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Topic: Nitrification

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Denitrification

Nitrogen cycle

Soil life

Nitrogen fixation

Cellular respiration

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	Nitrification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates.
		Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.
		Nitrification also plays an important role in the removal of nitrogen from municipal wastewater.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitrification (238 words)

	Nitrification
		While this single stage, the process of nitrification, is reliant upon two specific, slow growing, aerobic bacteria, several genera of bacteria are capable of carrying out the final stage or the process of de-nitrification under anaerobic conditions by converting nitrate (NO3) to nitrogen gas (N2).
		This becomes an important consideration to the wastewater treatment plant operator or anyone involved in the design of nitrification facilities due to the fact that it is not possible, under normal conditions, to grow sufficient quantities of aerobic nitrifying bacteria without also cultivating a variety of de-nitrifying bacteria.
		This satisfied the two crucial requirements necessary for nitrification vastly increasing the amount of air able to be supplied to the aeration tanks as well as increasing the detention time through the tanks.
	www.mwwca.org /nitrite.htm (1676 words)

	Nitrification in Cold Weather - wastewater treatment
		One approach to increase nitrification in lagoons is to increase the biomass concentration, analogous to increasing the MLSS concentration in activated sludge systems to maintain nitrification at colder temperature.
		Nitrification was decreased in both lagoons in the springtime by high I and I flows and low influent ammonia concentration.
		Nitrification performance is expected to be improved in the upcoming second winter of operation, due to better nitrifier development on the Ringlace medium over the warm summertime period.
	www.lagoonsonline.com /richard.htm (2293 words)

	Nitrification
		Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, via nitrite, occupies a central position within the global nitrogen cycle.
		In wastewater treatment processes, nitrification and denitrification are essential for the removal of high levels of nitrogen and the relatively slow growth and sensitivity of ammonia oxidising bacteria often limits throughput.
		Despite the ubiquity of abundant and active populations of nitrifying bacteria in natural environments, the organisms are difficult to isolate, grow and maintain in laboratory culture and, consequently, little is known of their physiological diversity.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~mbi010/nitrification.htm (300 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Nitrification Options for Swine Wastewater Treatment
		Nitrification efficiencies of 91 percent were obtained at total N loading rates of 438 g/cu.m/day, and 42 percent at 1349 g N/cu.m/day.
		Two conclusions are suggested from this research: (1) that substantial nitrification of lagoon swine wastewater can be attained particularly using aerobic treatments with enriched nitrifying populations; and (2) that large mass removal of N from swine wastewater may be possible by sequencing nitrification and denitrification unit processes.
		Nitrification efficiencies of more than 90% were obtained in continuous flow treatment using total N loading rates of 438 g N/cu.m/ d and hydraulic residence time of 12 h.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=164513 (531 words)

	Hydroxyl / Nitrification - Biological Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One of the greatest challenges in achieving nitrification is the slow kinetics of the reaction (especially at low temperatures) and the low driving forces due to relatively low concentrations.
		Therefore, any nitrification system should be resistant to toxic and organic shock and capable of rapid re-establishment in the case of an upset.
		It is well recognized that with respect to nitrification, both separate stage (as opposed to combined stage) nitrification and attached growth (as opposed to suspended growth) contribute to process resiliency.
	www.hydroxyl.com /municipal/capabilities/nitrification.html (299 words)

	Granular Activated Carbon Filtration and Nitrification
		Nitrification in our plant occurred frequently with ammoniated waters in the piping from the primary basins having low levels of monochloramine (1.0p;1.5 mg/L), but was rarely detected in the sand filters or in the piping from the secondary basins where ammoniated waters flow with high chloramine levels (3.5p;4.5 mg/L).
		Nitrification problems such as this could be avoided by lowering the ammonia dosage (0.5p;0.7 mg/l) and accurately monitoring the TRA of filter influent or by applying free chlorine treatment prior to GAC filtration.
		Occurrences of nitrification in GAC filters are mostly associated with high concentrations of the total ammonia in the filter influent (>1.5 mg/L).
	www.wqpmag.com /wqp/index.cfm/powergrid/rfah=\|cfap=/CFID/2424643/CFTOKEN/50719389/fuseaction/showArticle/articleID/599 (2475 words)

	MARINELAND.COM - DR. TIM'S LIBRARY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nitrification is a vital process in the aquarium environment.
		Nitrification is also a part of the natural nitrogen cycle.
		However, nitrification is not a cyclic process because the end-product of nitrification is nitrate.
	www.marineland.com /reports/report1.asp (1375 words)

	Does Temperature Affect the Rate of Nitrification and Dentrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nitrification is the process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrate and nitrite.
		Nitrification and denitrification both require a sufficient supply of organic matter, a limited supply of oxygen, a pH range of six to seven, and an optimum temperature of 60°C. Human activity has greatly increased availability of this essential element of nature.
		The research hypothesis was that as the temperature increases the rates of nitrification and denitrification increases.
	oas.ucok.edu /OJAS/99/papers/white.htm (1159 words)

	WQ254 Nitrification, MU Extension
		Nitrification has two steps -- both are carried out by bacteria that live in the soil (Figure 1).
		Practically speaking, nitrification is very active during the spring and summer months, slows in the fall, and is essentially nonexistent during the winter.
		The end result of nitrification, nitrate (NO), is a form of nitrogen that is highly mobile and easily moves with water.
	muextension.missouri.edu /explore/envqual/wq0254.htm (571 words)

	Temperature and Moisture Effects on Nitrification Rates in Tropical Rain-Forest Soils -- Breuer et al. 66 (3): 834 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		inhibited nitrification by 100% (e.g., Bremner and Blackmer, 1979;
		Inhibition of nitrification in soil by heterocyclic nitrogen compounds.
		Measuring the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of nitrous oxide from soil.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/66/3/834 (6051 words)

	Nitrification Basics in Lagoon Systems
		In order for uninhibited nitrification to occur, a working DO level is 2.0 mg/l is suggested.
		Before nitrification can take place, the soluble BOD must be sufficiently reduced to eliminate this competition, generally down to 20-30 mg/l.
		The arte of nitrification is greatly influenced by temperature.
	www.lagoonsonline.com /ripple.htm (746 words)

	Nitrification, from ammonia to nitrate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nitrification is a biological process during which nitrifying bacteria convert toxic ammonia to less harmful nitrate.
		Nitrification is the natural biological process that lies at the heart of all fish filtration systems, with beneficial nitrifying bacteria converting toxic ammonia stepwise to less harmful nitrate.
		So we see that nitrification is a complex, vital process and we need to be providing ideal conditions, not only for the fish, but also nitrifying bacteria.
	www.fishdoc.co.uk /filtration/nitrification.htm (1161 words)

	Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nitrification is simply the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in the treatment plant rather than in the receiving water.
		Nitrification may be carried out in the same tank as BOD removal or in a separate stage.
		Nitrification may be carried out either in activated sludge flocs or in fixed films.
	water.me.vccs.edu /courses/ENV149/advancedb.htm (1696 words)

	ABI, Inc. - UltraClear Nitrification System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrite.
		The nitrification process can be easily upset and lose efficiency with the numerous changes that occur on a daily basis.
		It is intended to rapidly restart nitrification in plants that normally nitrify but have suffered some toxic shock, or need to begin a seasonal nitrification treatment program.
	ultraclear.com /UCnitrification.php (2363 words)

	Fertilizer - Nitrification Rate of Ammonia Fertilizers Effect on Fall Application Timing
		Nitrification inhibitors, such as N-Serve�, and high ammonium concentrations are two other factors that slow the nitrification rate.
		Nitrification rate of broadcast UAN (28% solution N) is even more rapid because of more intimate contact between the large soil volume and each spray droplet.
		Nitrification is much slower with AA because ammonia is injected into the soil and remains in a 2 to 6-inch diameter band.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /procrop/fer/ureana05.htm (410 words)

	Quantification of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Factors Controlling Nitrification in Salt Marsh Sediments -- Dollhopf ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nitrification potential (A) and denitrification potential (B) rates in SERF sediments during summer and winter as determined with sediment slurries.
		Dynamics of nitrification and denitrification in root-oxygenated sediments and adaptation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to low-oxygen or anoxic habitats.
		Influence of sulfide inhibition of nitrification on nitrogen regeneration in sediments.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/1/240 (4919 words)

	Remember 50 degrees \| Integrated Crop Management
		Nitrate, which is produced by soil microbes from ammonium in a process called nitrification, is a negatively charged ion and is leachable and subject to denitrification.
		Since nitrification is a microbe-mediated process, the rate is influenced by several factors that affect biological activity, such as ammonium supply, temperature, soil aeration (only occurs in aerobic soils); soil pH--range from 4.5 to 10.0 (optimum at pH 8.5); and soil moisture (highest at field capacity), but the largest influence is soil temperature.
		Also, the impact of a nitrification inhibitor on N loss is solely dependent on substantially more ammonium being present during an excessively wet period.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2005/9-19/fiftydegrees.html (918 words)

	Nitrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The effect of pH on nitrification [oxidation of ammonia] is significant.
		Many studies have shown that nitrification occurs within a rather narrow operating range, between 7.0 and 7.4 pH, with the optimal pH being 7.2.
		The nitrification process is hindered rapidly as the pH is lowered.
	www.l501.com /nitrification.htm (249 words)

	Allelopathic Inhibition of the Nitrogen Cycle by Monoterpenes
		The first step of nitrification involves the oxidation of ammonia by the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) to NH OH, which is later converted to nitrite and then nitrate (Bedard and Knowles 1989).
		The conservation of energy due to the inhibition of nitrification is therefore one argument for inhibition of nitrification.
		Soil nitrification potential in the field was not correlated with soil monoterpene yield, soil root density, or the mass of recent or old litter above soil cores.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_1998/adair.htm (3417 words)

	Nitrogen Fixation
		The ammonium ion (the conjugate acid of ammonia, NH that is produced by this reaction is the form of nitrogen that is used by living systems in the synthesis of many bio-organic compounds.
		Another way by which ammonia may be formed is by the process called nitrification.
		In this process compounds called nitrates and nitrites, released by decaying organic matter are converted to ammonium ions by nitrifying bacteria present in the soil.
	library.kcc.hawaii.edu /external/chemistry/everyday_nitrogen.html (359 words)

	Nitrification
		Bioconversion of dissolved organic material by heterotrophic bacteria is a precursor to nitrification as high levels of soluble organic products can inhibit nitrification.
		When nitrate is used, the nitrate must first be reduced to ammonia (the reverse of nitrification).
		For a long time, the aquarium hobby has believed that the bacteria responsible for nitrification in freshwater aquaria were Nitrosomonas europaea, which oxidises ammonia to nitrite, and Nitrobacter winogradskyi that oxidises nitrite to nitrate.
	members.optushome.com.au /chelmon/Nitrification.htm (1525 words)

	Penn State Wastewater Biology Series - Description of Courses
		The use of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) and "zoning" are illustrated.
		Nitrification provides a review of the biological principles of nitrification and their application for process control, troubleshooting, permit compliance, and cost-effective operation in the activated sludge process.
		The review includes the roles of nitrifying bacteria and organotrophic bacteria in the nitrification process as well as favorable and unfavorable operating conditions that significantly impact the bacteria and the ability of the treatment process to nitrify.
	www.outreach.psu.edu /C&I/Wastewater_Biology/coursedesc.html (1777 words)

	Sampling-Induced Increases in Net Nitrification in the Brush Brook (Vermont) Watershed -- Ross and Hales 67 (1): 318 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Effect of landscape position on N mineralization and nitrification in a forested watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York.
		Inhibition of nitrification in forest soil by monoterpenes.
		Soil nitrogen turnover-mineralisation, nitrification and denitrification in European forest soils.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/67/1/318 (4728 words)

	Using Chlorite ion to control nitrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nitrification is a microbiologically driven oxidation of ammonia first to nitrite (NO -), followed in a second step by oxidation of NO - to nitrate (NO Even if a 5:1 ratio (by weight) of chlorine to ammonia-nitrogen is maintained, a small amount of free ammonia is always present in water containing chloramines.
		Control of nitrification in a distribution system is dependent on control of a number of variables.
		A significant drawback to using chloramines is the potential for nitrification and subsequent loss of chloramine residual.
	www.clo2.com /reading/chlorite_ion.html (3697 words)

	PATTERNS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS AND NITRIFICATION RATES AMONG DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES IN PRAIRIE STREAMS - ...
		The rates of nitrification were determined by taking core samples in the field and using the nitrapyrin method in the lab.
		Whole stream nitrification rates were estimated by weighting laboratory-derived rates by the occurrence of each type of substrate.
		This indicates that much of the nitrification occurring within the stream is associated with the substrata sampled and that the laboratory method for determining nitrification rates gave surprisingly similar values to the whole-system measurements
	www.benthos.org /Database/nabstracts99.cfm/ID/320 (229 words)

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