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	Nineteenth Century Geometry (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		During this period, the content of geometry and its internal diversity increased almost beyond recognition; the axiomatic method, vaunted since antiquity by the admirers of geometry, finally attained true logical sufficiency, and the ground was laid for replacing, in the description of physical phenomena, the standard geometry of Euclid by Riemann's wonderfully pliable system.
		The present article reviews the aspects of nineteenth century geometry that are of major interest for philosophy and hints in passing, at their philosophical significance.
		However, it had been practised in arithmetic for centuries, as the initial stock of natural numbers 1, 2, 3, …, was supplemented with zero, the negative integers, the non-integral rationals, the irrationals, and the so-called imaginary numbers.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/geometry-19th (5103 words)

	Color Printing: Introduction
		Color Printing in the Nineteenth Century, a new exhibition in the Special Collections Exhibition Gallery of the Morris Library, University of Delaware, is curated by Iris Snyder of the Special Collections Department.
		The nineteenth century was the turning point for technical development in color illustration.
		Color Printing in the Nineteenth Century documents these changes in color printing technology by displaying some of the finest examples of books illustrated in color, published from the last quarter of the eighteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century.
	www.lib.udel.edu /ud/spec/exhibits/color (286 words)

	Nietz Full-Text Collection
		Before you leave the 19th Century Schoolbooks collection, please take a few moments to complete a survey on the website.
		The Nietz Old Textbook Collection is one of several well-known collections of 19th Century schoolbooks in the United States.
		Among the 16,000 volumes are many titles that are rarely held and have not yet been reproduced in microform collections or reprint editions.
	digital.library.pitt.edu /nietz (184 words)

	19th Century American Culture Kingwood College Library
		In 1800, everyday life had changed little since the year 1000.
		Because we are librarians, we must point out that the best way to immerse oneself in a topic is to use both Internet and library books.
		Our intention is to offer an overview of the century in a 'semi-essay' form - and to let the links we have chosen take users even further.
	kclibrary.nhmccd.edu /19thcentury.html (137 words)

	Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide: about the journal
		Open to various historical and theoretical approaches, the editors welcome contributions that reach across national boundaries and illuminate intercultural contact zones.
		The chronological scope of the journal is the "long" nineteenth century, stretching from the American and French Revolutions, at one end, to the outbreak of World War I, at the other.
		Because the nineteenth century represents the beginning of the formation of a "global culture," the journal covers the visual culture of all parts of the world—from the Americas to the Far East and from Scandinavia to Africa and Australia.
	www.19thc-artworldwide.org /about.shtml (450 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America
		Private road building came and went in waves throughout the nineteenth century and across the country, with between 2,500 and 3,200 companies successfully financing, building, and operating their toll road.
		Like the eighteenth century British turnpike trusts, the twentieth century American governmental toll projects financed (in part) by privately purchased bonds generally failed, relative to the nineteenth century American company model, to draw on use and esteem motivations.
		In nineteenth century America, "turnpike" specifically means a toll road with a surface of gravel and earth, as opposed to "plank roads" which refer to toll roads surfaced by wooden planks.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=Klein.Majewski.Turnpikes (6332 words)

	19th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering).
		The 19th century is also sometimes known as the eighteen hundreds (1800s), referring to the latter usage.
		Historians sometime use "Nineteenth Century" as a label for the era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/19th_century (726 words)

	Hermeneutics: 1. Nineteenth Century
		However, we must be wary of drawing too rigid a line between Romantic and modern hermeneutics, not only because the notion of a fixed meaning still has adherents today but also because many of the ideas of such major contemporary theorists as Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur are explicitly or embryonically present in their precursors.
		Before the nineteenth century, interpretation is identified with textual exegesis as a process that yields a single valid meaning.
		He broadens the field of hermeneutics from the study of texts to the study of "life-expressions," anticipating the collapse of disciplinary boundaries that occurs in Semiotics.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/hermeneutics-_1.html (2344 words)

	Physics in the Nineteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: )
		arked by an ever-increasing emphasis on quantification and by a search for mathematical laws to describe observed phenomena, the nineteenth century encompassed a distinctive phase in physics research (or, to use period terminology, natural philosophy) both in Britain and on the Continent.
		This period witnessed the rise of the laboratory and of sophisticated techniques and technologies for measuring and eliciting phenomena, as well as the establishment of large institutes (such as the Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin) to conduct physical research both for the state and -- often indirectly -- for private concerns.
		Although study of each imponderable was conducted quite apart from the others in the early years of the century, by the end of the century each of these objects was treated as "different manifestations of the same fundamental energy," as a contemporary, J. Stallo, put it in 1880.
	www.victorianweb.org /science/physintro.html (281 words)

	Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century British Scientists (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During the nineteenth century there was no clear boundary line between those who were considered to be part of the scientific community and those who were seen as outsiders.
		It was during this century that the categories of 'professional scientist', 'amateur' and 'popularizer of science' were being debated and constructed.
		By examining how the theories and practices of scientists were shaped by Victorian beliefs about religion, gender, imperialism and politics, the dictionary presents a rich panorama of the development of science in the nineteenth century.
	www.thoemmes.com /dictionaries/science_dic.htm (302 words)

	A nineteenth century time capsule: www.HoldTheFrontPage.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A 19th century time capsule containing a copy of the Lichfield Mercury and Herald and City Times from 1891 has been discovered.
		It is believed that the time capsule was buried as a part of a ceremony in 1891 when the Mayor of Lichfield laid the foundation stone for the church.
		The documents found inside the 19th century time capsule were identified as a Methodist Recorder paper, a notice of circuit ministers, a list of trustees, the Lichfield Herald and a Lichfield Mercury.
	www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk /news/2004/05may/040526time.shtml (191 words)

	About The Nineteenth Century - Publishing, the Booktrade and the Diffusion of Knowledge
		This important collection brings together, for the first time, a comprehensive library of materials for the history of publishing in the nineteenth century.
		The nineteenth century witnessed dramatic changes in printing techniques and publishing practice, not only in the established centres of publishing in Britain, but in British territories throughout the world.
		The rapid growth of libraries of every kind in the century was a significant development which ran parallel with the pressure for mass education, and the collection includes published catalogues, now our only source for determining shifts in taste and the distribution of popular literature.
	c19.chadwyck.co.uk /html/noframes/moreinfo/booktrad.htm (275 words)

	Nineteenth-century America a dope fiend's paradise
		Fraser Brockington reports that in mid-nineteenth--- century Coventry, ten gallons of Godfrey's Cordial enough for 12,000 doses--- was sold weekly, and was administered to 3,000 infants under two years of age.
		Thus, the nineteenth century avoided one of the most disastrous effects of current narcotics laws and attitudes--- the rise of a deviant addict subculture, cut off from respectable society and without a "road back" to respectability.
		Though the word "addiction" was seldom used during the nineteenth century, the phenomenon was well understood.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/Library/studies/cu/cu1.html (2684 words)

	BBC - History - All Change in the Victorian Age (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If you were born in the early nineteenth century, you were in for a big surprise: by 1900, the world you had grown up in was gone for good.
		From Jane Austen in the 1810s, via Charles Dickens' pictures of mid century London life, to HG Wells' Time Machine in 1895, the world of literature moved from comedies of country manners to blistering portraits of urban poverty and, finally, time travel.
		It was only in the nineteenth century that the real impact of steam would be fully felt.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/society_culture/industrialisation/speed_01.shtml (373 words)

	Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
		Throughout the late 17th and early 18th century, several colonial legislatures adopted similar rules which reversed the usual common law presumptions that the status of the child was determined by the father.
		From the early 16th to the mid-19th centuries, between 10 million and 11 million Africans were taken from their homes, herded onto ships where they were sometimes so tightly packed that they could barely move, and sent to a strange new land.
		Moreover the repercussions of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the interior of the Bight of Biafra during the period of heaviest population displacement in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries remain poorly understood.
	innercity.org /holt/slavechron.html (17726 words)

	Centre for Nineteenth Century Studies
		The University of Sheffield library, which itself dates back to the nineteenth century, has excellent holdings in both the primary and secondary literature in the field, including complete runs of all the major British periodicals, parliamentary records, and works by both major and minor literary figures.
		Prof Michael Perraudin (Acting Director of the Centre): 19th century German literature, especially German post-Romanticism and reflections on revolution in literature of the Vormärz.
		Dr Claire Griffiths: the political and cultural history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain, the history of the Labour movement, and the social history of rural Britain.
	www.shef.ac.uk /nineteenthcenturystudies (1131 words)

	About The Nineteenth Century - Children's Literature
		In the course of the nineteenth century the variety, quality and sheer bulk of children's literature increased dramatically, and it has been estimated that at least ten per cent of the titles issued by British publishers were intended for the entertainment and instruction of young people.
		The texts contained in this collection reveal the values and preoccupations of society and the way in which they were recorded and transmitted, whether deliberately or unconsciously for the digestion of young people in the nineteenth century.
		Children's literature was also the medium for many of the century's most innovative and influential book illustrators.
	c19.chadwyck.co.uk /html/noframes/moreinfo/children.htm (173 words)

	Children's Literature
		A few of the items on display are first editions; some of the reprints even show the gold-stamping and bright pictorial cloth bindings popular in the late Victorian period, but the others--worn, tattered, dog-eared--are just as historic, reflecting in their condition the enjoyment they gave to their original owners.
		Now the collection is established, we try to be more selective as to condition in the material that is added, especially in the later nineteenth century.
		The core of the collection is a large and miscellaneous collection of late nineteenth-century children's books, many of them reprints of well-known titles, that was built up for the College of Education.
	www.sc.edu /library/spcoll/kidlit/kidlit/kidlit.html (436 words)

	Nineteenth Century Websites
		Brief description of the Pre-Raphaelite painters and nineteenth century reviews of their work, images of their paintings and photographs, audio clips of their poems, and parodies of their works.
		Felix Octavisu Carr Darley, a prominent nineteenth century illustrator, was recently elected to the Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame.
		To see the 19th century holdings,click on objects at the top of the page; when a smaller window opens, find instant search at the top of the page; in the first text box, enter "nineteenth" and enter "century" in the second text box, after the and.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /english/melani/novel_19c/websites.html (1948 words)

	Nineteenth century quotes & quotations
		In the nineteenth century it was a disease; in the twentieth, it's a cure.
		The nineteenth century, as we know it, is largely an invention of Balzac.
		It is the instinct which drove America to the Pacific, all through the nineteenth century, the desire to be able to find a restaurant open in case you want a sandwich, to be a free agent, live by one's own rules.
	en.thinkexist.com /quotes/with/keyword/nineteenth_century (448 words)

	NINETEENTH CENTURY BRITISH & INDIAN ARMIES.
		Century British and Indian Armies and their soldiers.
		Century photographs, campagn medals, and the biographical studies of the soldiers represented by these items.
		Century have the recipient's name and regiment engraved or impressed on the rim of the medal and serve to give a researcher a starting point to create a biography of an individual soldier.
	www.members.dca.net /fbl (702 words)

	Nineteenth century stereoscopes
		In the 19th century, stereoscopes provided an escape for people who never had a chance to see much of the world.
		Today, there is a resurgence of interest in learning about and collecting 19th century stereoscopes.
		The 19th century viewers have sold at auctions for as low as $50 up to nearly $500 or more.
	nene.essortment.com /stereoscope_rqwy.htm (560 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Nineteenth Century
		All The Year 'Round - On life during the nineteenth century, including fashion, manners and etiquette, and transport.
		Child Labour in the 19th Century - Features biographies and entries on reformers, supporters, laborers, working conditions, and other things related to child labor in Britain.
		19th Century Recipe Page - From recipes that please the palate to those that heal an ailment, this is the page that says it all.
	dmoz.org /Society/History/By_Time_Period/Nineteenth_Century (873 words)

	satire: The Nineteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Using the immigrant's voice: humor and pathos in nineteenth century "Dutch" dialect texts.
		Hospitality at wakes and funerals in Ireland from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century: some evidence from the written record.(Research Article) (Folklore)
		The 2001 Julia Wood award: science and religion in the nineteenth century: Francis Murphy challenges the idea that science was religion's foremost enemy.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/ent/A0860933.html (249 words)

	Roman Catholics and Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America - The Nineteenth Century - Divining America: Religion and ...
		The story of Roman Catholicism in the nineteenth century IS the story of immigration.
		For four centuries Catholics and Protestants had waged real and polemical wars against each other about these and other issues that calcified their mutually antagonistic positions.
		In the context of nineteenth-century America, where Bible-believing, evangelical Protestants constituted the clear majority, the Catholic minority faith, with its elaborate rituals and statues of the saints, seemed to most people very strange, even "wrong." Of course, for Catholics these were natural and familiar ways to express their faith in God.
	www.nhc.rtp.nc.us /tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nromcath.htm (2315 words)

	Synesthesia and Artistic Experimentation
		By the mid-nineteenth century synesthesia had intrigued an art movement that sought sensory fusion, according to Cytowic (1995, section 3.7; 1993, pp.
		After the first designs of the "clavecin oculaire" by the eighteenth century French Jesuit Castel, the nineteenth century showed a large number of attempts to develop a device that could produce music and color simultaneously on the basis of tone-color correspondence schemes.
		When Scriabin and Kandinsky started their experiments with synesthesia in the first decades of the twentieth century, the performances of color-music interpretations of classical scores on color-organs were already popular in concert halls.
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v3/psyche-3-06-vancampen.html (2676 words)

	Ninteenth Centruy Studies Association (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The NCSA is an interdisciplinary association for the study of nineteenth century cultures — British, American, and continental.
		Its membership includes scholars whose disciplinary focus ranges from art, architecture, and literature to religious, scientific, and legal writing, to social, political, and economic debate.
		These pages are devoted to the study and illumination of the nineteenth century.
	www.gettysburg.edu /~sflynn/NCSA/home.html (91 words)

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