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Topic: Nitrous acid

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	Process for controlling diazotization reactions involving nitrous reactant by testing the air above the reaction batch ...
		Nitrous acid or dissolved matter forming it under the reaction conditions is supplied to the feed amine in the proportions necessary to provide for a content between 5 and 300 ppm nitrous gases in the exhausted air.
		As to nitrous acid in excess, it is possible for it to be consumed by the addition of further minor proportions of fresh amine (this operation is known as "balancing") or to be destroyed by means of urea or aminosulfonic acid.
		The presence of nitrous acid in excess in the diazonium salt solution often affects the stability of the diazonium salts and also their use in the production of azo dyestuffs and azo pigments which are made by coupling reactions.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4439361.html (1771 words)

	Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998 - 4. Nitrous Oxide Emissions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Emissions of nitrous oxide from mobile combustion stabilized from 1995 through 1998, as growth in the light-duty truck fleet slowed and the next generation of lower-emitting catalytic converters was introduced.
		Nitrous oxide emissions from animal waste are dominated by emissions from cattle waste, which account for 94 percent of emissions from the solid waste of domesticated animals.
		Adipic acid is a fine white powder that is used primarily in the manufacture of nylon fibers and plastics, such as carpet yarn, clothing, and tire cord.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/1605/gg99rpt/nitrous.html (2806 words)

	Process for the production of 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid - Patent 4161611
		The process of claim 1 wherein the reaction of 2-amino-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid with nitrous acid comprises dissolving said benzoic acid in an inert reaction medium and thereafter preparing the nitrous acid in situ by combining a nitrosating agent and an acid selected from the group consisting of mineral acids, lower alkanoic acids and perhalo(lower)alkanoic acids.
		Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention resides in a process for preparing 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid which comprises (a) reacting 2-amino-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid with nitrous acid to form the corresponding diazonium salt; (b) hydrolyzing said diazonium salt to form 2-hydroxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid; and (c) methylating the hydroxy group of said hydroxy acid.
		Suitable acids employed in the diazotization include mineral acids, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, lower alkanoic acids, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, and perhalo (lower) alkanoic acids, such as, for example, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and trifluorobutanoic acid, and the mixtures thereof.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4161611.html (5075 words)

	Nitrous oxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nitrous oxide is present in the atmosphere where it acts as a powerful greenhouse gas.
		The structure of the nitrous oxide molecule is a linear chain of a nitrogen atom bound to a second nitrogen atom, which in turn is bound to an oxygen atom.
		Nitrous oxide also attacks ozone in the stratosphere, aggravating the excess amount of UV striking the earth's surface in recent decades (various freons and related halogenated organics also consume ozone in the stratosphere).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitrous_oxide (1806 words)

	Percent Ionization in Weak Acids
		For a few weak acids, using the data in table 1 we calculate the percentage of ionized acid molecules in 0.1M acid solutions in table 2.
		In this case, "concentration of the acid" refers to the number of moles of acid that we dissolved per liter of water.
		Since some but not all of the acid molecules are ionized, this means that nitrous acid molecules are present in solution at the same time as the negative nitrite ions and the positive hydrogen ions.
	www.vias.org /genchem/acidbase_equ_12591_03.html (683 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Because of its instability, nitrous acid is prepared as needed in the reaction mixture (in situ) from sodium nitrite and dilute acid.
		In the acidic environment, nitrous acid undergoes protonation and elimination of water to form the nitrosonium ion (NO+) which is the species that reacts with amines.
		Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form unstable diazonium salts which decompose to nitrogen gas and a carbocation.
	people.uis.edu /gtram1/organic/amines/nitrousacidreactions.htm (254 words)

	Acid/Base Strength (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When a strong acid of a given concentration in a dilute aqueous solution ionizes, the resulting concentration of hydronium ions and the resulting concentration of the conjugate base are equal to the original concentration of the acid.
		In order to calculate the concentration of the weak acid at equilibrium, the fact that a decrease in the concentration of the acid corresponds to an increase both in the concentration of the hydronium ions and of the conjugate base must be used.
		The conjugate acid of a weak base is a strong acid and the conjugate base of a strong acid is a weak base.
	www.scientia.org /cadonline/Chemistry/acidbase/strength.ASP (682 words)

	Nitrous acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		) is a weak monobasic acid known only in solution and in the form of nitrite salts.
		Nitrous acid is used to make diazides from amines; this occurs by nucleophilic attack of the amine onto the nitrite, reprotonation by the surrounding solvent, and double elimination of water.
		It can be prepared by adding any mineral acid to sodium nitrite.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nitrous_acid (152 words)

	Chemical Reactivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The reactions of nitrous acid with 1°- and 2°- aliphatic amines may be explained by considering their behavior with the nitrosonium cation,
		Nitrous acid reactions of 1º-aryl amines generate relatively stable diazonium species that serve as intermediates for a variety of aromatic substitution reactions.
		As noted earlier, 1º and 2º-amines are much weaker acids than alcohols, so it is not surprising that it is difficult to force the nitrogen function to assume the role of a nucleophilic leaving group.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText4/amine2.htm (2691 words)

	Research Abstract: 2001-07-11 The Formation of Gaseous Nitrous Acid (HONO): A Key Determinant of Tropospheric Ozone and ...
		Nitrous acid is the major source of the hydroxyl radical in the morning in coastal urban areas in California, setting off the chain chemistry that leads to the formation of ozone, particles and associated pollutants.
		Nitric acid (HNO3) is also produced in the NO2 hydrolysis reaction, but rather than being released to the gas phase, it remains adsorbed on the surface.
		We established that, in contrast to current understanding where nitric acid is deposited out or forms particulate nitrate, this nitric acid on the surface can undergo further reactions with nitric oxide to regenerate nitrogen dioxide.
	www.arb.ca.gov /research/abstracts/97-311.htm (368 words)

	amines and nitrous acid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Reactions between nitrous acid and aromatic amines like phenylamine (where the -NH group is attached directly to a benzene ring) are dealt with elsewhere.
		The reaction between amines and nitrous acid was used in the past as a very neat way of distinguishing between primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
		Because nitrous acid is a weak acid, the position of equilibrium lies well the right.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/amines/nitrousacid.html (613 words)

	Media Portfolio
		The extent of dissociation is (a) nearly 100% for a strong acid, (b) considerably less than 100% for a weak acid, and (c) nearly 0% for a very weak acid.
		Figure 15.8 The percent dissociation of acetic acid increases as the concentration of the acid decreases.
		Acid strength of oxoacids is dependent on the electronegativity of the atom attached to the O-H group.
	wps.prenhall.com /wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_15.html (941 words)

	making diazonium salts from phenylamine (aniline)
		Nitrous acid decomposes very readily and is always made in situ.
		The reaction between the hydrochloric acid and the nitrite ions produces the nitrous acid.
		Note: This is similar to the reaction between aliphatic primary amines and nitrous acid.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/aniline/makediazo.html (462 words)

	Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of nitrous acid : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nitrous acid is a significant photochemical precursor of the hydroxyl radical
		The sources of nitrous acid in the troposphere, however, are still poorly understood.
		Here we expose humic acid films to nitrogen dioxide in an irradiated tubular gas flow reactor and find that reduction of nitrogen dioxide on light-activated humic acids is an important source of gaseous nitrous acid.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v440/n7081/abs/nature04603.html (322 words)

	Notes on Acid-Base Equilibrium
		The anion which results from the dissociation of the weak acid is known as the conjugate base.
		The equilibrium concenttration of the undissociated weak acid is equal to the original concentration, (HB) minus the amount of the weak acid that is dissociated.
		Most weak acids have such small dissociation constants that we may assume the amount dissociated is so much smaller than the original concentration that it is negligible when compared to the original concentration.
	www.chem.vt.edu /RVGS/ACT/notes/Acid-Base_Equilibrium.html (1171 words)

	Nitrous acid: the day job : Nature
		Nitrous acid is a major photochemical precursor of the hydroxyl radical, a key oxidant in the degradation of air pollutants in the lower atmosphere.
		The gas is known to accumulate in the lower troposphere at night, but the recent discovery of enhanced concentrations of nitrous acid measured at various sites both urban and rural during daytime was a surprise.
		The observed reaction rate of nitrous acid formation suggests that this production mechanism could be an important factor in the chemistry of the lower troposphere
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v440/n7081/edsumm/e060309-08.html (141 words)

	Nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations in residential environments - Articles Environmental Health ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations in residential environments - Articles
		Nitrous acid (HONO) may be generated by heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen dioxide and direct emission from combustion sources.
		Nitrous acid (HONO) is one of the possible gaseous products of heterogeneous N[O.sub.2] reactions with water on indoor surfaces (3).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0CYP/is_2_110/ai_84303273 (879 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Latest News - Nitrous Acid From Sun And Soil
		The degradation of certain soils produces humic acid, a complex mélange of macromolecular organics whose chemistry is difficult to characterize.
		Atmospheric chemists Konrad Stemmler and Markus Ammann at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, and coworkers in France and Germany have found that reactions of NO and humic acid with light produce HONO in quantities that could account for the levels observed in daytime measurements (Nature 2006, 440, 195).
		The group exposed thin films of humic acid to NO and light and found that HONO was produced at the same rate that NO disappeared in quantities 30 times greater than could be produced at night.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/84/i11/8411notw4.html (472 words)

	Nitric Acid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Nitric Acid displays the properties of a strong acid and it is a powerful oxidising agent.
		The dilute solutions of these acids which result give rain water a far greater acidity than normal, and is known as Acid Rain.
		Nitrates are the salts of nitric acid, and are strong oxidising agents.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/chem/dolchem/html/comp/nitric.html (609 words)

	Indoor nitrous acid and respiratory symptoms and lung function in adults -- Jarvis et al. 60 (6): 474 -- Thorax
		Indoor nitrous acid and respiratory symptoms and lung function in adults -- Jarvis et al.
		Nitrous acid (HONO) is present as a gas in indoor and outdoor
		Nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations in residential environments.
	thorax.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/60/6/474 (3308 words)

	Solution structure of a nitrous acid induced DNA interstrand cross-link -- Edfeldt et al. 32 (9): 2785 -- Nucleic Acids ...
		Shapiro,R. and Pohl,S.H. (1968) The reaction of ribonucleosides with nitrous acid.
		Kirchner,J.J., Sigurdsson,S.T. and Hopkins,P.B. (1992) Interstrand cross-linking of duplex DNA by nitrous acid: covalent structure of the dG-to-dG cross-link at the sequence 5'-CG.
		Kirchner,J.J., Solomon,M.S. and Hopkins,P.B. (1992) Interstrand cross-linking of duplex DNA by nitrous acid: determination of the sequence preference at nucleotide resolution.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/9/2785 (5733 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Nitrous Dioxide : Article Excerpt by: Jeffrey S Peterson, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Some studies suggest that chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide may predispose individuals to the development of chronic lung diseases, including infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
		Recent literature on NO focuses on its association with nitrous acid (HONO), a molecule that can be formed as a primary product of gas combustion or by the reaction of NO with surface water.
		(nitrous acid) in the distal airways, where it exerts direct toxic effects on type I pneumocytes and ciliated airway cells.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/toxicity-nitrous-dioxide.htm (551 words)

	You Have A Right To Know
		Acetic acid is a corrosive chemical and contact can cause severe irritation, burns, and permanent damage to the eyes.
		Ingestion of acetic acid causes severe pain in the mouth, gullet and stomach, possibly circulatory collapse, uremia, and death.
		Exposure to acetic acid occurs through breathing it in the workplace air, and/or contact with the skin.
	www.kemmed.com /rtkinfo.htm (6086 words)

	nitrous acid definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		nitrous acid definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "nitrous acid" in all of MSN Encarta
		weak acid: a weak inorganic acid found only in solution or in the form of its salts.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861697010/nitrous_acid.html (91 words)

	Glossary
		The substance known as precipitated mercury per se [Lavoisier, Priestley] or red precipitate [Priestley, Scheele] is the same substance; however, because of its different preparation (by mixing mercury with nitric acid, evaporating, and heating the residual mercuric nitrate), the identity was not at first realized.
		oxymuriatic acid (also oxygenated muriatic acid): chlorine, Cl dephlogisticated marine acid); named on the belief that it was a compound of oxygen and HCl (muriatic acid).
		racemic acid: an optically inactive form of tartaric acid consisting of equal quantities of optical isomers.
	web2.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/archemm.html (1812 words)

	Nitrous acid, Lead (2+) salt - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information
		Identifying information, including synonyms, ID numbers, use type, chemical classification, a link to a list of all products containing this chemical and a list of the top crops this pesticide is used on in California.
		Chemical Identification and Use for Nitrous acid, Lead (2+) salt
		Sorry, no water quality standards or criteria have been established for this chemical by the U.S. or Canadian governments; however, there may be criteria established for related chemicals.
	www.pesticideinfo.org /Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=AQ6032 (345 words)

	Research Abstract: 1989-12-00 Measurements of Nitrous Acid, Nitrate Radicals, Formaldehyde and Nitrogen Dioxide for the ...
		Research Abstract: 1989-12-00 Measurements of Nitrous Acid, Nitrate Radicals, Formaldehyde and Nitrogen Dioxide for the Southern California Air Quality Study by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
		Two differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) systems were operated during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) for the primary purpose of measuring atmospheric concentrations of nitrous acid (HONO) and the nitrate (NO) radical, as well as ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formalde ayde (HCHO).
		Measurements were conducted at the "Type A" sites at Long Beach and Claremont, California, during the summer phase of the program and at Long Beach during the fall episodes.
	www.arb.ca.gov /research/abstracts/a6-146-32.htm (409 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Nitrous Dioxide : Article by Jeffrey S Peterson, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Methemoglobin levels may be increased after exposure to NO Although methemoglobin levels as high as 71% have been reported following exposure to nitrous fumes, welders exposed to nitrogen dioxide at 4-5 ppm were noted to have methemoglobin levels of 2-3%.
		Jarvis DL, Leaderer BP, Chinn S, Burney PG: Indoor nitrous acid and respiratory symptoms and lung function in adults.
		Lee K, Xue J, Geyh AS, et al: Nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations in residential environments.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic847.htm (2661 words)

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