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Topic: Nitrobenzene

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	Nitrobenzene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nitrobenzene is also used in shoe and floor polishes, leather dressings, paint solvents, and other materials to mask unpleasant odors.
		Nitrobenzene is also used in Kerr cells, as it has an unusually large Kerr constant.
		The classic method for forming nitrobenzene is to react benzene with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitrobenzene (362 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nitrobenzene is prepared by direct nitration of benzene in the presence of nitric and sulfuric acids (U.S. About 98% of all nitrobenzene produced is used in the synthesis of aniline; the major use of aniline is in the manufacture of polyurethanes.
		Nitrobenzene is formed in ambient air, particularly in urban areas, as a result of photochemical reactions of nitrogen oxides with benzene derived from automobile fuels (ATSDR, 1990).
		Nitrobenzene metabolites were shown to be bound to blood proteins, both in hemoglobin and in plasma (Albrecht and Neumann, 1985).
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/nitrobenzene.doc (4378 words)

	NITROBENZENE (AroKor Holdings Inc.)
		Nitrobenzene is manufactured commercially by nitration of benzene (also a common air pollutant) using a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.
		Nitrobenzene is used as a mild oxidizing agent in the syntheses of quinoline and fuchsin.
		Nitrobenzene is used to produce lubricating oils such as those used in motors and machinery.
	www.chemicalland21.com /industrialchem/organic/NITROBENZENE.htm (469 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - Nitrobenzene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The majority of nitrobenzene is used to manufacture aniline, which is a chemical used in the manufacture of polyurethane.
		Nitrobenzene is also used to produce lubricating oils and in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, pesticides, and synthetic rubber.
		Acute inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure to nitrobenzene in humans produces methemoglobinemia, in which hemoglobin (which carries oxygen in the blood) is converted to methemoglobin, resulting in lowering the amount of oxygen released to the tissues of the body.
	www.epa.gov /ttnatw01/hlthef/nitroben.html (1135 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Nitrobenzene
		Nitrobenzene is also used to produce lubricating oils such as those used in motors and machinery.
		Nitrobenzene in soil can move into the groundwater, be taken up by plants, evaporate to the air, and be broken down by bacteria.
		The EPA recommends that levels in lakes and streams should be limited to 17 parts of nitrobenzene per million parts of water (17 ppm) to prevent possible health effects from drinking water or eating fish contaminated with nitrobenzene.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts140.html (868 words)

	[No title]
		Nitrobenzene is a federal hazardous air pollutant and was identified as a toxic air contaminant in April 1993 under AB 2728.
		Nitrobenzene is a greenish-yellow crystalline solid or colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid with an almond oil odor.
		Nitrobenzene is soluble in about 500 parts water and freely soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, acetone, and oils.
	www.scorecard.org /chemical-profiles/html/nitrobenzene.html (761 words)

	Nitrobenzene (EHC 230, 2003)
		Nitrobenzene activation in rats to methaemoglobin-forming metabolites appears to be mediated to a significant degree by intestinal microflora.
		Nitrobenzene was non-genotoxic in bacteria and mammalian cells in vitro and in mammalian cells in vivo.
		Soil suspensions with initial nitrobenzene concentrations in the range of 5–10 mg/litre and inoculated with a low inoculum density (1 ml of a 1% loam suspension) were incubated in the dark at 25 °C. Primary degradation (ring cleavage) was monitored by measuring the UV absorption in the wavelength range of 250–268 nm.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc230.htm (12839 words)

	NITROBENZENE - LoveToKnow Article on NITROBENZENE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Meta-dinitrobenzene is formed by the direct nitration of nitrobenzene with fuming nitric acid, the product being poured into water and recrystallized from dilute alcohol.
		It forms practically colorless needles which melt at 89.70 C., and boil at 3o2~8 C. It is used for the preparation of meta-phenylene diamine.
		Berlin, 1884), holds that the purple or golden hair of Nisus is the sun, and Scylla the moon, and that the origin of the legend is to be looked for in a very ancient myth of the relations between the two, which he endeavours to explain with the aid of Indian and German parallels.
	73.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NI/NITROBENZENE.htm (793 words)

	nitrobenzene. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Nitrobenzene melts at 5.85°C, boils at 210.9°C, is only slightly soluble in water, but is very soluble in ethanol, ether, and benzene.
		Nitrobenzene is also used in shoe and floor polishes, leather dressings, and paint solvents to mask unpleasant odors.
		As oil of mirbane, nitrobenzene was used as an inexpensive perfume for soaps and cosmetics but is now considered too toxic for such applications.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ni/nitroben.html (160 words)

	ms_temper's Xanga Site
		Nitrobenzene is used to synthesize aniline and substituted nitrobenzenes and anilines.
		Nitrobenzene may be taken up by plants; in available studies, however, it appeared to be associated with roots, and very little was associated with other parts of the plant.
		Nitrobenzene is produced commercially by the exothermic nitration of benzene with fuming nitric acid in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst.
	www.xanga.com /ms_temper (3340 words)

	Nitrobenzene/Aniline - Market Size, Market Share and Demand Forecast;
		Nitrobenzene is produced by nitration of benzene with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst and dehydrating agent.
		Ninety-plus percent of nitrobenzene is converted to aniline by hydrogenation.
		The highly exothermic catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (heat of reaction about 130 kilocalories per mol) is carried out commercially in the presence of excess hydrogen in both the vapor phase and the liquid phase.
	nexant.ecnext.com /coms2/summary_0255-142_ITM (1644 words)

	RAIS: Nitrobenzene (98-95-3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although nitrobenzene can be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, it is most commonly absorbed through the respiratory tract and skin (U.S. Humans breathing air containing 5-30 g nitrobenzene/L retained approximately 80% in the respiratory tract, and the amount of retained nitrobenzene remained fairly constant over a period of 6 hours (Beauchamp et al., 1982).
		Following gavage administration of radiolabeled nitrobenzene to rabbits, Parke (1956) recovered 1% of a 250-mg/kg dose as CO, and 0.6% was exhaled as unchanged nitrobenzene.
		Bile is a minor route of excretion of nitrobenzene and its metabolites in rats; 2-4% of an oral dose was excreted by this route in 12 hours (Rickert et al., 1983).
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/nitrobenzene_f_V1.shtml (4477 words)

	PRODUCT MATRIX - Nitrobenzene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nitrobenzene, a highly toxic substance, is a pale yellow to dark brown oily liquid whose odor resembles bitter almonds or fl paste shoe polish.
		Nitrobenzene is found in some shoe polish, furniture polish and floor polish, leather dressings, paint solvents, gun bluing, and is sometimes used to mask unpleasant odors.
		At increased risk are pregnant women (due to the ability of nitrobenzene to cross the placenta), individuals consuming alcoholic beverages, and individuals with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency.
	www.purdue.edu /dp/envirosoft/housewaste/house/nitroben.htm (129 words)

	Preparation of nitrobenzene
		Return the nitrobenzene to the funnel, and shake it vigorously with an equal volume of cold water.
		The acids are to some extent soluble in nitrobenzene, so vigorous stirring removes as much of this into the aqueous layer as is possible.
		However nitrobenzene tends to produce an emulsion if this is done, which takes a long time to separate, so the step is best omitted.
	www.rod.beavon.clara.net /nitrobenzene_prep.htm (697 words)

	Nitrobenzene [factsheet]
		However, this method is not specific for nitrobenzene, as many toxic chemicals produce methemoglobin.
		* Acute (short-term) inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure to nitrobenzene in humans produces methemoglobinemia, which is the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in the blood, which lowers the oxygen released to the tissues of the body.
		* The odor threshold for nitrobenzene is 0.018 ppm.
	www.weblakes.com /toxic/NITROBENZENE.HTML (961 words)

	Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 98953
		Nitrobenzene is also produced by the photochemical reaction of benzene with oxides of nitrogen.
		AQUATIC FATE: The half-life of nitrobenzene in the Rhine River in The Netherlands was
		Nitrobenzene was detected in the final effluent of 3 POTWs and an oil refinery.
	www.speclab.com /compound/c98953.htm (790 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Salient feature of the invention is in identifying the flowering stimulant property as one of the essential properties of Nitrobenzene and inventing a novel composition containing nitrobenzene for application to agricultural and horticultural crops.
		Nitrobenzene in ionic surfactant base with fillers enhancing the activity by synergism wherein the process comprises of the ionic surfactant being manufactured by neutralizing acid slurry and the resultant dark colour bleached to bring about honey colour to which nitrobenzene is charged and fillers added to secure the optimum 20% concentration of Nitrobenzene.
		Nitrobenzene being sprayed on Blank granules by suitable nozzles from the pressure vessel 2 after dissolving the correct quantity of coating agent.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/86049.031023&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3325 words)

	NITROBENZENE
		A two year study titled "A Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Study of Nitrobenzene in B6CF1 Mice, Fischer 344 Rats and Sprague-Dawley Rats", was released by the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CIIT).
		The report indicates that Nitrobenzene has weak carcinogenic activity in rodents after chronic inhalation exposure and may express carcinogenic activity in humans.
		Based upon the result of this animal testing, Nitrobenzene should be handled as a potential carcinogen.
	www.jtbaker.com /msds/englishhtml/n4530.htm (1642 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency
		Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to nitrobenzene may be severe and include cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure), and cardiac arrhythmias.
		If elapsed time since ingestion of nitrobenzene is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4.
		Warning: Ingestion of nitrobenzene may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/CeppoEHS.nsf/firstaid/98-95-3?OpenDocument (683 words)

	the preparation of phenylamine (aniline)
		The benzene is first converted to nitrobenzene which is in turn reduced to phenylamine.
		Benzene is nitrated by replacing one of the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring by a nitro group, NO The benzene is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. The mixture is held at this temperature for about half an hour.
		Nitrobenzene is reduced to phenylammonium ions using a mixture of tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/aniline/preparation.html (572 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the diffusion process, the mole ratio of aniline to nitrobenzene is perhaps larger compared to when TMA (OH) is unsupported by a zeolite framework, especially when nitrobenzene is limited as in a dropwise addition to the aniline ion within the restricted intracrystalline channel.
		The process of the invention may be carried out in a semi-batch mode with nitrobenzene charged to the reaction zone gradually over a period of time sufficient to achieve high selectivity to 4-ADPA and a charge of aniline is charged to the reaction zone initially with the nitrobenzene.
		While nitrobenzene and aniline (if used) are recited as reactants, the method is also applicable to the use of nitrobenzene, nitrosobenzene or substituted aniline derivatives, including compounds containing one or more nuclear substituents which do not interfere with the reaction.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/98252.011227&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (10883 words)

	A Continuous System for Fe0 Reduction of Nitrobenzene in Synthetic Wastewater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nitrobenzene is a major environmental pollutant, and its degradation is difficult to achieve.
		Zerovalent iron (Fe) has been successfully employed to reduce nitrobenzene to aniline in synthetic wastewater in both batch and continuous flow reactors.
		The concentration of nitrobenzene studied was that which would be present in industrial wastewater streams (millimolar, 123 ppm), a concentration range considerably higher than those studied previously with groundwater by other researchers.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2001/35/i15/abs/es0014943.html (235 words)

	NTP: Nitrobenzene
		Primary Uses or Exposures: Most nitrobenzene (97%) is used in the manufacture of aniline.
		Nitrobenzene is found in soaps and shoe and metal polishes and is used as a solvent for cellulose ester, in modifying esterification of cellulose acetate, and in refining lubricating oils.
		Nitrobenzene also is used as a solvent in petroleum refining and the synthesis of other organic compounds, such as acetaminophen.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=CE559E73-F1F6-975E-76EEBA788A46F5FB (177 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		C. Abiotic Effects Nitrobenzene reacts with hydroxyl radicals and ozone in the atmosphere.
		In moderately polluted conditions the half-life of nitrobenzene in the atmosphere may be reduced by a factor of 10.
		Occupational exposure to nitrobenzene is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
	www.epa.gov /opptintr/chemfact/nitro-sd.txt (872 words)

	nitrobenzene
		It is prepared by treating benzene with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids; in the resulting nitration reaction, one hydrogen in the benzene molecule is replaced with a nitro group, NO The major use of nitrobenzene is in the production of
		, commercially the most important amine; nitrobenzene is heated with iron and dilute hydrochloric acid, and the resulting anilinium chloride is treated with sodium carbonate to release aniline.
		In the pharmaceutical industry nitrobenzene is used in the production of the analgesic
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0835740.html (237 words)

	On the Fragmentation of Nitrobenzene and Nitrotoluenes Induced by a Femtosecond Laser at 375 nm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The photodissociation of nitrobenzene and the nitrotoluene isomers at 375 nm, induced by a 90 femtosecond laser, is analyzed and compared with the fragmentation by a 10 nanosecond laser at the same wavelength.
		For nitrobenzene, it is suggested that most of the dissociation occurs from the nitrobenzene structure rather than that of phenyl nitrite.
		In the case of o-nitrotoluene, it seems that the hydrogen transfer from the -CH to the NO group (ortho effect) is favored in ionic states, while the rearrangement to a nitrite structure is possible in the excited electronic states.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcafh/1997/101/i12/abs/jp963187i.html (242 words)

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