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Topic: Nitrate

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	Nitrate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of nitric acid.
		Nitrates such as potassium nitrate (saltpeter) and ammonium nitrate are important nitrogen carriers in fertilizers; lesser amounts of calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate and sodium nitrate are applied.
		Nitrates should not be confused with nitrites, the salts of nitrous acid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitrate (887 words)

	Nitrate -- A drinking water concern?
		Once nitrate is formed, its movement in soil and potential for contamination of ground water depend on several factors including the soil characteristics, location and characteristics of the underground water formations (aquifers), and climatic conditions.
		Because nitrates move with the flow of groundwater, the source may be located a considerable distance from the well.
		In many cases, the time needed for nitrate to pass through the soil into groundwater is difficult to predict due to many variables including application rate, the soil type, and the depth to the water table.
	www.gem.msu.edu /pubs/msue/wq19p1.html (549 words)

	G9808 Nitrate and Water, MU Extension
		Nitrate is not held by soil particles and not chemically fixed in the soil.
		Nitrate accumulation and losses by leaching and/or denitrification (return of nitrogen to the air) relate to soil texture, rainfall and the growth of plants.
		Nitrate salts found as crystals on the walls and in crevices of caves are believed to originate from evaporation of soil leachates.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/agchem/g09808.htm (1746 words)

	Calcium nitrate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian saltpeter) and Kalksalpeter, is a soluble salt with the formula Ca(NO It is deliquescent, readily absorbing moisture from the air.
		The fertilizer grade (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) is popular in the greenhouse and hydroponics trades; it has some ammonium nitrate and water incorporated in the molecular structure as 5Ca(NO There also is a formulation without ammonia: Ca(NO O (12.8-0-0 + 18.3%Ca).
		Most of the world's calcium nitrate is now made in Porsgrunn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calcium_nitrate (166 words)

	Nitrate (CASRN 14797-55-8), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency
		Nitrate levels were measured in two cases, with values of 50 and 177 mg/L (12 and 41 mg nitrate-nitrogen/L), respectively.
		Nitrate toxicity is due primarily to its conversion to nitrite, which oxidizes the Fe(+2) form of iron in hemoglobin to the Fe(+3) state.
		Assuming that a maximum of 10% of a dose of nitrate is converted to nitrite by an adult human, this would correspond to a NOAEL of 20 and a LOAEL of 200 mg nitrate- nitrogen/kg/day.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/0076.htm (3026 words)

	Nitrate Contamination
		The maximum allowable amount of Nitrate in water is 45 mg/L, the water biochemical oxygen demand BOD should not exceed 25 mg/L and the water total dissolved solids TDS not reach the value of 20.
		Basically Nitrate (NO3-) is not by itself harmful to human beings and animals, but once it is ingested by the organism, it could degrade into Nitrite (NO2-), a substance known to cause fatalities to children under the age of 6, at a period when their digestive system is not mature enough to detoxify it.
		Nitrate contaminated water in contact with the oil layers will have their nitrate transformed in nitrogen by micro-organisms the growth of which is enhanced by Carbon contained in oil.
	vastvietnam.org /truyet/trniteng.html (1896 words)

	Chemistry and the Aquarium
		Nitrate is often associated with algae, and indeed the growth of algae is often spurred by excess nutrients, including nitrate.
		Nitrate itself is not particularly toxic at the levels usually attained in aquaria, at least as it is so far known in the scientific literature.
		Nitrate is primarily used by microorganisms (such as bacteria) and those organisms that get much or all of their energy from photosynthesis, including algae, corals and sea anemones.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/august2003/chem.htm (3335 words)

	Nitrate in Drinking Water
		Nitrate is a natural constituent of plants and is found in vegetables at varying levels depending on the amount of fertilizer applied and on other growing conditions.
		The ability of nitrate to enter well water depends on the type of soil and bedrock present, and on the depth and construction of the well.
		A nitrate test is recommended for all newly constructed private wells and wells that have not been tested during the past five years.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/water/dwg/nitrate.htm (890 words)

	Nitrate: Health Risks to Consumers - How Nitrate and Nitrogen Pollution Happens and Dangers of Nitrate and Nitrogen ...
		Nitrate is a potential human health threat especially to infants, causing the condition known as methemoglobinemia, also called "blue baby syndrome".
		Nitrate is converted in the gut to nitrite, which then combines with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, thus decreasing the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
		Nitrate concentration is monitored in municipal water supplies world-wide, and in foodstuffs, to prevent exposure of populations to harmful or toxic levels.
	www.nitrate.com /nitrate1.htm (1175 words)

	Nitrate in Drinking Water
		To protect livestock, fodder can be tested for nitrate before being fed. The symptoms of nitrate poisoning in animals include a bluish or brownish discoloring of nonpigmented areas (around the mouth and eyes) or mucous membranes, a sluggish, staggering gait, rapid heartbeat, frequent urination and labored breathing followed by collapse.
		Nitrate contamination occurs when there is more nitrate in the soil than plants can use and when water can move easily through the soil and underlying rock.
		Since nitrate leaches through the soil into the groundwater, the only way to ensure a safe water supply is to control the application of nitrogen to the surface of the ground.
	www.cahe.nmsu.edu /pubs/_m/m-114.html (2787 words)

	EPA Ground Water & Drinking Water > breadcrumb? > Technical Factsheet on: NITRATE/NITRITE
		Potassium nitrates are used mainly as fertilizers (85%), with the remainder in heat transfer salts, glass and ceramics, and in matches and fireworks.
		Ammonium nitrates are used as fertilizers (84%) and in explosives and blasting agents (16%).
		Due to its high solubility and weak retention by soil, nitrates are very mobile in soil, moving at approximately the same rate as water, and has a high potential to migrate to ground water.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/dwh/t-ioc/nitrates.html (618 words)

	Review: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The regulatory level for nitrate in drinking-water supplies was determined after a survey of infant methemoglobinemia case reports in the United States indicated that no cases were observed at drinking-water nitrate levels 10 mg/L nitrate-N. Nevertheless, few cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported since the MCL was promulgated.
		Measured levels of nitrate and nitrite were not associated with risk; however, women in western Washington State, one of the three study centers, who used private wells as their drinking-water source during the pregnancy had a significantly increased risk of brain cancer in their offspring.
		Adverse health effects from drinking-water nitrates are most likely the result of a complex interaction of the amount of nitrate ingested, the concomitant ingestion of nitrosating cofactors and precursors, and medical conditions of the host that may increase nitrosation.
	www.foodconsumer.org /777/8/Drinking-Water_Nitrate_and_Health.shtml (6386 words)

	Nitrate Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		A nitrate salt forms if a positively charged ion attaches to one of the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the nitrate ion.
		Nitrates such as potassium nitrate (saltpetre) and ammonium nitrate are an important source of nitrogen in fertilizers.
		In Medicine, Nitrates such as nitroglycerin and isosorbide mono- and di- nitrates are particularly useful for prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/n/ni/nitrate.html (170 words)

	nitrate. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Nearly all metal nitrates are readily soluble in water; for this reason they are often used when a water soluble salt of a metal is needed.
		The presence of nitrates in the soil is of great importance, since it is from these compounds that plants obtain the nitrogen necessary for their growth.
		Organic nitrates are esters formed by reaction of nitric acid with the hydroxyl (-OH) group in an alcohol.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ni/nitrate.html (308 words)

	Nitrate and Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		In Iowa, nitrate was found in 94% of samples taken from shallow alluvial aquifers in agricultural areas compared to 77% of samples taken in urban areas, with a median nitrate level of 5.1 ppm in agricultural areas compared to a median of 1.8 ppm in urban areas.
		Nitrate in drinking water is positively associated with urine nitrate levels as well as excretion of nitrosoproline, a biomarker of endogenous nitrosation.
		Gangolli, in an excellent overview of the toxicology of nitrate, nitrite and NOCs, states that "The toxicokinetics and metabolic disposition of nitrate, nitrite and NOC are closely inter-related and have a pivotal role in influencing the bioavailability and toxicity of nitrite and NOC derived from ingested nitrate."
	www.cheec.uiowa.edu /nitrate/health.html (4474 words)

	Nitrate FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Nitrate also occurs naturally in the environment, is found in many vegetables and some processed meats, and is produced naturally within the human body.
		Nitrate levels in municipal and other public water supplies are required to be within federal standards.
		Nitrate is a naturally occuring form of nitrogen and is an integral part of the nitrogen cycle in our environment.
	www.cheec.uiowa.edu /nitrate/faq.html (2195 words)

	Learn more about Silver nitrate in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		This nitrate of silver is a light-sensitive ingredient in photographic film.
		A poisonous, corrosive compound, silver nitrate crystals can be produced by dissolving silver in nitric acid and evaporating the solution.
		Silver nitrate has been used as an antiseptic, dropped into new born babies' eyes at birth.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/si/silver_nitrate.html (281 words)

	National Film Preservation Foundation - Nitrate Degredation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Nitrate degradation is a slow chemical process that occurs because of two factors: the nature of cellulose nitrate plastic itself and the way that the film is stored.
		In spite of nitrate's inherent tendency to self-destruct, the natural aging process can be greatly slowed down by low-temperature storage.
		The lesson from nitrate that applies to all the major deterioration problems is that "nurture" (a good environment) can win over "nature" (the inherent rapid degradation of plastics and dyes under poor storage conditions).
	www.filmpreservation.org /preservation/nitrate.html (225 words)

	NECi FAQ Page with answers to questions on nitrate testing, NECi kits, nitrate reductase, new products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Nitrate is a water soluble compound and does not accumulate in body fat, as most herbicides and pesticides can do.
		Nitrate is changed to nitrite in the stomach of babies because their stomachs are not as acid as older children and adults.
		It has been known for years that consumption of excess nitrate leads to miscarriage in farm animals, but the animals in these studies were fed nitrate twenty to 100 times higher than anything humans will encounter (grasses and corn plants store nitrate in their tissues and may contain up to 1000 ppm nitrate).
	www.nitrate.com /faq2.htm (2956 words)

	Drinking Water: Nitrate and Drinking Water from Private Wells- Parasitic Pathways - Division of Parasitic Diseases
		Pregnant women also do not tolerate nitrates very well. In women who are nursing their babies, nitrate can pass through the mother’s milk to her baby and affect the baby indirectly.
		Please DO NOT heat or boil your water to remove nitrate. Because some of the water will evaporate during the boiling process, the nitrate levels of water can actually increase in concentration if the water is boiled. Mechanical filters or chemical disinfection, such as chlorination, DO NOT remove nitrate from water.
		Nitrate may be successfully removed from water using treatment processes such as ion exchange, distillation, and reverse osmosis.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dpd/healthywater/factsheets/nitrate.htm (265 words)

	Evidence for Iron-Dependent Nitrate Respiration in the Dissimilatory Iron-Reducing Bacterium Geobacter metallireducens ...
		Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities of cell lysates grown on FWA medium amended with iron with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor
		Evidence for a novel nitrate reductase in the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter metallireducens.
		Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/8/3750 (1513 words)

	Nitrate
		You can't test for nitrate to show that an aquarium has cycled, because all of the hobby nitrate tests actually indicate (NO3+NO2) leaving the charges off the ions for clarity.
		I hear many aquarists with heavily planted tanks report nitrate levels at zero becuase the plants utilize it all for biomass production (although light, CO2, and other nutrients must be available).
		Personally, I had trouble with their nitrate kit too (reagent wouldn't dissolve) and they told me it shouldn't affect my readings, but I could buy a standard solution to be sure.
	www.thekrib.com /Chemistry/nitrate.html (5307 words)

	Silver nitrate: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Silver nitrate is a chemical compound chemical compound quick summary:
		A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition....
		Silver sulfide (or silver sulphide in british english) is a fl compound of silver....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/si/silver_nitrate.htm (1295 words)

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