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	cultural revolution - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		In a later meeting of the CCP Politburo in 1966, the Group in Charge of the Cultural Revolution (GCCR) was formed.
		On April 1, 1969, at the CCP's Ninth Congress, Lin was the big winner, officially becoming China's second in charge, and also holding military power.
		In the Fifth Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress held in 1980 Peng Zhen and many others purged during the cultural revolution were politically rehabilitated.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/cultural-revolution (5971 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Epoch Times Commentaries on the Chinese Communist Party - Part 9
		This is the ninth of Nine Commentaries on the CCP.
		CCP relied on peasants to gain power; the rural residents in the CCP-controlled areas in the early stage of its buildup devoted all they had to the CCP.
		Although the CCP’s commanders did not lack passion in resisting the Japanese, the CCP’s high-level officials were not sincere in fighting the Sino-Japanese War, but instead took measures to protect their energy and use the war as an opportunity to develop themselves.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/4-12-27/25242.html (11201 words)

	Cultural Revolution - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In a later meeting of the CCP Politburo in 1966, the new Group in Charge of the Cultural Revolution (GCCR) was formed.
		For many of the 'intellectuals,' most of whom were recently graduated college students, this deployment to the countryside was in effect a kind of internal exile, and the conditions under which they were forced to labor were often harsh in the extreme; many deaths from malnutrition, overwork, and disease were reported.
		On December 18th, 1978, the Third Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress was held.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution (6373 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Epoch Times Commentaries on the Communist Party - Part 2
		The CCP constitution passed by the First Congress of the CCP was formulated by the Comintern, based upon Marxism-Leninism and the theories of class struggle, dictatorship of the proletariat and party establishment.
		At the CCP meetings, Mao Zedong and Zhang Wentian [28] could not persuade this fellow comrade, nor could they reveal the truth of their situation: according to the limited military strength of the Red Army, they would not be able to hold back even a division of the Japanese by themselves.
		The CCP has mixed violence, terror and high-pressure indoctrination to form its theoretical basis, which is then turned into the Party nature, the supreme principles of the Party, the spirit of its leaders, the functioning mechanism of the entire Party, and the criteria for the actions of all CCP members.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/4-12-13/24830.html (12075 words)

	Chapter 11, Section a10- Cultural Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This congress proceeded under abnormal conditions, in that some member of the Political Bureau had been deprived of their rights to attend the congress, a few members had been freed illegal detention, and some members had been falsely criticized.
		He wished to convene the Ninth Congress, and successfully claim authority for the best organization of the CCP, the reconstruction of the organizations of each of the categories of the Party, taking advantage of the power of the Party and calming the confusion of the Cultural Revolution.
		After the Ninth Congress, the "battle, criticism and reform" campaign was carried out on the basis of the role that Mao suggested.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c11sa10.html (9749 words)

	The Nassau Guardian Online Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) hailed its takeover of China as a people's victory over and liberation from imperial domination (especially that of the United States) and the oppressive KMT regime.
		Along with the reforms of land tenure, society, family, and even thought, the CCP announced the first five-year plan in 1953 to speed up the socialisation of China through a planned economy.
		When the long-postponed ninth congress of the CCP was finally convened in April 1969, two thirds of the old members of the Central Committee were missing.
	www.thenassauguardian.com /national_local/321485605362405.php (2245 words)

	Decline and fall of Lin Biao
		In his major policy address to the Ninth National Congress of the Communist party of China in April 1969, party Vice Chairman Lin Biao concisely summarised the major struggles between two lines that have taken place since the CPC was formed in Shanghai in 1921.
		At the same Ninth National Congress of the CPC which approved the party constitution, Lin delivered the report quoted from in the beginning of this article.
		The Ninth National Congress of the CCP was held in April 1969 in order to reverse this situation.
	sacu.org /linbiao.html (3351 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / China / Appendix B
		Congress Location Plenum Date Significance First Shanghai First July 1921 Attended by thirteen representatives; elected general secretary and three-man Central Bureau; developed general political program.
		Tension built as CCP attempted to fulfill conflicting goals of national and social revolutions.
		Ninth Beijing First April 1969 Lushan Second September 1970 Party constitution of 1969 named Lin Biao as Mao's successor.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/china/cn_appnb.html (1168 words)

	China - The Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The activist phase of the Cultural Revolution--considered to be the first in a series of cultural revolutions--was brought to an end in April 1969.
		This end was formally signaled at the CCP's Ninth National Party Congress, which convened under the dominance of the Maoist group.
		Pragmatism gained momentum as a central theme of the years following the Ninth National Party Congress, but this tendency was paralleled by efforts of the radical group to reassert itself.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-2607.html (752 words)

	China - National Party Congresses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Ninth National Party Congress convened in April 1969, the tenth in August 1973, the eleventh in August 1977, and the twelfth in September 1982.
		The National Party Congress reviews reports on party activities since the last session, revises the party constitution, ratifies the party program for a specific period, and elects the Central Committee, which serves as the highest organ of the CCP when the National Party Congress is not in session.
		The delegates (there were 1,545 for the Twelfth National Party Congress) can observe firsthand the working of the party machine at the national level, gain a better perspective on the direction of political transformation planned by the leadership, and serve as communicators of party policies to the grass roots.
	countrystudies.us /china/101.htm (268 words)

	National Congress of the Communist Party of China - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The National Congress of the Communist Party of China (中国共产党全国代表大会 Pinyin: Zhōnguó Gòngchǎndǎng Quánguó Dàibiǎo Dàhuì) is a political convention that is held about once every five years.
		The National Congress is theoretically the highest body within the Communist Party of China, but in practice decisions are made before the meeting.
		The National CPC Congress should not be confused with the National People's Congress which is the legislature of the People's Republic of China.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Ninth_Congress_of_the_CCP (332 words)

	Jiang Zemin's Report
		The theme of the congress is to hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory for an all-round advancement of the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics to the 21st century.
		We shall uphold and improve the system of people's congresses, ensuring that the people's congresses and their standing committees exercise the functions of the organs of state power according to law, strengthen their legislative and supervisory work, and establish closer ties between deputies and the people they represent.
		The task of this congress is to mobilize the whole Party and the people of all nationalities of the country to unite and work hard for an all-round advancement of the great cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.
	www.fas.org /news/china/1997/970912-prc.htm (17228 words)

	Cultural Revolution - Karmiki
		In Beijing, Liu and Deng were once again the targets of criticism, but others, who were not as engaged in the CCP criticism sessions, like Chen Boda and Kang Sheng, pointed at the wrong-doings of the Vice-Premier of the State Council, Tao Zhu.
		The Ninth Congress started with Lin Biao delivering a Political Report, which was critical of Liu and other "counter-revolutionaries" and continuously quoted Mao's Little Red Book.
		In the Fifth Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress, held in 1980, Peng Zhen and many others who had been purged during the Cultural Revolution were politically rehabilitated.
	www.usedkarma.com /wiki/index.php?title=Cultural_Revolution (6906 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Above the local units, or cells, is a pyramid-like structure of party congresses and committees at various levels, culminating in the National Party Congress.
		The national congress is supposed to meet every five years, though this has not always been the case.
		The CCP hailed its takeover of China as a people's victory over and liberation from imperial domination (especially that of the United States) and the oppressive KMT regime.
	teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu /crawfor/apcg/China/Unit4ChinaHistory.htm (6144 words)

	"The Relationship and Differences Between Mao Tse-tung and Liu Shao-Ch'i"
		After attending the founding congress of the CCP in 1921, Mao was sent to Hunan as the secretary of the provincial committee, where he was active for about two years.
		The congress ended by electing Mao as the supreme leader of the party, and Liu as one of its top leaders, while almost all of Wang Ming's followers were either removed from the Central Committee or set back to candidate status.
		It is very clear that under the impact of the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU and de-Stalinization, the majority of the Central Committee accepted the ideas of opposition to the personality cult; hence the removal of the reference to Mao and his thought from the party constitution and the prohibition of his personal cult.
	www.marxists.org /archive/peng/1968/maoliu.htm (6538 words)

	Yinghong Cheng \| Beyond Moscow-Centric Interpretation: An Examination of the China Connection in Eastern Europe and ...
		The CCP did this in accordance with a customary practice that Moscow and Beijing should inform each other of important policy changes in advance—although Moscow failed to follow this practice in the case of Khrushchev's secret report, resulting in Beijing's resentment.
		In March 1951, at the Second Congress of the Vietnamese communist party, Mao's thought was to parallel Marxism and Leninism as the party's guidelines for the new constitution.
		Li was an advisor on international affairs for the central committee of the CCP in the 1950s and 1960s, and in the late 1990s was the leading figure among Chinese liberal intellectuals.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/15.4/cheng.html (10693 words)

	Cultural Revolution - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On May 16th, under Jiang Qing's wide influence, a formal notice was issued, representing figuratively the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.
		On May 18, Lin Biao spoke in the form of a speech, "Chairman Mao is a genius, everything the Chairman says is greatly true; one of the Chairman's words will override the meaning of ten thousands of ours..." Thus started the first phase of Mao's Personality cult led by Jiang Qing, Lin and others.
		On June 1st the People's Daily, the CCP's media/propagandist newspaper stated that all "Imperialists", "People with affiliations with Imperialists", "Imperialistic Intellectuals" etc. must be rid of and massively purged.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Cultural_Revolution (4718 words)

	Cultural Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		On April 1, 1969, at the CPC\'s Ninth Congress, Lin was the big winner, officially becoming China\'s second in charge, and also holding military power.
		On December 18th, 1978, the Third Plenum of the Eleventh CPC Congress was held.
		In the Fifth Plenum of the Eleventh CPC Congress, held in 1980, Peng Zhen and many others who had been purged during the Cultural Revolution were politically rehabilitated.
	www.hollistercaus.com /section/Cultural_Revolution (7092 words)

	Cultural Revolution - China History - China
		On April 1, 1969, at the CCP's Ninth Congress of the CCPNinth Congress, Lin was the big winner, officially becoming China's second in charge, and also holding military power.
		In August, the Party's Eleventh Congress of the CCPEleventh Congress was held in Beijing, officially naming (in order ranking) Hua Guofeng, Deng Xiaoping, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, and Wang Dongxing as the latest members of the Politburo Standing Committee.
		Hu Yaobang was named General Secretary of the Communist Party of ChinaGeneral-Secretary of the CCP and Zhao Ziyang, another of Deng's prot?g?s, was named into the Central governing apparatus.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Cultural_Revolution (6148 words)

	The Stalin School of Falsification Revisited
		The General Council of the Trades Union Congress, which had been entrusted with the conduct of the strike, called it off after nine days and at the height of its effectiveness, frightened by its revolutionary implications.
		Stalin "answered" at the 15th party congress (December 1927) by summarily expelling the Opposition and formally declaring that "adherence to the opposition and propaganda of its views [is] incompatible with membership in the party."
		In his famous secret speech at the 1956 Twentieth Party Congress, Khrushchev officially admitted that the trials and the "confessions" on which they were ostensibly based were a fraud from start to finish.
	www.bolshevik.org /history/Other/falsification.html (17107 words)

	Timeline
		Normal authorities of the CCP including Zhou Enlai made an effort to normalize China, after having been distracted and confused severely.
		The Tenth Congress solved some problems, but continuing the CR was still called for.
		The CCP facing a crisis with their open activities decided to arrest the "Gang of Four".
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~ejweaver/pages/timeline.html (326 words)

	Cultural Revolution - MSN Encarta
		China could not afford chaos at home and isolation abroad.
		In April 1969 the CCP held its Ninth Congress.
		It marked the revival of the party, but under army domination it entrenched Lin Biao as Mao’s chosen successor.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781529774/Cultural_Revolution.html (1157 words)

	The demise of working-class power in People's Republic of China
		The First Meeting of the Ninth National People's Congress intends to reverse the non-separation of political and economic administration; the government's direct intervention in production at the expense of market forces.
		At the XV Congress of the CCP, with regard to the reform of the industrial state, the different tendencies within the bureaucracy came together on a compromise that took into account the power-relationships in its core and the dangers of social revolt.
		In the past, military cadres were promoted to new posts merely from among the ranks, but now all those who are to be made officers have to undergo training at military academies.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/55/index-ji.html (557 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Biographical Database :: Republican Era- (1912- 1949) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		At the First Congress of the Communist Party in Shanghai, Chen was elected (in absentia) as the party's first general-secretary, and with the assistance of Li, he developed what would become an important relationship with the international communist movement, the Comintern.
		However, co-operation with the Comintern would be a problem for the fledgling CCP for the next ten years, as aggressive Comintern advisors would try to force policy according to the wishes of Moscow.
		When the transition finally took place in the 16th National Congress of CCP in 2002, Jiang was reluctant to leave the power center.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/bio.3rep.html (18050 words)

	NAPSNet Daily Report, Thursday, December 20, 2001
		The study was completed in July, sent to Congress in October, and disclosed yesterday by Nuclear Watch of New Mexico.
		The resolution urges US Congress and the president to come up with measures to realize the exchange for over 500,000 Korean-Americans who were excluded from family exchanges arranged between the ROK and the DPRK since the inter-Korean summit of June 2000.
		Zhang praised the navy for its meritorious deeds and achievements, while Chi said that the navy is an important strategic wing of the armed forces, and should be given major responsibilities in the future.
	www.nautilus.org /archives/napsnet/dr/0112/DEC20.html (2304 words)

	Charlie Hore: China - Whose Revolution? (The Cultural Revolution)
		The Cultural Revolution was formally wound up at the Ninth Congress of the CCP in April 1969.
		The siege economy was to be abandoned in favour of an opening to Western and Japanese capitalism, and the development of “market socialism”, as the only way to pull China out of the stagnation and poverty that was Mao’s legacy.
		They were: Jiang Qing, Mao’s fourth wife; Yao Wenyuan, a journalist who became Mao’s leading intellectual hitman; Zhang Chun-qiao, former CCP boss in Shanghai; and Wang Hongwen, a former works policeman promoted as a token “model worker”.
	www.marxists.de /china/hore/03-cultrev.htm (3428 words)

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