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Topic: Nitrogen fixing

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	The Nitrogen Cycle
		Nitrogen is a component of many organic molecules.
		Nitrogen is the major component of earth's atmosphere.
		The use of inorganic fertilizers and depleting nitrogen resources by overharvesting legumes (which have nodules in their roots formed by a symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen) and overmining nitrogen also alter an ecosystem.
	library.thinkquest.org /11353/nitrogen.htm (387 words)

	Nitrogen-fixing discoverey
		Nitrogen makes up 78 percent of the Earth's atmosphere and, thanks to a 90-year-old industrial process, it can be converted to ammonia-based fertilizer that sustains about 40 percent of the world's population, according to Fryzuk.
		The problem with converting -- or fixing -- nitrogen into a usable, industrial form is that, although the element is a simple molecule, it is held together by an incredibly strong bond between two atoms.
		The Chirik team, however, was able to break the nitrogen molecule's atomic bond, using zirconium in a soluble form, at just 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) and add hydrogen atoms to this so-called "dinitrogen bridge." Complete fixation to ammonia was achieved at 85 degrees Celsius (185 degrees Fahrenheit).
	www.news.cornell.edu /Chronicle/04/3.4.04/nitrogen.html (580 words)

	Biological Nitrogen Fixation
		Nitrogen fixation rates from 75 to 300 kilograms of N per hectare per year (70 to 275 pounds of N per acre per year) are common in various combinations.
		Nitrogen fixation is characteristically higher in environments such as tropical soils, where such factors as substrate availability, temperature and moisture are more favorable to the maintenance and activity of a high bacterial population.
		Free-living nitrogen-fixing anaerobic bacteria are present and fix nitrogen in the intestinal contents of a variety of animals (herbivores) and also man. Nitrogenase activity is generally quite low and its significance in terms of satisfying nutritional requirements of the host appears doubtful.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /SS180 (2181 words)

	Nitrogen Fixing Trees - The Multipurpose Pioneers
		Nitrogen fixation is a pattern of nutrient cycling which has successfully been used in perennial agriculture for millennia.
		Nitrogen is often referred to as a primary limiting nutrient in plant growth.
		Nitrogen fixation, a process by which certain plants "fix" or gather atmospheric N2 and make it biologically available, is an underlying pattern in nature.
	agroforestry.net /pubs/NFTs.html (1276 words)

	Zehr Research
		In the case of nitrogen, nitrogen sources are primarily the flux of nitrate from nutrient-rich deep water across the nutricline and thermocline, and the recycling of nitrogen from excretion of waste my microzooplankton, zooplankton and larger animals.
		A large reservoir of nitrogen is available in the Earth's atmosphere (approximately 80% of the atmosphere), but not all organisms have the capability to fix nitrogen.
		Despite the fact that reduced nitrogen is found in low concentrations in the open ocean, measured rates of nitrogen fixation are low, and only a few nitrogen fixing organisms have been identified.
	ic.ucsc.edu /~zehrj/ocea80a/zehrresearch2.html (411 words)

	atmospheric nitrogenis relatively useless to plants - Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
		Though nitrogen makes up 80 percent of the volume of the atmosphere, it is relatively useless to plants, until it is changed into a compound.
		Lightning combines or fixes small amounts of this nitrogen and oxygen in the air, forming oxides of nitrogen, which are washed out of the atmosphere by rain or snow to reach the soil.
		Nitrogen fixing bacteria living in nodules on he roots of legumes, however, can change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds useful to themselves and other plants.
	www.ecochem.com /resource_nitrofixbac.html (250 words)

	The Nitrogen Cycle
		Nitrogen is an incredibly versatile element, existing in both inorganic and organic forms as well as many different oxidation states.
		The movement of nitrogen between the atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere in different forms is described by the nitrogen cycle (Figure 1), one of the major biogeochemical cycles.
		The ammonia produced by nitrogen fixing bacteria is usually quickly incorporated into protein and other organic nitrogen compounds, either by a host plant, the bacteria itself, or another soil organism.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?mid=98 (1774 words)

	History of ChEn: Nitrogen
		Fixed nitrogen is also returned to the soil when plants and animals die.
		When the war was over, fixed nitrogen continued to be produced in large amounts because of its use as a fertilizer.
		Nitrogen Oxide (NO) A colorless bi-product formed in internal combustion engines where high temperatures and pressures are capable of combining the nitrogen and oxygen gases found in the air.
	www.pafko.com /history/h_s_n2.html (1055 words)

	Nitrogen Fixation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nitrogen is a primary nutrient for all green plants, but it must be modified before it can be readily utilized by most living systems.
		Nitrogen fixation is one process by which molecular nitrogen is reduced to form ammonia.
		The nitrogen that is fixed by the processes described above is eventually returned to the atmosphere by this denitrification process, to complete what is commonly referred to as the "nitrogen cycle".
	library.kcc.hawaii.edu /external/chemistry/everyday_nitrogen.html (359 words)

	The Future is Abundant
		In spite of all the nitrogen in the atmosphere, and all the ways in which nitrogen can be fixed into compounds usable to plants, it is still difficult to provide plants with the nitrogen they need.
		Although the basic nitrogen fixation process is the same with these plants as with legumes, most of their nitrogen contribution is in the form of falling leaves and decaying litter.
		In addition to producing nitrogen for crops, azolla absorbs from the water nutrients that might otherwise be lost, storing them with the nitrogen until the azolla mat is incorporated into the soil.
	www.tilthproducers.org /tfia/nitrogen.htm (1334 words)

	Nitrogen: The Essential Element
		Nitrogen in soil is continually being transformed among these various forms through a complex network of physical, chemical, and biological reactions collectively called the nitrogen cycle.
		Ninety percent of the earth's nitrogen is in the atmosphere in the form of dinitrogen gas (N2).
		Nitrogen fixing microbes replenish soil nitrogen by converting the relatively inert nitrogen of the atmosphere into a form that can be used by living organisms.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /facts-slides-self/facts/nit-el-grw89.html (2457 words)

	Crop productivity from biological nitrogen -DAWN - Business; February 20, 2006
		Inputs of nitrogen into agricultural systems are primarily from chemical fertilizers and nitrogen derived from atmospheric dinitrogen by the process of biological nitrogen fixation, which is the microbial conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen gas into plant usable ammonia.
		The precise quantities of nitrogen supplied to the biosphere by all the various processes is not accurately known, but it is generally agreed that the biological fixation of nitrogen gas is of major importance accounting for some hundred million tons of nitrogen fixed per year.
		The most important nitrogen fixing organisms present abundantly in the flooded rice-based systems include heterotrophic and autotrophic free-living bacteria photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria, symbiotic cyanobacteria that associate with Azolla a fern and symbiotic bacteria that form root and stem nodules one legume crops.
	www.dawn.com /2006/02/20/ebr6.htm (1525 words)

	Nitrogen Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nitrogen will only react with oxygen in the presence of high temperatures and pressures found near lightning bolts and in combustion reactions in power plants or internal combustion engines.
		Nitrogen in the air becomes a part of biological matter mostly through the actions of bacteria and algae in a process known as nitrogen fixation.
		Nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted under great pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst to make ammonia.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/nitrogencycle.html (345 words)

	Nitrogen Cycle
		About 78 percent of the atmosphere is made up of "free" nitrogen, or nitrogen that is not combined with other elements.
		Certain kinds of bacteria are able to use the free nitrogen in the air to make nitrogen compounds through a process known as nitrogen fixation.
		People get their nitrogen either by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants.
	www.tnmanning.com /Test/Tests/nitrogen_cycle.htm (570 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Nitrogen Cycle
		Nitrogen is both the most abundant element in the atmosphere and, as a building block of proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA, a crucially important component of all biological life.
		Once in the soils and surface waters, nitrogen undergoes a set of changes: its two nitrogen atoms separate and combine with hydrogen to form ammonia (NH This is done by microorganisms that fall into three broad categories: bacteria living in symbiotic relationships with certain plants, free anaerobic bacteria, and algae.
		Nitrogen compounds in various forms, such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and ammonium are taken up from soils by plants which are then used in the formation of plant and animal proteins.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/479.html (739 words)

	Bradyrhizobium japonicum
		Within the developing root nodule, bacteria divide and begin to differentiate into a bacteroid (a term used to refer to the bacterium existing in a symbiotic relationship to distinguish it from the free-living bacterium), that is capable of fixing nitrogen.
		Therefore, nutrients must traverse multiple membranes to reach the bacteroids and fixed nitrogen must follow a similar complex path to reach the plant tissue.
		This enables the bacteria to obtain enough oxygen for respiration but ensures that the oxygen is in a bound form so that it cannot harm nitrogen fixing enzymes inside the bacteria.
	web.umr.edu /~djwesten/Bj.html (933 words)

	Nitrogen Fertilizer for Alfalfa Production
		Nitrogen fertilizer is generally not required for alfalfa production since alfalfa can obtain its own nitrogen from the air.
		Nitrogen fixation is the process of obtaining nitrogen from the aire.
		Alfalfa response to nitrogen fertilizer is difficult to predict and is generally not recommended.
	ag.arizona.edu /PLS/faculty/ottman/files/N_fert_alfalfa.htm (1309 words)

	Botany online: Interactions of Plants and Bacteria — Nitrogen Fixation
		Nitrogen fixation has been thoroughly covered during the last years, since genetic engineering fosters the hope for techniques improving the nitrogen supply of plants.
		Molybdenum nitrogenase (Monitrogenase), which is found in all nitrogen fixing organisms, consists of two components: component I [nitrogenase molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein, or dinitrogenase], and component II [nitrogenase iron (Fe) protein, or dinitrogenase reductase] [1; see list of reviews on structure and function of Monitrogenase].
		Nitrogen fixation takes place in specialized cells, the heterocysts, that alternate with vegetative, photosynthetically active cells in the alga’s filaments.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e34/34b.htm (1839 words)

	Re: Nitrogen fixing beans
		The nitrogen fixed by the rhyzobial bacteria is only a part of the total
		nitrogen returned to the soil by a legume crop.
		In soils where nitrogen is deficient, the contribution is most significant.
	www.ibiblio.org /rge/archive/971012_735.html (482 words)

	Nitrogen Fixing Trees as Atoll Soil Builders
		Many nitrogen fixing trees can be pruned or lopped as often as four times a year.
		Seed inoculation is the process of coating seeds with the nitrogen fixing bacteria prior to planting.
		The following nitrogen fixing trees are those that are proving themselves in harsh atoll conditions as good, renewable sources of nitrogen-rich mulch/compost material.
	www.winrock.org /fnrm/factnet/FACTPUB/AIS_web/AIS4.html (1169 words)

	Nitrogen fixation Summary
		Although it was already known that plants absorb nitrogen compounds from the soil through their roots, most people thought that these compounds had to be restored to the soil by the addition of organic or chemical fertilizers.
		To utilize nitrogen, organisms require that it be fixed (combined) in the form of ammonium (NH) or nitrate ions (NO The bacteria that accomplish nitrogen fixation are either free-living or form symbiotic associations with plants or other organisms such as termites or protozoa.
		Nitrogen fixation is performed naturally by a number of different prokaryotes, including bacteria, and actinobacteria certain types of anaerobic bacteria.
	www.bookrags.com /Nitrogen_fixation (2852 words)

	Nitrogen
		Nitrogen is found in all living systems as part of the makeup of biological compounds.
		Nitrogen, as a gas is colorless, odorless, and generally considered an inert element.
		Although nitrogen gas is relatively inert, bacteria in the soil are capable of “fixing” the nitrogen into a usable form (as a fertilizer) for plants.
	cse.ssl.berkeley.edu /chips_epo/Nitrogen.htm (452 words)

	Molecular phylogeny of nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria
		Those capable of fixing nitrogen can be grouped into two types: sheathed and sheathless, the former being enclosed in a glycoprotein sheath (glycocalyx, capsule) external to the cell wall (Castenholz and Waterbury, 1989).
		Because of the unique capability of fixing nitrogen and carbon dioxide within the same cell under aerobic conditions, the sheathless aerobic type has attracted more attention and has been better characterized than the anaerobic type (Mitsui et al., 1986; Huang et al., 1990; Colón-López et al., 1997).
		Nitrogen fixation by the cyanobacteria, Aphanothece palida, isolated from a rice field soil.
	ejournal.sinica.edu.tw /bbas/content/2001/3/bot423-04.html (3281 words)

	NITROGEN FIXING. Free term papers for college, book reports and research papers. Welcome to Get Term Papers
		Clover, growth rate, inoculation with Nitrogen fixing bacteria in Nitrogen deficient conditions Nitrogen Fixation was proved to increase the growth of clover plants over a ten-week experiment in Nitrogen deficient conditions.
		Nitrogen Fixation is the term to describe the reduction of atmospheric Nitrogen to Ammonia.
		There are two main types of Nitrogen fixing bacteria, those that live free in the soil and those that live enclosed in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
	www.gettermpapers.com /essay/012083.html (1027 words)

	Nitrogen Removal: Orange County Wetlands
		The most important processes that affect nitrogen in wetlands are denitrification, volatilization (of ammonia), ammonium fixing (to sediments), leaching, and uptake by plants (Johnston 1991).
		Yellow areas indicate wetlands that have a low capacity to remove nitrogen (via denitrification), pink areas indicate wetlands that have a moderate capacity to remove nitrogen (via denitrification) and red areas indicate wetlands that have a high capacity to remove nitrogen (via denitrification).
		Nitrogen fixing to sediments was insignificant in this county, due mostly to the fact the the soils are composed of sand or organic matter.
	www.sfwmd.gov /org/pld/proj/wetcons/waterq/or_nitrogen.htm (395 words)

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