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Topic: Nilometer

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	Nilometer at AllExperts
		Nilometer is the name given to one of several devices that are different in design but that all serve the same function: measuring water levels in the River Nile and thus allowing the keeping of comparative historic records.
		The simplest nilometer design is a vertical column submerged in the waters of the river, with marked intervals indicating the depth of the water.
		These nilometer wells were most frequently located within the confines of temples, where only the priests and rulers were allowed access.A particularly fine example, with a deep, cylindrical well and a culvert opening in the surrounding wall, can be seen at the Temple of Kom Ombo to the north of Aswan.
	en.allexperts.com /e/n/ni/nilometer.htm (719 words)

	Nilometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nilometer is the name given to one of several devices that are different in design but that all serve the same function: measuring water levels in the River Nile and thus allowing the keeping of comparative historic records.
		This is where the nilometer came into play, with priests monitoring the day-to-day level of the river and announcing the awaited arrival of the summer flood.
		The simplest nilometer design is a vertical column submerged in the waters of the river, with marked intervals indicating the depth of the water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nilometer (672 words)

	WaterHistory.org
		Nilometers, known as al-Miqyas in Arabic, were used to measure the levels of the Nile River and are a remarkable reminder of Egypt's illustrious past.
		The floods measured by this Nilometer were important to both the rulers of Egypt, the Caliph, and the general population.
		During the summer months, the Cairo Nilometer was used to regulate the distribution of water as well as to compute the levy of taxes paid as tribute by Egypt to the Arab Caliph.
	www.waterhistory.org /histories/cairo (1373 words)

	Nilometer -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nilometer is the name given to one of several devices that are different in design but that all serve the same function: measuring water levels in the (additional info and facts about River Nile) River Nile and thus allowing comparative historic records to be kept.
		The same skill also played a political and administrative role, since the quality of the year's flood was used to determine the levels of (Charge against a citizen's person or property or activity for the support of government) tax to be paid, in kind, by the peasantry to their rulers.
		These nilometer wells were most frequently located within the confines of (Place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity) temples, where only the priests and rulers were allowed access.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ni/nilometer.htm (799 words)

	The Nilometer on Rawda (Roda) Island in Cairo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This Nilometers, in Arabic known as a miqyas (Mikyas al-Nil), was used to measure the flood levels of the Nile River and is a heritage of Egypt's distant past, when such structures doted the course of Egypt's grand river.
		Plain Kufic inscriptions adorn the walls of the Nilometer and are the earliest surviving examples of architectural epigraphy (inscriptions considered as a group) in Egypt.
		Near the Nilometer was a mosque for prayers during the flood celebration, and a palace for banquets held by the various rulers.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/nilometerroda.htm (1238 words)

	IWHA 2005: A. The Control of Water
		In a merely technical sense, the Nilometer is defined as 'an instrument for measuring the rise of water in the Nile during its periodical flood'.
		In our analysis the Nilometer not only registered the rise and fall of water - it simultaneously registered the state of the social, political, economical, emotional and cultural life of Egypts inhabitants, whose existance and stability depended on the state of the water of the Nile.
		THe Nilometer was, in our analysis, at the centre of a centralised regulatory regime, whose strenght depended on the irregular and unpredictable supply of water, and the structure in which it was embedded.
	iwha.polaire.net /cgi-bin/2005/papers.cgi?detail=124-faasse&order=name (384 words)

	Egypt and Jordan Travelogue: Nilometer
		Nilometer was used to record the level of the river, and it's the main attraction at the corner of Ruins of Abu and Elephantine Island.
		So it was a bit of surprise when we found out that Nilometer was actually a series of staircase and its linkway to the Nile River.
		Nilometer of Temple of Khnum is below the southern balustrade of the Khnum temple terrace, with a dried up sacred lake but was more likely a basin for measuring the Nile's maximum level.
	egyptjordan.blogspot.com /2004/04/nilometer.html (150 words)

	Nilometer and Umm Kalthoum Museum, Egypt. Travel guide & tourist information by Hostelbookers.com
		Crop yields were predicted and taxes were set according to the river's level in August, as measured by Nilometers.
		Although the southern tip of Roda has probably featured a Nilometer since pharaonic times, the existing one dates from 861 and its Turkish kiosk is actually a modern replica, built in 1947 and recently restored.
		The ticket for the Nilometer or the Umm Kalthoum Museum also admits you to the neighbouring Monastirli Palace, a Rococo confection dating from 1850.
	www.hostelbookers.com /guides/egypt/nilometer_and_umm_kalthoum_museum (393 words)

	Aswan Guid
		All that remains on the island today are the ruins of a temple in honor of the Ram-god Khnum, who controlled the Nile's water level, the Roman Nilometer which is located at the southern tip of the island, the Aswan Museum and three Nubian villages in the north, which might be worth strolling through.
		The Nilometer was originally built and used by the Pharaohs, but was reconstructed by the Romans.
		If the Nilometer recorded a high water level this would indicate a good harvest, if the water level was low it would indicate a bad harvest.
	library.thinkquest.org /27265/ppf/aswangui.htm (1232 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Nilometer, Al-Rawda Island, Cairo, Egypt
		However, the Al-Rawda Nilometer is irreplaceable, both as an example of engineering heritage and as an unparalleled record of Cairean river levels in the Nile since it was (re)constructed in 860 - 861 AD.
		However, the taming of the Nile (most significantly by the upstream Aswan Dam) and sealing of the tunnels means that the Nilometer is now redundant as an instrument of contemporary hydrological survey, although it remains significant both as a record of past inundations and as an oft-overlooked attraction for tourists.
		Apart from the appeal of being a sanctuary from the general hullabaloo that so typifies Cairo, the Nilometer has off-the-beaten-track tourism appeal and should be a must-see for engineers, architects and other constructaphiles and their hard-done-by families.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A3151982 (783 words)

	Nilometer, Cairo
		The description of the Nilometer by the Greek geographer Strabo (ca.
		"The Nilometer is a well built of regular hewn stone on the bank of the Nile, in which is recorded the rise of the stream: not only the highest and the lowest rises but also those in between, for the water in the well rises and falls with the stream.
		At the southern tip of Roda is the Nilometer, constructed about 715 to measure the water level of the Nile and much restored in later centuries; although it has now lost its original function it is still of great historical interest.
	www.planetware.com /cairo/nilometer-egy-cai-nile.htm (218 words)

	Eternal Egypt - Measuring the Nile Flood in the Greco-Roman Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the beginning, a portable tool, called a Nilometer, was placed vertically into the Nile to measure the flood levels.
		The Nilometer uncovered on Philae Island is a staircase with reliefs of Nilometers with arms carved on its internal walls, along with the timing and duration of the flood.
		When Constantine ordered the Nilometer to be placed in the Church of Alexandria, chaos ensued in Egypt.
	www.eternalegypt.org /EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&story_id=&module_id=133&language_id=1 (322 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Because of its importance in determining the prosperity Egypt would experience during the following year, this Nilometer was the departure point of the greatest of Cairo's celebrations throughout the medieval period.
		This was the Fath al-Khalij, the festival of the Opening of the Canal, which ceased in 1899 when the Khalij (Khalig) was filled in (this Nilometer itself probably continued to be used up until the last flood in 1970).
		The Nilometer on Rawda (Roda) Island in Cairo')" href="http://click.hotbot.com/director.asp?site=search.lycos.com&partner=&start_group=retriever_topic&id=0&keys=Cairo&target=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touregypt.net%2Ffeaturestories%2Fnilometerroda.htm">touregypt.net
	www.lycos.com /info/cairo--miscellaneous.html (505 words)

	Egypt 2003: Photos : Tanis : Temple of Amun
		Rulers from the 21st and early 22nd Dynasties added to the temple complex, and Nectanebo I (380-362 BC) used stone from earlier building projects of Sheshonq and Psamtek to construct the sacred lake.
		The nilometer and huge cisterns remain, which is impressive, considering the distance that the modern nile is to the site.
		Nearly all temples have a nilometer -- it was used to track the inundation of the Nile and predict the crops -- and thus set the tax rates.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/egypt/photos/tanis/templeAmun-01.html (364 words)

	Nilometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Nilometer has the shape of a well containing three layers.
		The Nilometer is considered the oldest structure with inscription decorations.
		In addition, the Nilometer has a double centered pointed arch and a bell-shaped joint corner column base.
	www.gatewaytoegypt.com /nilometer.htm (133 words)

	The Weather Notebook: Nilometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Nilometer on the Island of Rhoda Lithograph by David Roberts, R.A. The world's oldest, continuous weather record comes from the Nile River in Egypt.
		The first nilometers were simply marks on the river bank; later, the Egyptians used marble scales, and then a well with water levels marked on it.
		The nilometer data show that similar periods have occurred in the past, although things tended to return to normal after several decades.
	www.weathernotebook.org /transcripts/1999/07/08.html (349 words)

	World heritages of irrigation (Egypt:Nilometer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The mechanism of the Nilometer is as follows.
		A deep well with a corkscrew staircase was connected to the Nile through an underground tunnel; the water level of the deep well was linked with that of the Nile; and the number of stairs showed the water level of the Nile.
		However, the water level gage on the outside is still used to observe the water level of the Nile to this day.
	www.maff.go.jp /nouson/sekkei/kaigai/english/e_egypt1.html (214 words)

	Egypt Travelogue Page 3
		Every August the river's level was measured by the Nilometer, and then the crop yields were estimated and the taxes would be set in accordance.
		The stone lined shaft of the Nilometer obviously descends way below the level of the Nile, and was connected to the river by three tunnels at various heights.
		The Nilometer is kept locked, (probably due to lack of interest from tourists), access can be gained from the caretaker, who gladly showed us around.
	www.franceinfocus.net /Africa/Egypt/egypttraveloguep.html (1385 words)

	Manasterli Palace
		The oldest by far is the Mikyas Al Nil (Nilometer) used since civilization began to measure the progress of the Nile thus predicting the resulting harvest and taxation.
		Plans and drawings by Napoleons's scholars, evidence that the Salamlik was built atop the ruins of a Mosque and that the Nilometer had an archetypal bubble dome.
		Spared the demolition ball, the Nilometer, the Manasterli Mosque, the Manasterli pavilion and its annexes are now under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture.
	www.egy.com /landmarks/02-04-01.shtml (1124 words)

	nilometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A well in Dair El-Garnus was blessed by the Lord Jesus, when he was a child, during the escape of the holy family to Egypt.Later on, this well was used by the Copts as a nilometer to foretell the height of the annual inundation of the river nile.
		According to Coptic belief, the height to which the water has penetrated the cord marks the height to which the water will rise.
		This is a reference to an ancient Nilometer.
	www.freewebs.com /ishnin/nilometer.htm (264 words)

	Nilometer, Egypt. Travel guide & tourist information by Hostelbookers.com
		In ancient times the Nilometer at Aswan was the first to measure the river's rise, enabling priests to calculate the height of the inundation, crop yields over the next year and the rate of taxation (which peasants paid in kind).
		Ninety enclosed rock-hewn steps lead down to a square shaft by the riverside; the stair walls are graduated in Arabic, Roman and (extremely faint) pharaonic numerals, reflecting its usage in ancient times and during the late nineteenth century.
		Should you approach the Nilometer by river, notice the rock embankments to the south, which bear inscriptions from the reigns of Tuthmosis III, Amenophis III and the XXVII Dynasty ruler Psammetichus II.
	www.hostelbookers.com /guides/egypt/nilometer (162 words)

	The Nilometer - New York Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		I found it truly amazing to examine this ancient and simple device located on the eastern side of Elephantine from which measurements of the height of the annual flood governed the imposition of taxes on the whole of pharaonic Egypt.
		Strabo also visited Elephantine and described the function of the Nilometer ''as of importance to the peasants for the management of water, the embankments, the canals, etc., and to the officials on account of the taxes.
		Go to Elephantine and view the Nilometer; and, as Napoleon said in Egypt in a different context, ''Remember that 40 centuries of history are looking down upon you.'' DONALD R. REISFIELD, Somerset, N.J. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07EED91639F932A15750C0A964948260&sec=travel&pagewanted=print (219 words)

	AlShindagah Online
		n the island of Rawdah in the Nile, near Cairo is the famous Nilometer erected by Caliph Sulaiman in the year 716 CE to measure the level of the river, and when a certain height was reached the signal used to be given for a general release of life-giving water into the irrigation channels.
		The rate of taxation in Egypt was calculated on the height of water recorded in the Nilometer.
		At first, the measuring devices were installed in open air, but as the surface of water remained unstable with the changing winds a device had to be thought of to keep the water surface stable enough to give accurate readings.
	www.alshindagah.com /septoct2004/wonder.html (1125 words)

	Aswan (BiblePlaces.com)
		A person traveling along the river by boat would have to leave the river at this point and carry the boat across the desert, since it was not passable on the rapids.
		The Nilometer was important as it measured the rise of the floodwaters of the Nile.
		Every temple in Egypt had a Nilometer because it was a symbol of life.
	www.bibleplaces.com /aswan.htm (679 words)

	Vorlage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A NILOMETER was a reed stuck in the river bank, a notch was cut in to mark the high point of the floods and the days were counted to the next flood almost exactly one year later.
		Egyptian astronomers supplemented the Nilometer with the discovery that SIRIUS the brightest star in the sky ascends in the dawn sky once a year in a direct 1ine with the rising sun, this coincided with the Nile's annual flooding.
		By timing the appearance of Sirius from year to year the Egyptians realised the solar was 0.25 of a day longer than 365 days.
	library.thinkquest.org /25752/english/methoden/nilo.html (196 words)

	Flooding of the Nile River (Life in the Holy Land)
		An excessive inundation causes such a flood as to sweep away the mounds of protection which are built here and there, drown cattle, imperil human life and spread desolation over the land.
		It is a case, in which the people have "too much of a good thing." The Nilometer is the measure by which the annual rise of the river is known.
		This Nilometer is situated at the southern extremity of the island of Rhoda opposite old Cairo.
	www.lifeintheholyland.com /nile_river_flooding.htm (627 words)

	WELCOME to the Professional Website of Sarah Robbins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The river flooded each year, and after the flooding, the ground became fertile, so Egyptians were able to grow crops at this time of year.
		Using a nilometer, they were able to determine the water level of the river, and therefore how big the flood would be that year.
		They will create a model representation of the tool, describe the tool and its function, and explain its importance in ancient Egypt in a paragraph to be handed in along with the model.
	student.plattsburgh.edu /robb1165/lesson_plan_one.htm (1768 words)

	Nilometer at Cairo (Greater Cairo & Surroundings) ... youregypt.com
		The housing of the Nilometer was built only in the 19th century.
		The Nilometer is no longer functions because the water tunnels is now blocked up.
		The monument is often closed but the custodian who lives nearby could be fetched by asking any of the locals.
	youregypt.com /eguide/destinations/greatercairo/cairo/nilometer (146 words)

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