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Topic: Nitrogen fixation process

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	Nitrogen fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N
		Nitrogen fixation is performed naturally by a number of different prokaryotes, including bacteria, and actinobacteria certain types of anaerobic bacteria.
		Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) occurs when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by a pair of bacterial enzymes called nitrogenase (Postgate 1998).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitrogen_fixation (379 words)

	Nitrogen Fixation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Nitrogen is a primary nutrient for all green plants, but it must be modified before it can be readily utilized by most living systems.
		Nitrogen fixation is one process by which molecular nitrogen is reduced to form ammonia.
		The nitrogen that is fixed by the processes described above is eventually returned to the atmosphere by this denitrification process, to complete what is commonly referred to as the "nitrogen cycle".
	library.kcc.hawaii.edu /external/chemistry/everyday_nitrogen.html (359 words)

	Biological Nitrogen Fixation
		Nitrogen fixation rates from 75 to 300 kilograms of N per hectare per year (70 to 275 pounds of N per acre per year) are common in various combinations.
		Nitrogen fixation is characteristically higher in environments such as tropical soils, where such factors as substrate availability, temperature and moisture are more favorable to the maintenance and activity of a high bacterial population.
		Most of the nitrogen fixation in marine environments (about 20% of the total amount of annual biological fixation) is attributed to the cyanobacteria but many other kinds of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms have also been found in such environments.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /SS180 (2181 words)

	Nitrogen fixation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert form (N
		Nitrogen fixation is performed naturally by a of different prokaryotes including bacteria actinomycetes and cyanobacteria.
		Nitrogen can also be artificially fixed for as fertilizer or in other industrial processes.
	www.freeglossary.com /Nitrogen_fixation (265 words)

	LEGUME NITROGEN FIXATION AND TRANSFER
		Factors that influence the quantity of nitrogen fixed are the level of soil nitrogen, the rhizobia strain infecting the legume, amount of legume plant growth, how the legume is managed, and length of growing season.
		The primary pathways for nitrogen transfer from the legume to the soil are through grazing livestock and decomposition of dead legume plant material.
		This is a major nitrogen transfer pathway for cool-season annual legumes overseeded on warm-season perennial grasses because the clover-growing period occurs before the warm-season grass-growing period.
	overton.tamu.edu /clover/cool/nfix.htm (1520 words)

	Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes
		Within these nodules, nitrogen fixation is done by the bacteria, and the NH produced is absorbed by the plant.
		However, nitrogen fixation by legumes can be in the range of 25-75 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year in a natural ecosystem, and several hundred pounds in a cropping system.
		Nitrogen fertilizer is applied at planting to these legumes when grown on sandy or low organic matter soils to supply nitrogen to the plant before nitrogen fixation starts.
	www.csun.edu /~hcbio027/biotechnology/lec10/lindemann.html (1628 words)

	Nitrogen Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Nitrogen will only react with oxygen in the presence of high temperatures and pressures found near lightning bolts and in combustion reactions in power plants or internal combustion engines.
		Nitrogen in the air becomes a part of biological matter mostly through the actions of bacteria and algae in a process known as nitrogen fixation.
		Nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted under great pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst to make ammonia.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/nitrogencycle.html (345 words)

	Nitrogen Fixation. FREE Quality Information on Nitrogen Fixation and much more! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Nitrogen Fixation, biological or industrial process by which molecular atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a chemical compound that is essential for plant growth and is also used in industrial chemical production.
		Much smaller amounts of nitrogen are fixed in the soil by nonsymbiotic (free-living) bacteria such as the aerobes, which function in the presence of oxygen, and bacteria of the genera Klebsiella and Bacillus, which function without oxygen.
		Nitrogen is constantly being removed from the air and returned to it in a series of chemical reactions known as the nitrogen cycle...
	www.thebestaffiliate.com /science/nitrogen-fixation.php (359 words)

	Nitrogen fixation - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Nitrogen in these forms can then be used in the manufacture of nitrogen-requiring molecules such as the amino acids that make up proteins.
		Nitrogen fixing bacteria belonging to genera such as Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, etc. are commonly found in root nodules on plants (mostly legumes), and some crops are grown only because the high levels of nitrogen compounds produced in the roots.
		Abstract: The pairs of nitrogen fixation genes nifDK and nifEN encode for the alpha and beta subunits of nitrogenase and for the two subunits of the NifNE protein complex, involved in the biosynthesis of the FeMo cofactor, respectively.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Nitrogen_fixation (2183 words)

	MSU study finds new microbial source of nitrogen fixation
		A team of scientists from Michigan State University has discovered a new and unusual source of nitrogen fixation, the process that converts the nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form that is used by all life on Earth.
		Nitrogen fixation occurs in certain plants, Breznak said, particularly in the root nodules of certain legumes.
		It had been known for many years that nitrogen fixation took place within termites and could provide up to 60 percent of the nitrogen needs of the insects.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-06/aaft-msf062701.php (400 words)

	Nitrogen Fixing Trees - The Multipurpose Pioneers
		Nitrogen fixation is a pattern of nutrient cycling which has successfully been used in perennial agriculture for millennia.
		Nitrogen is often referred to as a primary limiting nutrient in plant growth.
		Nitrogen fixation, a process by which certain plants "fix" or gather atmospheric N2 and make it biologically available, is an underlying pattern in nature.
	www.agroforestry.net /pubs/NFTs.html (1276 words)

	Nitrogen fixation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		We shall deal first with the process of nitrogen fixation and the nitrogen-fixing organisms, then consider the microbial processes involved in the cycling of nitrogen in the biosphere.
		The total biological nitrogen fixation is estimated to be twice as much as the total nitrogen fixation by non-biological processes.
		So, the only nitrogen available to support new growth will be that which is supplied by nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere (pathway 6 in the diagram) or by the release of ammonium or simple organic nitrogen compounds through the decomposition of organic matter (pathway 2).
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm (2449 words)

	nitrogen fixation
		Clover root weevil is a severe threat to white clover, which is important for nitrogen fixation in pastures and contributes greatly to pasture nutritional value...
		Nitrogen fixation bacterias, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Phosphate solubilising bacteria were being covered to ensure quality control, he added.
		Where it is firmly established, the clover root weevil reduces clover persistence in the pasture, and nitrogen fixation.
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/nitrogen_fixation.html (304 words)

	Nitrogen fixation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Nitrogen fixation is performed naturally by certain types of anaerobic bacteria.
		Legumess such as clover contain symbiotic bacteria of this type within nodules in their root systems, producing nitrogen compounds that help to fertilize the soil.
		Nitrogen can also be artificially fixed for use as fertilizer or in other industrial processes.
	www.news-server.org /n/ni/nitrogen_fixation.html (133 words)

	History of ChEn: Nitrogen
		Because of this bond, nitrogen gas simply does not participate in any reactions at room temperature (or even at the higher temperatures found in small fires), and is therefore described as inert.
		Nitrogen Oxide (NO) A colorless bi-product formed in internal combustion engines where high temperatures and pressures are capable of combining the nitrogen and oxygen gases found in the air.
		Nitrogen Dioxide (NO) Otherwise known as smog, this brown gas comes about as nitrogen oxide is spontaneously oxidized in the atmosphere.
	www.pafko.com /history/h_s_n2.html (1055 words)

	Nitrogen Fixation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		However, the nitrogen found in the atmosphere cannot be used by plants and animals to produce the proteins that are vital to growth.
		In the simplest of terms the Nitrogen Cycle is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into useable forms of nitrogen compounds (nitrogen fixation) and the breakdown (denitrification) of these compounds back into atmospheric nitrogen.
		The process is constantly undergoing change as new techniques are discovered and as the farmers have ideas of their own for capturing nitrogen from the air.
	www.humboldt.edu /~farm/studentprojects/jbd12 (475 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Role of Soil Oxygen Enrichment in the Response of Nitrogen Fixation to Drought Stress in ...
		However, the nitrogen fixation process is generally quite sensitive to soil drying.
		One cultivar, Jackson, was previously discovered to have nitrogen fixation that was tolerant to water-deficit conditions.
		To test the interaction of O2 limitation and water deficit on N2 fixation, nodule permeability of well-watered and drought-stressed plants was decreased by enriching the rhizosphere with O2, and the effects were measured on the response of plant mass accumulation.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=120682 (392 words)

	Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science - Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		To investigate the input of combined nitrogen by cyanobacteria in mangrove ecosystems and the seasonal fluctuation of this biological process, in situ nitrogen fixation activity was measured in day and night experiments carried out at Maruhubi mangrove ecosystem adjacent to Zanzibar town.
		The results suggest that in the investigated ecosystem cyanobacterial diversity and nitrogen fixation are high; and generally seasonal changes do not have a significant influence on nitrogen fixation.
		It is therefore concluded that cyanobacterial diversity and nitrogen fixation process may contribute in the promotion of primary productivity in the mangrove ecosystem adjacent to Zanzibar town.
	www.ajol.info /viewarticle.php?id=9920 (379 words)

	Forages
		Although air-supplied nitrogen is the primary source of N for the fertilizer industry, as well as the source used by legumes, it does not come free.
		Nitrogen in air exists as two N atoms that are tripled-bonded together; in effect, the atoms are glued, stapled, and taped together, not to be undone without a great expenditure of energy.
		In symbiotic N fixation, as is the case with legumes, these same steps are required of the Rhizobia bacteria.
	www.forages.psu.edu /topics/establishment/innoculation/process.html (528 words)

	"Biological Nitrogen Fixation"
		The approach we are adopting is to isolate mutants of biological nitrogen fixation process and then identify the relevant genes and manipulate these to develop efficient strains.
		The ineffectiveness of the mutant strains was supported by the following facts: i) starch accumulated in the host cortical cells remains unutilized, where as in the wild type strain starch produced is being utilized simultaneously during nitrogen fixation phase of the cells and ii) presence of senescent bacteroid Fig.
		We have associated auxotrophy in cicer rhizobium with symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
	www.nrcpb.org /bioNfixation.html (435 words)

	Technical paper 2: Biological nitrogen fixation
		Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the process whereby atmospheric nitrogen (N=N) is reduced to ammonia in the presence of nitrogenase.
		Since nitrogen is commonly the most limiting plant nutrient in arable farming in the tropics and also the most expensive element as a mineral fertilizer, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) holds great promise for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa.
		Biological nitrogen fixation is the process of capturing atmospheric nitrogen by biological processes.
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5546E/x5546e05.htm (3616 words)

	Nitrogen Cylcle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Nitrogen gas is very stable and is unavailable for organisms to use
		Nitrogen moves in a cycle in ecosystems from living things – to the environment – to living things.
		Nitrogen must be “fixed” (converted to a nitrate compound) before it can be used by organisms.
	www.pwc.k12.nf.ca /wadey/1206/ecology/u3_nitrogen.htm (126 words)

	Study Questions 4
		The symbionts in the symbiotic nitrogen fixation process are:
		As plant residue decomposes in soil, it's percent nitrogen decreases and it's C:N ration widens.
		Mycorrhizae and symbiotic nitrogen fixation are examples of an infection of plant roots by soil bacteria.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /agronomy/soils305/rvw4-3.htm (1374 words)

	Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis and Nitrogen Fixation under Severe Conditions and in an Arid Climate -- Zahran 63 (4): 968 ...
		fixation of legumes is also highly sensitive to soil water deficiency.
		Nitrogen fixation by the Frankia-actinorhizal symbiosis may be limited by low available P in soils.
		Nitrogen fertilization is sometimes needed to achieve a substantial yield of legumes (e.g., soybean) when the symbiotic N
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/63/4/968 (9998 words)

	Synergy Vol 2 No 4: Fixing the Nitrogen Fixation Challenge
		Professor Dilworth lectures in microbiology and is also Deputy Director of the Centre for Rhizobium Studies, which specialises in researching the role of legume root nodule bacteria in the nitrogen fixation process.
		Professor Dilworth began his OSP with the International Symposium for Nitrogen Fixation at the Institute Pasteur in Paris.
		Professor Dilworth was also the first to demonstrate that it was the plant that was responsible for producing the globin part of leghemoglobin -- a pigment vital for nitrogen fixation in legume nodules.
	wwwcomm.murdoch.edu.au /synergy/9804/dilworth.html (686 words)

	Simulating Interactive Effects of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, Carbon Dioxide Elevation, and Climatic Change on Legume ...
		in response to elevated CO and capability of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (under the experimental climate conditions).
		(a) Contemporary CO, varied climate, with symbiotic nitrogen fixation; (b) contemporary CO concentration, variable climate, with and without symbiotic nitrogen fixation; (c) variable CO and climate, with symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
		T0/T2, monthly mean temperature unchanged/increased by 2°C; P0/P1, monthly precipitation unchanged/increased by 10%; C0/C1, current/doubled CO concentration; N0/N1, without/with symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/2/634 (3850 words)

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