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	Byzantine Painting
		For the period before the ninth century, it is customary to use the terms Early Byzantine and Early Christian interchangeably.
		From the ninth century on, the distinct character of Byzantine painting is clearer and more easily differentiated from both Western and Asiatic art.
		Following the triumph of the iconodules or pro-icon party in the ninth century, the iconography became more purely biblical and liturgical, paralleling the monkish isolation of its religion from the secular world.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles04/article1337.shtml (1551 words)

	Seventh, Eight, and Ninth Century Look at Gems
		In the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries, a new literature on this subject made its appearance, probably in Asia Minor.
		This indeed is easily explained by history, for the Arabs, through their widely extended conquests, were led to absorb and amalgamate the date they secured, directly or indirectly, from the East and the West.
		The habit of copying, without discrimination or criticism, whatever came to hand, and the aim to utilize as much of the borrowed material as possible, is scarcely less a characteristic of the seventeenth and eighteenth century writers than it is of those of a later date.
	www.jjkent.com /articles/7th8th9th-century-gems.htm (402 words)

	Afghanistan - ISLAMIC CONQUEST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		From the seventh through the ninth centuries, most inhabitants of what is present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, southern parts of the former Soviet Union, and areas of northern India were converted to Sunni Islam.
		In the eighth and ninth centuries ancestors of many of today's Turkic-speaking Afghans settled in the Hindu Kush area (partly to obtain better grazing land) and began to assimilate much of the culture and language of the Pashtun tribes already present there (see Ethnic Groups, ch.
		By the mid-tenth century, the Samanid Dynasty had crumbled in the face of attacks from Turkish tribes to the north and from the Ghaznavids, a rising dynasty to the south.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-7.html (276 words)

	The Berzin Archives - Buddhism among the Turkic People
		During the late eighth and early ninth centuries, the Turki Shahis were vassal allies of the Tibetan Empire and influenced the flourishing of Buddhism there.
		In the early eighth century, a princess from the Eastern Turk royal family married the emperor of Tibet and was responsible for the invitation to Tibet of many Buddhist monks from Khotan in southern East Turkistan.
		After migrating from Mongolia to the Turfan region of present-day northeastern Xinjiang in the ninth century, they adopted a form of Buddhism that was a blend of elements from the faiths of the Sogdian merchant community from present-day Uzbekistan, the native Tocharians of Turfan and the Chinese merchants of the region.
	www.berzinarchives.com /islam/buddhism_turkic.html (863 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Eleven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But, in the last analysis, it was largely owing to that slight superiority that Europeans were able to survive the ninth and tenth centuries dark age and by the beginning of the eleventh century to begin to rebuild their civilization.
		As the disruption of royal power progressed during the ninth and tenth centuries beginning in northeastern France the sovereign powers of the ban were usurped by various dukes and lower ranked officials including royally appointed advocates and eventually even powerful seigneurs.
		Then before the middle of the ninth century monasteries began to claim tithes because of their chapels, but the priests who held services there probably got no more than a fraction of it.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e11.html (5350 words)

	Introduction, Diocese of Vic by Paul Freedman
		Early in the tenth century it was given to a viscount for the newly formed county of Ausona.
		Its government during the ninth through eleventh century prolonged the polity of the Carolingians on a smaller scale, preserving the superiority of public to private authority, maintaining control of land, and, above all, ruling in a combined secular and ecclesiastical manner in which the church formed part of the central government.
		That the twelfth century was in some respects decadent is not to be denied, for the diocese was remote from the concern of the count-kings and increasingly removed from the frontier.
	libro.uca.edu /vic/intro.htm (4503 words)

	UNESCO Collection of History of Civilizations of Central Asia : Online chapter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the ninth and tenth centuries there was still a certain unity in the draughtsmanship and a naturalistic approach to representation, although there was a tendency towards stylization.
		In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, centres of ceramic art were re-established after the region recovered from the Mongol invasions, but the artistic and technical quality of the ware was inferior to that of the pre-Mongol period.
		In the sixteenth century the artistic traditions of the previous century were still maintained in glazed pottery, but towards the end of the century the costly imported cobalt was replaced by pigments of a lower quality and the kashin body gave way to clay.
	www.unesco.org /culture/asia/html_eng/chapitre4216/chapitre2.htm (1206 words)

	Artefacts made of glass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was during the ninth and tenth centuries that glass-making flourished in these regions.
		In the eighth and ninth centuries plaques and wafers of bone were still found with engraved images recalling pre-Islamic traditions.
		From the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, bone was mainly used for sword hilts, knife handles and components of military equipment.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/arts/decoart/handcraft/TansoxKhuras/Artefacts.htm (530 words)

	The medieval Tamil-language inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China.
		By the fourteenth century the great merchant associations were issuing fewer inscriptions, suggesting that - although these associations continued to exist into the seventeenth century - either their structures and modes of operation were changing, or their economic and political power were declining.
		The tenth-eleventh century shift in focus of the merchant associations from the west coast of southern India towards the east, stimulated by increasing trade with the Southeast Asia and China, was accompanied by a broadening of the range of commodities traded.
		The late eighth and ninth century disturbance in Asian sea trade appears to have been sufficient to cause the trading empire of Srivijaya to unravel for some time, as the separate port-states of which it was composed began competing with each other for the declining trade.
	ismaili.net /Source/0104c.html (10440 words)

	Chapter One, Diocese of Vic by Paul Freedman
		Toward the end of the tenth century, as the first efforts were made to settle the western parts of the diocese, the count granted castles to the bishop to serve as focuses for protection and administration of the frontier territories.
		Until the frontier was extended in the twelfth century, and until the count became less dependent on the church, the bishop of Vic would be the most powerful man in Ausona and a strong presence within the entire territory subject to the counts.
		The levitae of the early eleventh century were both a facet of the ambiguity of ecclesiastical and secular boundaries and a creative solution to the difficulties of repopulation and protection.
	libro.uca.edu /vic/dv1.htm (10911 words)

	English language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first was by speakers of languages in the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who colonised parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries.
		The second wave was of the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke a variety of French.
		During the 15th century, Middle English was transformed by the Great Vowel Shift, the spread of a standardised London-based dialect in government and administration, and the standardising effect of printing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/English_language (3945 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. (i.xiii.v)
		For England and Germany the tenth century was in advance of the ninth.
		In France the eighth and ninth centuries produced the seeds of a new culture which were indeed covered by winter frosts, but not destroyed, and which bore abundant fruit in the eleventh and twelfth.
		The contrast between the literary poverty of the middle ages and the exuberant riches of the sixteenth or nineteenth century is still greater; but of course the invention of the art of printing and all the modern facilities of education must be taken into account.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.xiii.v.html (959 words)

	Denison University Art Gallery: Collection
		However, Denison is also fortunate to have a complete Pyu sandstone image dated from the seventh to ninth centuries, one of the earliest of its type, and a bronze walking Buddha from the Bagan period (eleventh to thirteenth century).
		The group of nineteenth century Buddha images is a comprehensive one, with standing and seated figures, as well as unusual representations of the Buddha shielded by Muchalinda Naga.
		The university holds several important Thai Buddha images that date from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, representing both the Sukhothai period (thirteenth to fourteenth centuries) and the transition to the Ayuddhya political phase in Thai history.
	www.denison.edu /artgallery/collection/asia.html (1425 words)

	Afghanistan Country Study
		By the mid-tenth century the Sammanid Dynasty crumbled in the face of attack from the Turkish tribes to the north and from a rising dynasty to the south, the Ghaznavids.
		In the middle of the tenth century Alptigin, a Turkish slave warrior of the Sammanid garrison in Nishapur (in present-day Iran) failed in a coup attempt against his masters and fled with his followers to Ghazni, which became the capital of the empire ruled by his successors.
		Early in the sixteenth century Babur, who was descended from Timor on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's, was driven out of his father's kingdom in Ferghana (now in the Soviet Union) by the Shaybani Uzbeks who had taken Samarkand from the Timurids.
	www.gl.iit.edu /govdocs/afghanistan/IslamicConquest.html (1932 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Eight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bishops in the early ninth century attempted to reverse the trend toward private confession and penance, or at least to control it.
		During the reign of Louis the Pious, in 816, the monk Benedict of Aniane was charged with establishing and regulating uniform practice in all monasteries in Frankland.
		543) as it was revised in the ninth century substituted social, educational and spiritual service for the required manual labor of the original rule.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e08.html (4533 words)

	The Beethoven Mystery - Why haven't we figured out his Ninth Symphony yet? By Jan Swafford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Which is all to say, the Ninth has attained the kind of ubiquity that threatens to gut any artwork.
		The Ninth, forming and dissolving before our ears in its beauty and terror and simplicity and complexity, ending with a cry of jubilation, is itself his kiss for all the world, from east to west, high to low, naive to sophisticated.
		There are those like me who favor the Ninth and others who prefer the Third, nicknamed "Eroica." In many ways, these two symphonies have always struck me as the chronological antipodes of Beethoven's lifelong journey away from the strictures of Viennese Classicism toward Romanticism.
	slate.msn.com /id/2084948 (1986 words)

	Institute for the Classical Tradition \| Boston University
		The Codex Sangallensis 190 was written at an undetermined location in the late eighth or early ninth century.
		By the ninth century, the collection had made its way to the area of St. Gallen, where it appears to have been cited in the context of a literary circle that included the bishops of Constance.
		The Sangallensis 190 therefore has much to say about how the literary works of Late Antiquity were preserved and used in literary-cum-family circles from the fifth through the ninth centuries.
	www.bu.edu /ict/ijct/search/5/2/mathisen.html (186 words)

	DragonBear: Strutt's Dress & Habits of England
		The Saxon Tunic as worn in the eighth Century.
		The Saxon Mantles as worn in the eighth century.
		Personages of Distinction of the Ninth & Tenth Centuries.
	www.dragonbear.com /strutt.html (519 words)

	[No title]
		Since the early eighteenth century, these have been translated into French, English, and Russian.12 These genealogies are quite apart from the dastan genre, and constitute yet another series of reference markers on the identity map.
		As is known, the ninth- eleventh centuries in Azerbaijan constituted a complex era.
		One of the main themes of this novel is the battle between the indigenous religion and Islam, introduced by Arab invaders in the eighth-ninth centuries.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/dedekorkut.html (6357 words)

	Byzantines.net - Veneration of Icons in the Byzantine Rite
		Icons were used in the first centuries of Christianity, first as an object of decoration or private devotion, and later exposed in Christian churches for public veneration.
		The golden age of Byzantine art and iconography began in the middle of the ninth century and ended with the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204.
		Unfortunately, due to the iconoclasm (violent opposition against the veneration of icons and sacred objects) of the eighth and ninth centuries, almost all primitive icons were destroyed.
	www.byzantines.net /moreinfo/venerateIcons.htm (1625 words)

	Manuscript Studies: Paleography: Historical Notes
		Uncial: from Latin "uncia," "inch-high." A formal, majuscule bookhand used especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts from the fourth to the ninth centuries.
		Anglicana: a particular Gothic cursive hand, particular to England of the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (the term originates with M. Parkes); originally a documentary hand, it came to be used as a bookhand.
		Secretary: introduced into England from France in the third quarter of the fourteenth century; by the sixteenth century it is the most prominent bookhand.
	www.ualberta.ca /~sreimer/ms-course/course/pal-hist.htm (1216 words)

	Arab Music - Page 54 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This contact was initiated during the ninth century under the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun (reigned 813-33.) This ruler established Bayt al-Hikmah, literally "the House of Wisdom," a scholarly institution responsible for translating into Arabic a vast number of Greek classics, including musical treatises by major Pythagorean scholars and works by Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus.
		Theoretical treatises written in Arabic between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries established an enduring trend in Near Eastern musical scholarship and inspired subsequent generations of scholars.
		Used during the eighth and ninth centuries, these modes were frequently alluded to in conjunction with the song texts included in the monumental Kitab al - Aghani, or Book of Songs, by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (died 967).
	trumpet.sdsu.edu /m345/Arab_Music1b.html (325 words)

	Jere's Ars Magica Saga: Aristocracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The rise of important families seems to be indicated but the introduction of patronymic names, starting in the ninth century and accelerating after the turn of the millennium.
		After the emperor Basil II crushed several rebellions of the provincial aristocracy, the dynatoi began to cooperate with the imperial government and slowly gravitate toward Constantinople, where they eventually developed an economic base founded on rents from land, salaries and imperial donations, plus some trade.
		During the early twelfth century three aristocracies existed: (1) the Komnenoi themselves and their "clan," a military aristocracy that monopolized military commands and provincial governorships; (2) the old families who took refuge in the bureaucracy and tended to make it a hereditary civil service; and (3) provincial families who dominated the countryside.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/Labyrinth/2398/bginfo/social/aristo.html (248 words)

	Southeast Asia, 500-1000 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The accession of Jayavarman II in the early ninth century marks the beginning of the powerful Angkor dynasty that will control much of the region from the tenth through the thirteenth century.
		The Shailendras, who control the maritime realm of Shrivijaya in the eighth and ninth centuries, and build the famed Borobudur, are prominent in Indonesia.
		By the ninth century, members of this linguistic group are found in Thailand and Burma.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/06/sse/ht06sse.htm (620 words)

	AllRefer.com - Thailand - Historical Setting \| Thai Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first mention of their existence in the region is a twelfth-century A.D. inscription at the Khmer temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which refers to syam, or "dark brown" people (the origin of the term Siam) as vassals of the Khmer monarch.
		Sukhothai was succeeded in the fourteenth century by the kingdom of Ayutthaya.
		Later in the century a famous monarch, Ramathibodi, made Theravada Buddhism the official religion of his kingdom, and Buddhism continued into the twentieth century as a dominant factor in the nation's social, cultural, and political life.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/thailand/thailand12.html (823 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Because of the favorable conditions for defense of its site, it was the scene of human habitation continuous from early times.It is thought that the earliest settlements occurred in the Byzantine period.
		It became of the most important settlements and religious centers for the Christian community between the ninth and thirteenth centuries.
		The places where they drew water and ground their grains and conducted their worship are still standing. These churches-most of which were built during the iconoclastic era-are built on the plan of one or two naves or a double nave.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/nevsehir/zelve.html (240 words)

	The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages - Cambridge University Press
		Autopsy of the West: the early fifth century Michel Rouche; 2.
		Break-up and metamorphosis of the West: fifth to seventh centuries Michel Rouche; 3.
		From the Hegiran model to the Arab kingdom: seventh to mid-eighth centuries Henri Bresc, and Pierre Guichard; 6.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521266440&print=y (369 words)

	BYZANTIUM: Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies 1996
		How this world was viewed by outsiders, a theme as revealing about Byzantine success (or failure) in promoting particular views of itself is the topic of two framing lectures; while the third session of the Symposium examines the interactions between Byzantium and the rest of the world from Francia to the Caliphate.
		But by the third day of the meeting we should have an understanding of the century which is synthetic; that can be seen to interact with the activities of the ninth-century state itself; and that will permit an appreciation of the why as well as the where, what and how.
		However numbered, the ninth century is discussed within a format which has evolved since the first Spring Symposium met in Birmingham in 1967.
	www.fordham.edu /Halsall/byzantium/texts/conf-byz-mar96.html (1804 words)

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