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	Close Up Foundation Civics Education \| Constitution of the United States
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
	www.closeup.org /const.htm (3859 words)

	GRETCHEN RITTER \| Jury Service and Women's Citizenship before and after the Nineteenth Amendment \| Law and History ...
		The Nineteenth Amendment did have some normative influence on lawmakers and other government officials who were inclined to grant women new civil and political rights in light of their new status as voters.
		Finally, the amendment prohibited the states from denying "life, liberty or property without due process of law." The campaign for a broad interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment and the assertion of citizenship rights under it was referred to as the New Departure.
		This [Fourteenth] Amendment, after declaring who are citizens of the United States and thus fixing but one grade of citizenship, which assures to all citizens alike all the privileges, immunities and rights which accrue to that condition, goes on in the same section and prohibits these privileges and immunities from abridgement by the states.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/20.3/ritter.html (11792 words)

	[No title]
		From this, Marbury reasoned that the Article V amendment process could not be used to change the gender composition of the electorate without destroying the states whose votes in the Senate Article V protected. Of the several cases that antisuffragists brought challenging the constitutionality of the Nineteenth Amendment, it was Marbury’s case, Leser v.
		These courts viewed the Nineteenth Amendment as a constitutional amendment with normative implications for diverse bodies of law, including the law of marital status. But, as is often the case, potentially transformative reforms like the Fourteenth and Nineteenth Amendments precipitate diverse forms of containment and backlash.
		In ratifying the Nineteenth Amendment, the nation rejected a common law, republican, and religious understanding of the family that had long been invoked in defense of male suffrage in favor of a new vision of family life that was consistent with equal citizenship for women in a democratic polity.
	www.utexas.edu /law/news/colloquium/papers/Siegelpaper.doc (10643 words)

	The Nineteenth Amendment
		In Minor, a unanimous Court rejected the argument that either the privileges and immunities clause or the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment extended the vote to women.
		In 1878, a constitutional amendment was proposed that provided "The right of citizens to vote shall not be abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." This same amendment would be introduced in every session of Congress for the next 41 years.
		In May, 1919, the necessary two-thirds vote in favor of the women suffrage amendment was finally mustered in Congress, and the proposed amendment was sent to the states for ratification.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteentham.htm (660 words)

	Featured Document: The 19th Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		August 1995 marked the 75th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th amendment to the Constitution.
		Between 1878, when the amendment was first introduced in Congress, and August 18, 1920, when it was ratified, champions of voting rights for women worked tirelessly, but strategies for achieving their goal varied.
		When Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment on August 18, 1920, the amendment passed its final hurdle of obtaining the agreement of three-fourths of the states.
	www.archives.gov /exhibits/featured_documents/amendment_19 (349 words)

	Today in History: June 4
		Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony worked for a federal amendment under the banner of the National Woman Suffrage Association, while Lucy Stone led the American Woman Suffrage Association's state-by-state battle for the vote.
		On August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified.
		With ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, its work concluded and the association was reorganized as the League of Women Voters.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/today/jun04.html (1418 words)

	Petition to Repeal the Nineteenth Amendment
		The Nineteenth Amendment caused government spending to skyrocket, which converted the United States, its Constitution, and its Bill of Rights, into a totalitarian state.
		Professor Lott demonstrated that the reason the increase in federal expenditures resulting from the First World War didn't return to its previous historic level was due solely to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1921.
		Until the Nineteenth Amendment is repealed, Christian women are invited to sign the following proxy statement, file it with their local county recorder, and fax the signed statement to 866 721 5995:
	fathers.ourfamily.com /19th.htm (561 words)

	Nineteenth Amendment
		The Nineteenth Amendment states, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment was not easy.
		The state Senate voted in favor of the Nineteenth Amendment by a vote of twenty-seven to three, and the House of Representatives passed it with a vote of seventy-three to six.
		As a result, Ohio was the fifth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1463 (710 words)

	Yale Law Journal
		While the Nineteenth Amendment does not actually confer the right to vote on any particular woman, no woman (or man) may be denied the right to vote simply because of her (or his) gender.
		To understand the full meaning of the Nineteenth Amendment, however, it is necessary to look beyond the plain text of the amendment to the historical and political context in which the amendment was produced.[25] This task is complicated by the fact that the vote had no single meaning to the suffragists.
		Similarly, the Nineteenth Amendment provides that a qualified voter may not be denied the right to vote, to be a political participant, because of her gender.
	www.saf.org /LawReviews/YaleNote2000.htm (10263 words)

	Siegel, "She the People. . . ," Feb. 2002
		When Americans finally voted to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, they were breaking with understandings of the family that had organized public and private law and defined the position of the sexes since the founding of the republic.
		First, the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment were thinking about questions of race discrimination, not sex discrimination.[14] Thus, it is appropriate for courts to apply a less rigorous standard of review to questions concerning equal citizenship for women; bluntly put, the nation never made a collective constitutional commitment to respect women as equals of men.
		Whether we interpret the Nineteenth Amendment standing alone or in conjunction with the Fourteenth Amendment, it is critical to begin by reconstructing the universe in which restricting the vote to men made constitutional sense.
	womhist.binghamton.edu /vawa/doc24.htm (10373 words)

	War of the Roses: Nineteenth Amendment Battle in Nashville, TN
		Those thirty-nine words comprised the Nineteenth Amendment which, if ratified by thirty-six states, would give women the right to vote.
		Despite the mere sliver of a margin that blocked ratification, the Suffragists and their supporters knew victory was not inevitable.
		By the roses, it appeared the amendment would be defeated 47 for and 49 against.
	www.blueshoenashville.com /suffragehistory.html (710 words)

	SSRN-She the People: The Nineteenth Amendment, Sex Equality, Federalism, and the Family by Reva Siegel
		The debates over woman suffrage that began with the drafting of the Fourteenth Amendment and concluded with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment are plainly relevant to understanding how the guarantee of equal citizenship applies to women.
		By adopting the Nineteenth Amendment, Americans were breaking with traditional conceptions of the family that were rooted in coverture, as well as with understandings of federalism that placed family relations beyond the reach of the national government.
		The debates over the Nineteenth Amendment thus memorialize the nation's decision to repudiate traditional conceptions of the family that have shaped women's status in public as well as private law and that are inconsistent with equal citizenship in a democratic polity.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=296784 (419 words)

	Mississippi Women and the Woman Suffrage Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Because the text of each amendment was quite brief and unspecific — the Nineteenth Amendment declared that the vote could not be denied on the basis of sex, while the ERA stated that legal equality should not be denied on account of sex — no one knew precisely what the amendments' actual impact would be.
		The Nineteenth Amendment was at last added to the Constitution, however, in August 1920 after Tennessee became the 36th and final state to ratify.
		The final indication of Mississippi's negative response to the Nineteenth Amendment was that the state was one of only two in the nation that did not allow women to vote in the November 1920 election.
	mshistory.k12.ms.us /features/feature23/women.html (3077 words)

	The Missing Thirteenth Amendment
		Further, after the ratification of the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the Constitution in 1992, scholars noted that if James Madison's amendment could be ratified after 203 years, there was no immediately obvious reason why TONA was not still viable, if still far distant from becoming part of the Constitution.
		Constitutional amendments may be ratified by a vote of the state legislature or by convention, as Congress may specify under Article V of the Constitution, and by no other method, such as a referendum.
		The Equal Rights Amendment, which stated that "[e]quality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex," was proposed in 1972 and ratified by 35 states, and, according to the deadline set by Congress, is no longer open to ratification.
	www.thirdamendment.com /missing.html (10905 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Passage of the 19th Amendment 1919-20
		The Amendment was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 19, 1920.
		Before the final vote was taken Senator Underwood of Alabama, called for a vote on his amendment to submit the suffrage amendment to Constitutional conventions of the various States, instead of to the Legislatures, for ratification.
		The "neutrals," those who are waiting final ratification of the suffrage amendment before declaring party allegiance, declare that the league will serve both as a school of citizenship for women and as a nonpartisan lobbying organization to support the enactment of laws in which both Democratic and Republican women are interested.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1920womensvote.html (5337 words)

	Lesson 3 Equal Protection: Gender
		The proposed Nineteenth Amendment was one of the most succinct of all the additions to the original Constitution.
		Those who contested the amendment believed that given the right to vote, men would regard their struggle for equality as a partisan issue rather than an issue dealing with the fundamental rights of Americans.
		Examine the significance of the Nineteenth Amendment in the struggle for women’s equality.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /plegal/Lessons/Epg/epg3.html (1526 words)

	CRS/LII Annotated Constitution Nineteenth Amendment
		The Amendment was adopted after a long campaign by its advocates who had largely despaired of attaining their goal through modification of individual state laws.
		Progress continued to be discouraging, only ten additional States having joined Wyoming by 1914, and, judicial efforts having failed,1 and a vigorous campaign brought congressional passage of a proposed Amendment and the necessary state ratifications.
		Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1875), a challenge under the privileges of immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
	www.law.cornell.edu /anncon/html/amdt19_user.html (240 words)

	Tipping the balance in favor of justice: Due process and the thirteenth and nineteenth amendments in child removal from ...
		the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition of slavery-like treatment and the Nineteenth Amendment's guarantee of autonomy bolster a battered mother's Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim when her children have been taken from her solely because she was abused.
		The Thirteenth and Nineteenth Amendments bolster a battered mother's claim by recognizing the additional guarantees of autonomy under the Nineteenth Amendment16 and freedom from slavery-like conditions under the Thirteenth Amendment within the scope of her substantive due process rights.17
		However, adding a Thirteenth and Nineteenth Amendment analysis to the fundamental right of family integrity recognized in the Due Process Clause should help alleviate these challenges by adding the fundamental rights of autonomy and freedom from slavery-like conditions to the substantive due process balance.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3736/is_200301/ai_n9213676 (540 words)

	Mississippi Women and the Woman Suffrage Amendment
		The students should list the items that the Nineteenth Amendment and the ERA have in common, in the space that overlaps or intersects.
		The differences between the Nineteenth Amendment and the ERA should be listed on the appropriate sides of the diagram.
		The groups should be allowed to stage a debate to address the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.
	teacherexchange.mde.k12.ms.us /MHNLP/womansuffragelp.htm (1084 words)

	Woman Suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		All of these will be useful to teachers in tracing the general history of the national movement, introducing students to the ideas and accomplishments of prominent woman suffragists, and offering hands-on experience in the techniques of primary source analysis.
		But because the activities and materials in this site are aimed primarily at high school students and their teachers, college-level instructors will need to place the material in a broader context and should supplement the site materials with a more diverse range of sources to reflect the diversity and complexity of the suffrage movement.
		The majority of the documents are in the form of standard texts, mostly petitions, memorials or letters to Congress.
	www.h-net.org /~shgape/museums/wsufnara.html (1031 words)

	TamilNet: 19th amendment will strengthen parliament- PM
		"The nineteenth amendment will be passed in parliament before the presentation of 2003 budget," said Mr.Wickremasinghe addressing the government parliamentary group meeting Wednesday at the parliamentary complex.
		Government sources said that the nineteenth amendment bill is to be gazetted Wednesday midnight following cabinet's approval.
		Mangala Samaraweera, media spokesman of the SLFP said in a statement that his party is united in opposing the constitutional amendment.
	www.tamilnet.com /art.html?catid=13&artid=7456 (303 words)

	Siegel, "She The People," Footnotes
		In 1970, just prior to the Equal Rights Amendment campaign and the rise of modern sex discrimination jurisprudence, William Hodes, a student of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wrote an article arguing that the Nineteenth Amendment supplied the textual basis of a constitutional sex-equality norm.
		Nor is it a fair statement of the case to say that the man represents the woman in the exercise of suffrage, because it is an assumption on the part of the man; it is an involuntary representation so far as the woman is concerned...
		Where a husband's prerogative to chastise his wife was once justified in terms of his authority over her, a husband's immunity from his wife's tort claims under the married women's property acts was justified in a less overtly hierarchical discourse that emphasized the importance of preserving marital privacy and domestic harmony.
	womhist.binghamton.edu /vawa/doc24footnotes.htm (10456 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		(Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1966 which was enacted as the
		Short title.- This Act may be called the Constitution (Nineteenth
		Amendment of article 324.-In article 324 of the Constitution, in
	www.constitution.org /cons/india/tamnd19.htm (233 words)

	Eleanor Clift to Discuss 'Founding Sisters and The Nineteenth Amendment' at The National Press Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified and women in America finally won the right to vote.
		The story culminates in the dramatic struggle to pass the 19th Amendment-a struggle that ultimately came down to the vote of a single legislator in Tennessee.
		Eleanor Clift is a contributing editor for Newsweek, where she reports on the White House, presidential politics, and a variety of national issues.
	releases.usnewswire.com /printing.asp?id=22560 (317 words)

	Graphs of the Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment
		Graphs of the Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment
		Federal spending as a percent of GDP began its chronic increase right after the Nineteenth Amendment was passed and is now 10 times what it had been for the century prior to that.
		The only possibility of reducing our debts, restoring Personal Savings, and upholding private property rights is the repeal of the Nineteenth Amendment.
	fathers.ourfamily.com /19thgraphs.htm (63 words)

	TamilNet: SLFP to oppose nineteenth amendment
		"Disciplinary action will be taken against SLFP parliamentarians who speak in favour of nineteenth amendment to the constitution," said former Minister Mangala Samaraweera, parliamentary whip of the SLFP Monday in a press release.
		The central committee of the SLFP met Monday and decided to request its parliamentarians to oppose the nineteenth constitutional amendment inside and outside the parliament.
		The central committee also decided that provincial councilors and members of local government institutions representing the party should spearhead a concerted campaign against the introduction of the nineteenth amendment.
	www.tamilnet.com /art.html?catid=13&artid=7487 (225 words)

	Annotated Constitution pg 1971
		WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE The Amendment was adopted after a long campaign by its advocates who had largely despaired of attaining their goal through modification of individual state laws.
		and a vigorous campaign brought congressional passage of a proposed Amendment and the necessary state ratifications.
		--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Following the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Fifteenth Amendment, the state courts which passed on the effect of the Amendment ruled that it did not confer upon women the right to vote but only the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their sex in the setting of voting qualifications,
	www.eco.freedom.org /ac92/ac92pg1971.shtml (300 words)

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