son, historian Lev Gumilev, spent two decades in a gulag.
		Nikolai Yezhov, the young man strolling with Stalin to his left, was shot in 1940.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Joseph_Stalin (10394 words)

	Lingua Franca - 22/05/2004: Linguistics: Soviet Style...
		Marr had a Scottish father and a Georgian mother, which may explain his interest in the study of languages.
		Anyway, Marr believed that language, since it was a cultural construct, was part of the class struggle.
		So why did Stalin have such a problem with the ideas that Nikolai Marr and his followers had propounded, that language is a part of the social superstructure that sits over the economic base, and is therefore subject to change in the same way as other cultural practices, like the law and politics?
	www.abc.net.au /rn/arts/ling/stories/s1111804.htm (1913 words)

	Toronto Slavic Quarterly: M. Bakhtin's Circle and the "Stalinist scienceScience"
		Nikolai Iakovlevich Marr (1865-1934), archaeologist and linguist, a polyglot and an internationally recognised authority in the languages and civilisations of the Caucasus, was elected member of academy before the October Revolution, in 1912.
		The latter reveals itself in Marr's thesis about the existence of four universal linguistic elements, common to all languages of the world and analysed as the material from which all languages were "made" in a universal glottogonic process (the notorious "jon", "sal", "ber", "rosh").
		Marr connects the crossbreeding of languages to the crossbreeding of ethnic groups: according to him, the Armenian (working) people are of a Japhetic origin while the dominants classes descend from Indo-European conquerors.[45] The idea of crossbreeding allows him to connect every language to the Caucasian Japhetic group.
	www.utoronto.ca /tsq/13/chougounnikov13.shtml (6377 words)

	Japhetic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the eighteenth and nineteenth century the Biblical statement that "God shall enlarge Japheth" (Genesis 9:27) was used by some Christians as a justification for the "enlargement" of European territories through Imperialism, which was interpreted as part of God's plan for the world.
		The term Japhetic was also applied by William Jones, Rasmus C. Rask and other pre-Darwinian linguists to what later became known as the Indo-European language group, on the assumption that the principal languages of Europe would have originated with the tribe of Japheth.
		In a conflicting sense, it was also used by the Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr in his Japhetic theory, which was intended to demonstrate that the languages of the Caucasus formed part of a once-widespread pre-Indo-European language group.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japhetic (582 words)

	japheth - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The term was also applied by William Jones and other pre-Darwinian linguists to what later became known as the Indo-European language group.
		In a different sense, it was also used by the Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr (see Japhetic theory).
		The link between Japheth and the Europeans stems from Genesis 10:5, which states that the sons of Japheth moved to the "isles of the gentiles," which are commonly believed to be the Greek isles.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/japheth (437 words)

	Abkhaz language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1909 a 55 letter Cyrillic alphabet was used.
		A 75-letter Latin script devised by Nikolai Marr lasted from 1926 to 1928, when another Latin script was used.
		The Georgian script was imposed in 1937, but an Abkhaz desire to remain separate from Georgians led to the development of the current Cyrillic alphabet in 1954.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/a/ab/abkhaz_language.html (276 words)

	THE STRUGGLE AGAINST REVISIONISM - COMPASS ISSUE 126 - February 1997
		Nikolai Yakovievich Marr (1864-1934) was born Kutaisi in Georgia in January 1865, his father being Scottish and his mother Georgian.
		Marr did indeed want to be, and endeavoured to be, a Marxist, but he failed to become one.
		Marr won the approval of the Communist Academy and laid down the thematics and the methodology of the new philology of the proletarian era".
	website.lineone.net /~comleague/compass/com12601.html (7955 words)

	Armenian Architecture - Virtual Ani - Plan of Ani by Nikolai Marr
		Numbers in fl refer to individual towers within the city walls - numbered 1 to 95 for the outer walls, 1 to 7 for King Ashot's wall, 1 to 4 for the citadel, 1 to 4 for Kizkale.
		Marr's identification numbers continue to be used by modern archaeologists.
		Main entry points through these city walls are identified with Roman numerals.
	www.virtualani.freeserve.co.uk /marr/marrplan.htm (228 words)

	Joseph Stalin - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		At the beginning of Stalin's rule, the dominant figure in Soviet linguistics was Nikolai Yakovievich Marr, who argued that language is a class construction and that language structure is determined by the economic structure of society.
		It is of note that Anna Akhmatova was subjected to several cycles of suppression and rehabilitation, but was never herself arrested, although her first husband, Nikolai Gumilev the poet, had been shot already in 1921, and her son, Lev Gumilev the historian, spent two decades in the Gulag.
		On March 1 1953, after an all-night dinner with interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin collapsed, having probably suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Joseph_Stalin (7138 words)

	Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - Nikolai Marr's excavation of the Gagikashen church at Ani
		It is not a direct translation of Marr's original Russian text, but is a translation of pages 107-124 of the French translation of Marr's book, published as "Ani, Rêve d'Arménie", Paris, 2001.
		The statue was polychrome: the clothes and the face were coloured red, the beard and moustache were fl, the turban was white with a red band above the front; the unusual draping sleeves were also white.
		Beside the statue, on the north wall of the cathedral and at an original height of approximately 10 to 11 metres, was found an Armenian inscription (fig.
	www.virtualani.org /marr/1905excavation.htm (5597 words)

	VirtualANI - The Citadel of Ani and its Churches
		The citadel ramparts are presumed to date, in part, from the time that the Kamsarakan dynasty ruled Ani (the seventh century AD), but additional work was done on them until the thirteenth century.
		This is probably an unrecorded reconstruction from the time of Marr's excavations.
		In 1907, on the slopes of the citadel, fragments of a Greek inscription were found.
	www.virtualani.org /citadel/index.htm (845 words)

	Wikinfo \| Joseph Stalin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Towards the end of the purge, the Politburo relieved NKVD head Nikolai Yezhov, from his position for overzelousness.
		Stalin and his supporters, in his own time and since, have highlighted the notion that socialism can be built and consolidated in one country, even one as underdeveloped as Russia was during the 1920's, and indeed that this might be the only means in which it could be built in a hostile environment.
		On March 1, 1953, after an all-night dinner with interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin collapsed, having suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Joseph_Stalin (6278 words)

	The Armenian Fire Temple of Ani - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		unusual structure were uncovered by Nikolai Marr's excavations before the First World War, during his 1909 season (above picture).
		For much of the time archaeologists were not present - only labourers and a foreman (destroying evidence that modern archaeology should seek to preserve and study) - hence the vagueness in parts of her summary report [1].
		Most of the work consisted of clearing the debris that had accumulated over the site since Marr's excavation, and reassembling the columns that had fallen apart.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Architecture/ani_fire_temple.htm (874 words)

	KU: Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures
		He earned his BA degree from the University of Kansas in 1955 and, after an academic year as a Fulbright scholar at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität (Frankfurt), went on to doctoral work at the University of Texas at Austin, where he studied Slavic and Indo-European linguistics under Winfred Lehmann.
		His 1961 dissertation concerned the eccentric Soviet linguist, Nikolai Marr.
		In 1959 he worked as Instructor and Assistant Professor at Florida State University, as Assistant Professor at the University of Texas until 1966, and in the same year moved to the University of Kansas, where he was hired as Chairman at the Associate Professor rank.
	www2.ku.edu /~slavic/conrad.shtml (539 words)

	Armenia with Harutyun Mikayelyan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The temple graced the hillside for 17 centuries, evoking wonder and delight with its perfect form and ethereal beauty until a major earthquake destroyed it in 1679.
		Almost three centuries were to pass before the prominent Russian orientalist Nikolai Marr and his colleague Yakov Smirnov discovered the ruins of the Sun Temple.
		Restoration work was launched in 1966 and took ten years of hard work to complete.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /hmikayelyan/ARM.htm (973 words)

	[No title]
		He criticized Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr, who postulated the class nature of language.
		Opposing Marr's views, he advocated the idea of a single, national language.
		Stalin not only narrowed the sphere of class struggle in social life, but he also stressed that a major role in the development of language, culture, and society belongs not to revolutions, but to a gradual accumulation of minor changes.
	cyber.eserver.org /stalin.txt (5405 words)

	Petra Tobiasdatter Leknes, b: -
		Born:.??.1868 - Marr: 1894 - Amalie Zefaniasdatter Olsen Died:.??.1904 - Halm²y
		Born:.??.1835 - Marr: 1864 - Hans Kasper Hansen R²ttesmo Died:.??.1917 -
		Born: 24 JAN 1895 - Marr: - Olaf Nikolai Floan Died: -
	home.online.no /~gemini1/ghtout/gp1350.htm (220 words)

	Solveig Eidshaug, b: 1926 - Eidshaug, Nµr²y
		Born: 21 JUN 1856 - Livik, Nµr²y Marr: 1887 - Petrine Aletta Petersdatter Died: 10 FEB 1941 -
		Born: 16 NOV 1868 - Liviken, Nµr²y Marr: 1896 - Kristine Margrete Petersdatter Nordsj² Died: -
		Born: 29 MAR 1854 - Nµr²y Marr: 1876 - Nikolai Laurits Lorentssen Livik Died: UKJENT -
	home.online.no /~gemini1/ghtout/gp320.htm (335 words)

	THE LIVONIANS'
		Endzelins refused to accept the theory coined by Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr, according to which numerous different languages fused together as time passed, thereby decreasing the total number of languages in existence.This type of theory suited the ideology of the time to a tee.
		Every instructor of philology was forced to lecture on Marr's theories.
		Endzelins was the only one against this and announced that he did not accept Marr nor his ideas.
	www.suri.ee /r/liivi/air.html (1651 words)

	Directory of Researchers
		He is the author of "Russian Chemistry in the 1850's: A Failed Attempt at Institutionalization," Annals of Science 52 (1995): 577-589; "Nikolai Zinin and Kazan University," Ambix 42 (1995): 129-142; "Public Lectures in Chemistry in Russia," Ambix 44 (1997), forthcoming.
		Nikolai Krementsov is Associate Professor at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology of the University of Toronto and Senior Researcher at the St. Petersburg Institute of the History of Science and Technology.
		Edited by B. Binder and P. Niedermüller (1997); "Die Sprachtheorie von Nikolaj Marr: Zwischen Wissenschaft und Wahnsinn" [Nikolai Marr's Theory of Language: Science or Insanity?] in Wissenschaftsgeschichte in Osteuropa [The History of Science in Eastern Europe].
	web.mit.edu /slava/guide/peop.htm (4051 words)

	Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - Arshak Fetvadjian / Fetvajian / Fedvadjian
		At the start of the 20th century Fetvadjian visited Ani in order to paint the ruins.
		When Nikolai Marr's excavations restarted in 1905 Fetvadjian was also was involved with them.
		Fetvadjian's paintings of Ani are factual and literal depictions of the buildings, and are mostly done in watercolour.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /virtualani/fetvadjian/index.htm (754 words)

	February 30
		The idea that Basque was related to Georgian was promoted by the Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr with his theory of Japhetic languages, linking the two languages to Etruscan, Elamite and the language of ancient Urartu.
		According to Marr, the entire Mediterranean area was inhabited by Japhetic-speakers before the coming of the Indo-Europeans, a theory that proved attractive to the Georgian independence leader and future lunatic president, Zviad Gamsakhurdia (1939-1993).
		In this lecture, Gamsakhurdia claims that the ancestors of the Georgians were spread right across Europe as far as the Pyrenees (i.e.
	february30.blogspot.com /2004_03_01_february30_archive.html (6463 words)

	Mikhail Epstein
		In colloquial speech, the formal first name is used very seldomly, especially between young people of the same age, who normally address one another shortened, or diminutive, forms of their first names: Aliosha, Misha, Lena, and so on.
		In the thirties, "the language of revolution" was replaced by the new theoretical model of "social dialect" or "class language." "A sign becomes an arena of class struggle" (Voloshinov, Marksizm i filosofiia iazyka, p.
		Thus, Marr argued that the democratic Georgian language is closer to the democratic Armenian language than to the aristocratic Georgian language, even though Georgian and Armenian belong to different language families.
	www.emory.edu /INTELNET/ideolanguage2.html (12024 words)

	PERSPECTIVES: Genocide is genocide is genocide (07/25/04)
		Even the language was put on the chopping block.
		Stalin's favorite linguist, Nikolai Marr, projected that all languages, with the exception of Russian, would eventually disappear.
		Coercion was applied to make that happen - hence the mass murder of Ukraine's intelligentsia and political leadership.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2004/300419.shtml (972 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - The Abkhaz Language
		A series of adaptations were made for the occasional publications that preceded the Soviet period, and it was the 55 character script of A. C`'oc''ua, first utilised in 1909, that was adopted for the literary language as part of the Soviet drive to eradicate illiteracy throughout the Union.
		In 1926 this was replaced by the complicated 75 character Analytical Alphabet of (Scottish-Georgian) Nikolai Marr.
		This in turn yielded to the Latin-based script of N. Jakovlev in 1928.
	www.abkhazia.org /lang.html (1249 words)

	Glossary of People: Vo
		Russian linguist, whose work has been influential in the field of literary theory and the Marxist theory of ideology.
		Voloshinov’s Marxism and the Philosophy of Language draws its main ideas from Wilhelm von Humboldt’s concept of language and Saussure’s structuralism plus Voloshinov’s contemporary, Nikolai Marr as well as his participation in the Bakhtin Circle,.
		There is dispute over the authorship of Voloshinov’s work, some of which is attributed to Bakhtin.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/people/v/o.htm (580 words)

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