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	FDA/CFSAN/OPA: Agency Response Letter: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000065
		Nisin would be used in casings for frankfurters at a level of 3.15 milligrams (mg) per pound (lb) (equivalent to approximately 6.9 mg per kilogram (kg)) in the finished frankfurter and in cooked meats and poultry products sold ready-to-eat at a level of 2.5 mg/ lb (equivalent to 5.5 mg/kg).
		The resulting nisin concentrate is centrifuged and dried either at 140 degrees Fahrenheit (140F) for 4 hours in an oven, or at 180 F in a spray dryer.
		Rhodia estimates the eaters-only intake of nisin from the intended use to be approximately 0.6 milligrams per person per day (mg/p/d) at the mean consumption level and approximately 1.1 mg/p/d at the 90th percentile consumption level.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~rdb/opa-g065.html (1406 words)

	Microbial Cell Factories \| Full text \| Determination of bacteriocin activity with bioassays carried out on solid and ...
		Log nisin concentrations in the range of 1 to 1.000 IU/ml were plotted against average diameters of inhibition zones of inhibition as shown in Figs 1, 2, and 3.
		In preparation for nisin assay, samples of food were acidified and boiled in order to bring nisin into the aqueous phase, while in a second stage, the nisin-containing extracts were made alkaline and heated to inactivate nisin and provide a nisin-free diluent for standard.
		Nisin was added by the manufacturer to those products, (according to package information), and as none of the controls in the case of these two products produced an inhibition zone, it can be concluded that the extracts were satisfactorily freed from nisin by the alkali treatment.
	www.microbialcellfactories.com /content/5/1/30 (5886 words)

	Food preservative neutralizes anthrax spores
		Nisin is a natural antimicrobial peptide used as a preservative in heat-processed and low pH foods.
		Nisin was awarded the Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) designation in the U.S. Federal Register of April, 1988 and is approved as a natural food preservative in the United States.
		Spores were pre-treated with nisin and then given variety of tests, including their ability to germinate and to cause disease in mice.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-03/asfm-fpn031605.php (327 words)

	Business Wire: AMBI initiates new research collaboration on ni... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		AMBI is developing an injectable form of nisin as a possible treatment for serious antibiotic-resistant bacterial diseases known as hospital-acquired or nonsocomial infections.
		As a natural microbial product, nisin is already abundant in the environment, and the failure of nisin-resistance to be a major issue so far is an encouragement to its utility, and perhaps to that of the whole class of lanthocins.
		AMBI is also developing nisin, in oral forms, as possible treatments for colon infections and for ulcers caused by bacterial infections.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:19060738&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (517 words)

	Nisin -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin is an inhibitory polycyclic (Amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein) peptide with 34 (Organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group) amino acid residues used as a food preservative.
		The unsaturated amino acids origin from (A sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine) serine and (A colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein; occurs in the hydrolysates of certain proteins; an essential component of human nutrition) threonine.
		Nisin is produced by fermentation using the ((microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered plants) bacterium (Click link for more info and facts about Lactococcus) Lactococcus lactis.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ni/nisin.htm (326 words)

	NISIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin is a polypeptide bacteriocin, which is produced by special strains of lactic-acid bacteria Streptococcus lactis.
		The harmlessness of Nisin for living organisms and the quick destruction of it by enzymes of gastric and intestinal way were the reasons, which stimulated its broad use in most countries including such traditionally strict in food additive regulations as EC-countries and USA.
		Nisin is stable for two years from the date of manufacture provided it is stored dry, away from direct sun light and at 10 C.
	www.vend.ck.ua /nisin_eng.html (472 words)

	Profood - Food Ingredient supplier and distributor
		The bacteriocin nisin is a natural antimicrobial agent with activity against a wide variety of undesirable food borne (pathogenic) bacteria.
		Nisin was first introduced commercially as a food preservative in the UK approximately 30 years ago.
		Further developments of nisin are likely to include synergistic action of nisin with chelators and other bacteriocins, and its use as an adjunct in novel food processing technology such as higher pressure sterilisation and electroporation.
	www.profoodinternational.com /nisin-profood.html (324 words)

	Wonderwall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Moreover, research on nisin now underway at OSU may allow diabetics to take their daily dose of insulin with a nasal spray rather than a hypodermic needle.
		Nisin is one of a group of substances known as bacteriocins-another word you may encounter in the news more frequently.
		Her work showed that nisin adsorbed (formed a condensed layer) to surfaces and killed listeria bacteria that tried to attach to it.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /oap/story.php?S_No=36&storyType=oap&cmd=pf (1884 words)

	publication,
		The inoculum was a 2000 IU/ml nisin-resistant strain.
		The lag phase was approximately 5 h at 2000 IU/ml of nisin due to a decrease of the initial population in this culture.
		Presence of nisin in culture medium was thus of utmost importance to maintain an homogeneous nisin-resistant population during subcultures on TSB medium.
	members.aol.com /lmoraroth/cv/publicat.htm (877 words)

	Nisin, Antimicrobial Qualities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin is effective against a broad spectrum of gram-positive pathogens.
		Nisin is potentiated by the addition of simple compounds to become effective against resistance of bacteria to vancomycin.
		(Nisin alone does not affect Gram-negative organisms.) According to Price, the nisin is not affected by passage through the esophagus; it kills the bacteria in the stomach, and after leaving the stomach, is inactivated as soon as it enters the small intestine.
	psaoralhealth.com /nisin.htm (425 words)

	Nisin Z Could Be Food Preservative and Powerful Antibiotic
		Low doses of a food preservative called nisin Z kill bacteria by binding to a component of their cell membrane and poking holes in the cell, and the bacteria seem unable to evolve ways to fend off the drug the way they sometimes fend off conventional antibiotics, the authors say.
		Nisin Z is a member of a class of molecules called peptides, which are small protein-like molecules.
		The authors showed that nisin Z can't bind to membranes and poke holes when the membranes are treated with the potent antibiotic vancomycin, which blocks nisin Z from contacting the lipid II.
	www.webmd.com /news/19991216/nisin-z-food-preservative-antibiotic (761 words)

	Whole Foods Market : Health Info : Ingredients : Nisin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin is a natural antimicrobial agent used as a preservative in heat processed and low pH foods.
		The chemical nisin cannot be synthesized artificially, so the nisin-producing bacteria are basically farmed for their synthesis of nisin.
		In the U.S., nisin is used to inhibit outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum spores (the cause of botulism) and toxin formation in pasteurized process cheese spreads with fruits, vegetables or meats at levels not exceeding good manufacturing practice.
	www.wholefoods.com /healthinfo/nisin.html (612 words)

	Researchers synthesize nisin in a test tube
		Nisin works well against Gram-positive bacteria and food-borne pathogens that cause botulism and listeriosis because it punches holes into cell membranes and binds to essential molecules in the disease-causing bacteria.
		The researchers synthesized nisin simply in a test tube by using a single cyclase enzyme to re-create the process that normally occurs in a strain of the bacterium Lactococcus lactis found naturally in milk.
		Nisin is one of numerous members of a family of compounds called lantibiotics, all of which are candidates for bioengineering into new pharmaceuticals, van der Donk said.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=16570 (599 words)

	Wonderwall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin may be used on surfaces in spacecraft to protect the health of future astronauts during long space voyages to other planets.
		Nisin also shows potential as an emulsifying agent to stabilize foods and medicines.
		Nisin's emulsifying properties may also be useful in the search for drugs to combat cancer.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /oap/story.php?S_No=36&storyType=oap&page=3 (557 words)

	Kurt Greenberg : Mighty Nisin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin is better than polypeptides used to fight bacteria at 1000 times less strength than compounds currently in use.
		Nisin combined with Monolaurin is an effective combination to help neutralize a long list of potentially harmful bacteria, viruses and fungus.
		Nisin and Monolaurin are safe natural compounds and do not promote resistant bacteria and may be used as an adjunct to hand washing with plain soap and water.
	www.kurtgreenberg.com /Secure/Content/cb.asp?cbid=91 (905 words)

	New Oral Drug May Treat Colon Infections
		Nisin is being developed by AMBI Inc. for the treatment of severe bacterial infections of the colon.
		Nisin certainly appears to be an agent worthy of clinical study as a potential weapon against both of these stubborn infections," stated David Sachar, MD, Burrill B. Crohn Professor and Director, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York.
		A comparative laboratory study of nisin, vancomycin and metronidazole indicated that nisin was at least seven times more active than the other agents against C. difficile taken from 60 patents, without affecting the predominant "good" bacteria living in the colon that can be killed by other agents.
	www.docguide.com /dg.nsf/PrintPrint/8EB525E6C36F9A48852564BF006A0DAA (824 words)

	NISIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin concentrate is a white, micronized, spray-dried powder.
		Nisin concentrate: Forms a cloudy suspension in water due to the presence of denatured protein, but the nisin component behaves similary to the purifield material.
		In preparation for nisin assay, samples of food are acidified and boiled in order to bring nisin into the aqueous phase.
	apps3.fao.org /jecfa/additive_specs/docs/0/additive-0289.htm (1153 words)

	FDA/CFSAN/OPA: Agency Response Letter: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000065
		Nisin would be used in casings for frankfurters at a level of 3.15 milligrams (mg) per pound (lb) (equivalent to approximately 6.9 mg per kilogram (kg)) in the finished frankfurter and in cooked meats and poultry products sold ready-to-eat at a level of 2.5 mg/ lb (equivalent to 5.5 mg/kg).
		The resulting nisin concentrate is centrifuged and dried either at 140 degrees Fahrenheit (140F) for 4 hours in an oven, or at 180 F in a spray dryer.
		Rhodia estimates the eaters-only intake of nisin from the intended use to be approximately 0.6 milligrams per person per day (mg/p/d) at the mean consumption level and approximately 1.1 mg/p/d at the 90th percentile consumption level.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~rdb/opa-g065.html (1406 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Latest News - Nisin Engineered In Test Tube
		Insight into the biosynthesis of nisin is of particular interest because "even though it's been widely used as a food preservative for many decades, significant bacterial resistance to nisin has not developed," notes UIUC chemist Wilfred A. van der Donk.
		But despite nisin's nanomolar potency against a range of gram-positive bacteria, it isn't used to treat infections in humans because it isn't stable at the body's neutral pH and it is readily inactivated by physiological free thiols, notes John C. Vederas of the University of Alberta, Edmonton.
		He adds that "new active nisin analogs that are stable at neutral pH and are resistant to thiols would have great potential" in treating infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/84/i11/8411notw1.html (594 words)

	Prepared Foods: Natural additives from microbes - includes related article
		Nisin, the natural inhibitory substance produced by group N streptococci, is a heat stable polypeptide of 34 amino acids.
		Nisin applications in the dairy industry date back to 1951, when researchers showed inhibition of gas-blowing by anaerobic spore-formers in Swiss-type cheese made with a nisin-producing culture strain.
		If the amount of nisin can be increased sufficiently during cheese manufacture, cheese containing a "natural" microbial inhibitor could be used as an ingredient in other food applications.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3289/is_n6_v163/ai_16008022 (1347 words)

	[No title]
		We hypothesize that the understanding of the relationships between variables such as antimicrobial release phenomena, environmental factors, which influence release and susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to the released nisin is necessary for the development of an effective nisin-containing film.
		In order to understand mechanisms of nisin's utilization in commercial preservation processes, excess amount of nisin present in the simulating system was evaluated for biological activity against freshly prepared listeria.
		At the same time, nisin-tolerant cells recovered from slowly added nisin, developed temporary tolerance: these cells are becoming again nisin-sensitive after being grown in the absence of the bacteriocin.
	foodsci.rutgers.edu /gseminar/Abstracts/Yundong.doc (367 words)

	Sedna Health Products and Nutritional Supplements
		The antimicrobial peptide, nisin preparation, is a concentrate of dry material derived from the controlled fermentation of a naturally occurring milk (lactic acid) bacterium, Lactococcus lactis and has been designated by the FDA to be a GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) food additive and preservative.
		Nisin Clean may be used as an adjunct to hand washing with plain soap and water and can be a very effective cleanser when soap and water are not readily available, especially during travel.
		Nisin Clean should be included in the cleaning supplies of all child care centers, nursing and convalescent homes and other patient care institutions as well as the home.
	www.sednaproducts.com /news.asp?cbid=14 (1198 words)

	Nisin page
		Thus, if vancomycin could inhibit nisin activity this would demonstrate that Lipid II is used by nisin in its antibacterial activity.
		The acticity of nisin in these systems is now in the same concentration range as the MIC values (minimal inhibitory concentration).
		Interestingly, the pyrophosphate is bound mainly via hydrogen bonds to the backbone NH of nisin.
	www.chem.uu.nl /~breuk101/research_page/nisin.html (648 words)

	Silliker, Inc.
		Nisin usually has no effect on gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and molds, although gram-negative bacteria can be sensitized to nisin by sublethal heating, freezing and chelating agents.
		The spores of bacilli and clostridia are actually more sensitive to nisin than their vegetative cells although the antagonism is sporostatic, not sporicidal, thus requiring the continued presence of nisin to inhibit outgrowth of the spores (1).
		Nisin films were exposed to a medium containing Listeria monocytogenes and the contacting surfaces were evaluated at 4-h intervals for 12 h.
	www.silliker.com /html/eResearch/vol1issue2.php (1635 words)

	Food Science Central - Natural preservation of foods using bacterial metabolites and live addition of bacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin was discovered as a result of problems encountered in cheese-making, due to the growth of ‘inhibitory streptococci’ in milk stored overnight.
		Nisin also differs from most therapeutic antibiotics since it is a primary metabolite produced by a process involving ribosomal transcription and translation.
		Nisin can be quantified either in terms of the molecule or its biological activity, which is expressed as International Units and is defined as 0.001 mg of a standard nisin preparation.
	www.foodsciencecentral.com /fsc/ixid14740 (1670 words)

	CrossOver 2004 \| Poster Titles / Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Nisin, a 34-amino acid polypeptide with bactericidal activity, is the only bacteriocin that is produced commercially by microbial fermentation.
		Many useful applications of nisin were discovered and developed in food industries, animal science, and medical treatment during the past few decades.
		However, utilization of nisin is still limited due to its high price, which is a consequence of high-cost medium, low production rate during fermentation, and tedious recovery processes.
	www.lsc.psu.edu /crossover2004/demirciposter.html (175 words)

	1
		In the sucrose fermentation, the removal of lactate by the resin produced a RNC of 10 at the early stationary phase, and this was nearly double that of the alkali pH-controlled fermentation.
		The nisin concentration decreased rapidly in the sucrose fermentation after the highest cell density was reached at the eighth hour.
		Nisin, being an oligopeptide, was perhaps being utilized as a nitrogen source for growth.
	www.massey.ac.nz /~pyu/Lactate_Removal_on_Nisin_production_6.htm (1909 words)

	Food Safety: antimicrobial packaging
		Once the optimal level of nisin and cellulose viscosity has been established, organic acids and EDTA will be added to the cellulose coating to increase the effectiveness of nisin.
		Nisin containing film coatings quickly released the nisin within 8 hrs., were ineffective at 24 hrs.
		Nisin has proven to be an effective antimicrobial agent against Listeria monocytogenes when used in solution and as a additive in a cellulose-based package coating.
	www.clemson.edu /scg/food/cooksey.htm (982 words)

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