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Topic: Nitrosamine

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	Nitrosamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nitrosamines are carcinogenic chemical compounds of the chemical structure R
		Nitrosamines are found in many foodstuffs especially beer, fish, fish byproducts, and in meat and cheese products preserved with nitrite pickling salt.
		However, nitrosamines from condoms are not expected to be of toxicological significance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitrosamine (296 words)

	Nitrosamines and Cancer
		Nitrosamines are a class of chemical compounds that were first described in the chemical literature over 100 years ago, but not until 1956 did they receive much attention.
		Since nitrosamines are metabolized the same in human and animal tissues, it seems highly likely that humans are susceptible to the carcinogenic properties of nitrosamines.
		Nitrosamines occur commonly because their chemical precursors--amines and nitrosating agents--occur commonly, and the chemical reaction for nitrosamine formation is quite facile.
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /f-w00/nitrosamine.html (1316 words)

	The Local Nitrosamine Issue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Nitrosamines are known to be carcinogenic and are present in tobacco smoke.
		Nitrosamines are produced during the curing process by a chemical reaction between nicotine contained in the uncured leaf and various oxides of nitrogen found in all combustion gasses, regardless of fuels.
		Because of this, these compounds are sometimes referred to as "tobacco specific nitrosamines" Research has shown that the reduction or elimination of combustion gasses containing in the curing air substantially reduces or eliminates to undetectable levels nitrosamines in flue-cured tobacco.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /johnston/staff/kbateman/agrpt020400.html (703 words)

	RW: NITRO-BABY: Nitrosamines in Baby Bottle Nipples and Pacifiers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Nitrosamines have been described as “the most widely acting group of carcinogens known, and among the most potent.”1 Experiments using human tissue cultures show that human cells activate nitrosamines to DNA-damaging forms, and nitrosamines have been shown to damage DNA repair processes and cause human cells to mutate.
		As Figure-1-1 shows, nitrosamines and their precursors are deliberately added during the manufacture of both natural and synthetic rubbers, as part of the accelerators, antioxidants, and reinforcing agents that are used to provide strength and elasticity in the final product.
		Nitrosamines and precursors are leached into formula, water, or milk during sterilization and storage of the baby bottle, and then are drunk by the baby (Figures-1-3, 1-4, and 1-5).
	www.rowatworks.com /Science/To_Do_No_Harm/Nitro_Baby.html (5445 words)

	Better Nutrition (1989-90): Get enough vitamin C - reduces levels of nitrosamines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Bartsch said nitrosamines are formed through a series of chemical and microbial reactions, initially in the mouth and then in the gastrointestinal tract.
		Nitrosamine production is enhanced in people who ingest a high level of nitrate, chew tobacco, have a urinary bladder infection or live in an area where there is a high incidence of stomach and esophageal cancer.
		In one study, nitrosamine formation in smokers was partially inhibited by the daily addition of one gram of vitamin C to their diets.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0860/is_n1_v51/ai_6919878 (1224 words)

	Nitrosamines in Cosmetics
		Some nitrosamines have been shown in laboratory tests with animals to be carcinogens when administered orally, although the toxicity when administered topically is still to be determined.
		Nitrosamines are the reaction products of amines and nitrites or oxides of nitrogen, and that once formed, are very difficult to destroy.
		Nitrosamines are avoidable by proper formulation: by not using amines or amino derivatives in combination with a nitrosating agent and by testing the product under use conditions to make sure that nitrosamines do not form under customary conditions of use."
	www.ascc.com.au /position/position/nitrosamines_in_cosmetics.htm (1399 words)

	State Water Resources Research Institute Program
		Nitrosamines are members of a class of compounds, many of which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic (Loeppky et.al., 1994; O'Neill et.al., 1984).
		Nitrosamine formation will be assessed in the distribution systems of several municipal utilities and the University of Iowa having different water sources, treatment, and distribution system characteristic.
		Nitrosamine formation in the presence of disinfectants may be determined by the relative rates of one of relative rates of nitrite oxidation vs formation of organic N-chloramines.
	water.usgs.gov /wrri/00grants/IAnitrosamines.html (3143 words)

	FDA/ORA CPG 7117.11
		A German study on the occurrence of volatile N-nitrosamines (nitrosamines) in rubber baby bottle nipples was presented at the meeting of the American Chemical Society in the spring of 1981.
		FDA expressed concern to the industry over infant exposure to nitrosamines, many of which are carcinogens, and informed manufacturers that appropriate measures must be taken to reduce nitrosamine formation in rubber nipples to the lowest level that is technologically feasible.
		Nitrosamines in nipples at levels greater than an established action level are considered avoidable contamination under section 406 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
	www.fda.gov /ora/compliance_ref/cpg/cpgfod/cpg500-450.html (344 words)

	271. Nitrite, potassium and sodium salts (WHO Food Additives Series 5)
		It is generally accepted that the use of nitrite as a food preservative may be associated with the formation of nitrosamines in foods as well as in the animal organism.
		Synthesis of nitrosopiperidine from nitrite or nitrate and piperidine in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat was observed (Alam et al., 1971a, 1971b).
		Four carcinogenic nitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine, N-nitrosomethylurea, N-nitroso-methylurethane and N methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine proved to be effective in producing cell killing, chromatid breaks and chromatid rearrangements in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Kao & Puck, 1971).
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v05je15.htm (3645 words)

	Volatile N-Nitrosamine Formation after Intake of Nitrate at the ADI Level in Combination with an Amine-rich Diet
		We used linear regression analysis to examine the relationship between nitrate and nitrosamine excretion in urine and between the log transformed nitrate and nitrite concentration in saliva, and nitrate and nitrosamine excretion in urine and between nitrate reduction and nitrosamine excretion in urine.
		However, the nitrosamines excreted in urine of spine-injured paraplegics were predominantly formed in the urinary tract as a result of bacterial infections, while in our study the urinary nitrosamines were probably formed in the stomach.
		Thus, urinary nitrosamine levels in healthy volunteers consuming nitrosamine precursors in combination with nitrate intake at the ADI level are comparable with levels found in a group at high risk for nitrosamine formation.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1998/106p459-463vermeer/vermeer-full.html (4838 words)

	Enerchi Health - A complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Medicine
		Nitrosamine levels in the urine and saliva were then measured.
		Nitrosamine production in those consuming garlic, strawberries, and kale was reduced by 96%, 72%, and 44%, respectively, compared with that in the control group.
		The capacity of these foods to reduce the formation of nitrosamines may be due to their high content of vitamin C, which is known to inhibit nitrosamine formation.
	www.enerchihealth.com /healthnotes/20020808_fight_cancer.html (456 words)

	Exposure to high concentrations of nitrosamines and cancer mortality among a cohort of rubber workers -- Straif et al. ...
		Most of the nitrosamines detected in the air of rubber factories are formed during vulcanisation.
		Metabolism of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the rat and human esophagus and induction of esophageal adenocarcinoma in rats.
		Implications for the role of nitrosamines in human cancer and for the influence of alcohol consumption on cancer incidence.
	oem.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/57/3/180 (4763 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| U.S. Cigarettes Have More Carcinogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention compared the levels of the carcinogen nitrosamine in Marlboros, chosen because of their wide availability, and local brands in 13 other countries.
		CDC officials said the higher nitrosamine levels in American-made cigarettes are a result of way the tobacco is cured and blended.
		The CDC warned that nitrosamines are not the only carcinogen in cigarette smoke and that "reducing their levels alone does not guarantee a less hazardous cigarette."
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=5607 (254 words)

	State Water Resources Research Institute Program
		A number of studies and observations as well as consideration of processes that may occur in water distribution systems, support the hypothesis that nitrosamine (NA) occurrence and formation could be an especially important problem in some Midwestern drinking water distribution systems.
		These precursors to nitrosamine formation are ubiquitous in many Midwest drinking water sources or can actually be formed in distribution systems thus making these supplies particularly susceptible to nitrosamine formation.
		No studies have investigated the relationship of nitrosamine formation to disinfection, or the role of the pipe-water interface and the presence of deposit material.
	water.usgs.gov /wrri/01grants/IA1601.html (347 words)

	News Release
		Smokers who participated recently in a unique, three-week outpatient study at VCU’s Clinical Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory were found to have levels of nitrosamine metabolites in their urine that were 51 percent lower by their fifth day of smoking Advance cigarettes than levels registered when they smoked their own light or ultra-light brand of cigarette.
		Not smoking at all resulted in 70 percent lower levels of nitrosamines, which are considered one of the most-potent, cancer-causing toxins in cigarette smoke, linked to lung cancer.
		An important goal of the clinical study was to compare nitrosamine metabolite concentration in smokers’ urine under the three conditions: smoking one’s own brand, smoking Advance and not smoking at all.
	www.vcu.edu /uns/Releases/2003/feb/022103.html (776 words)

	The case of the disappearing nitrosamines: a potentially global phenomenon -- Gray and Boyle 13 (1): 13 -- Tobacco ...
		is the level of nitrosamine presented to the smoker.
		Nitrosamines are formed during the curing process and
		Investigations on the origin of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke of cigarettes.
	tc.bmjjournals.com /cgi/pmidlookup?view=full&pmid=14985588 (2040 words)

	Citizen Petition Seeking Cancer Warning on Cosmetics Containing DEA
		According to the Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrance Association: Nitrosamine contamination of diethanolamine and fatty acid diethanolamides, and nitrosamine formation are potential problems in using these diethanolamides.
		Nitrosating agents are added to cosmetics in one of three ways: (a) Nitrites are added directly as anti-corrosive agents; (b) Nitrites are released by the degradation of 2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (BNDP); and (c) Nitrites are contaminants in the raw materials or resulting from the exposure of cosmetics to air.
		Nitrosamines formation from nitrite and amines is accelerated under specific conditions by formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, thiocyanate, nitrophenols and certain metal salts (e.g ZnI2, CuCl, AgNO3, SnCl2 and HgCl2).7,8,9,10,11
	www.preventcancer.com /press/petitions/oct22_96.htm (2589 words)

	Yesmoke Tobacco: cigarettes Yesmoke, cigarettes Born to Smoke. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are formed during the processing and burning of tobacco.
		The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, a Washington-based anti-smoking group, said that the high levels of nitrosamines found in made in USA Marlboro is particularly disturbing because prior studies demonstrate that Philip Morris has long known how to produce Marlboro with lower levels of nitrosamines, but apparently has chosen not to do so.
		The group said high nitrosamine levels in U.S. cigarettes could help explain why lung cancer rates have not fallen as expected with overall reductions in levels of tar, of which nitrosamines are one component.
	www.yesmoke.ch /more.php?section=nitrosamine (617 words)

	Eppley Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Nitrosamine metabolism to active carcinogens and their role in causation of human cancer.
		To explore this phenomenon, we are examining the metabolism of this nitrosamine by a cell fraction (the microsomes) from rat liver and esophagus, including the formation of hydroxy derivatives and aldehydes from the nitrosamine.
		We also are examining the metabolism and mode of action of phenethylisothiocyanate and diallyl sulfide, which are anticarcinogenic agents found in the cabbage family and in garlic, respectively.
	www.unmc.edu /Eppley/faculty/f_mirv.html (251 words)

	Blue Mold Found in Johnston County & The Nitrosamine Story Continues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Blue mold was found in a greenhouse in the Clayton area this week.
		Nitrosamines are carcinogens that are formed when tobacco is exposed to combustion gases during the curing process.
		Barns equipped with heat exchangers ranged from 0 to 2 ppm and the barns without catalysts or heat exchangers ranged from 0 to 3 ppm.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /johnston/staff/kbateman/agrpt051200.html (720 words)

	British Medical Journal: Tobacco industry must not dump its high nitrosamine tobacco on poor countries - Letter to the ...
		EDITOR--In the late 1970s Hoffmann's group described the carcinogenic properties of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines including 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and N'-nitrosonornicotine in a series of experiments.[1] These substances are formed during the curing process by a chemical reaction between nicotine and nitrate.
		Nitrosamine levels vary widely both within brands and between countries.[4] The levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in smoke have always been under the control of the manufacturer.
		Removing nitrosamines will not affect the epidemic of other cancers and diseases associated with tobacco, but there can be little excuse for not insisting that the tobacco industry uses this technology globally and does not dump its high nitrosamine tobacco on poor countries.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0999/is_7285_322/ai_72431827 (478 words)

	Europa - Public Health - Risk Assessment - Scientific committees - Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products intended for ...
		The toxicological effects of the dialkanolamine salts, and, in particular their readiness for nitrosamines' formation are similar to the respective properties of the dialkanolamines since there is a pH-dependent equilibrium between the salt and the respective free base.
		As a matter of fact, the velocity of nitrosation of amines is influenced by a number of conditions including the nature of amine and counteracting anionic species in its salts, the pH, the nature of the medium or of the biphasic system (emulsion), the prevailing species of nitrosating agent, the presence of catalysts, etc.
		Therefore, the potential of secondary amines as nitrosamines precursors is given but the formation rate is varying.
	europa.eu.int /comm/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/docshtml/sccp_out144_en.htm (2459 words)

	(ITT) "To Die For" by Joel Bleifuss
		Among the cosmetic toxins that consumer advocates are most concerned about are nitrosamines, a group of potent carcinogens that contaminate a wide range of cosmetic products, from shampoos to hand lotions and sunscreens.
		One of these nitrosamines, N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), is formed when a common contaminant of such cosmetic ingredients as TEA and Cocamide DEA interacts with the nitrites that many cosmetic-makers use as preservatives.
		This nitrosamine is created when the sunscreen known as "padimate 0" interacts with the nitrites in cosmetic preservatives such as BNPD.
	user.mc.net /~chwalisz/itt-cancer-cosm.htm (1172 words)

	INDEPENDENT STUDY AT VCU FINDS LOWER LEVELS OF ONE CARCINOGEN IN NEW CIGARETTE - MedicalNewsService.com
		A team of researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University has found sharply reduced levels of the cancer-causing chemicals, nitrosamines, during its independent testing of the Advance cigarette, suggesting some progress by the tobacco industry in its efforts to make less-harmful cigarettes.
		Smokers who participated recently in a unique, three-week outpatient study at VCU's Clinical Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory were found to have levels of nitrosamine metabolites in their urine that were 51% lower by their fifth day of smoking Advance cigarettes than levels registered when they smoked their own light or ultra-light brand of cigarette.
		Not smoking at all resulted in 70% lower levels of nitrosamines, which are considered one of the most-potent, cancer-causing toxins in cigarette smoke, linked to lung cancer.
	www.medicalnewsservice.com /fullstory.cfm?storyID=1536&fback=yes (667 words)

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