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Topic: Noachian

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	JewishEncyclopedia.com - LAWS, NOACHIAN:
		The term Noachian indicates the universality of these ordinances, since the whole human race was supposed to be descended from the three sons of Noah, who alone survived the Flood.
		In another baraita (Tanna debe Menasseh) the seven Noachian prohibitions are enumerated as applying to the following: (1) idolatry, (2) adultery, (3) murder, (4) robbery, (5) eating of a limb cut from a living animal, (6) the emasculation of animals, (7) the pairing of animals of different species (Sanh.
		In the elaboration of these seven Noachian laws, and in assigning punishments for their transgression, the Rabbis are sometimes more lenient and sometimes more rigorous with Noachidæ than with Israelites.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=113&letter=L (1061 words)

	Areology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Noachian epoch (named after Noachis Terra): Formation of Mars to between 3800 and 3500 million years ago.
		Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters.
		The Tharsis bulge is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the epoch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Noachian_epoch (1209 words)

	DM 043 Newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Noachian had lost his shirt and kicked off his boots during his long swim from the dock, so it occurred to him that he was not dressed much differently from the ship's crew.
		Noachian was not in the habit of showing deference, especially to pimply faced teenagers in oversized uniforms.
		Noachian leapt suddenly to the railing and glared at the assemblage on deck.
	home.globalcrossing.net /~lessghu/043news.htm (4075 words)

	HOW AND WHEN DID THE NOACHIAN PERIOD ON MARS END? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		We have been investigating the density of craters with recognizable ejecta assumed to be post-Noachian in the 5 to 16 km diameter range on Noachian units as a function of latitude, elevation, and geologic unit to better characterize the timing of when major resurfacing on Noachian terrains ceased.
		Preliminary results indicate that densities of craters with ejecta in Noachian terrains vary by a factor of 2 to 4 depending on geologic unit, elevation, and latitude.
		The spatially diverse Noachian geology and topography indicates that significant local to perhaps global processes erased crater ejecta, including impacts, fluvial dissection, mass wasting, aeolian deposition and erosion, and upland basin sedimentation and volcanic infilling.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_45327.htm (485 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Mars: Time for a New Chronology?
		Phyllosilicates - clays - appeared during the early part of the Noachian era, when, as previous spacecraft have revealed, the surface of Mars was shaped by the unmistakable features of water erosion.
		It was a puzzle: During the Noachian, there was erosion to form valley networks, which implied warm conditions because it looked like they were formed by surface runoff.
		And since the phyllosian ended before the Noachian, it is the ancient clays - the phyllosilicates - that should be the target of exploration.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/694213/mars_time_for_a_new_chronology/index.html?source=r_space (1435 words)

	NOACHIAN TECTONICS OF SYRIA PLANUM AND THE THAUMASIA PLATEAU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		NOACHIAN TECTONICS OF SYRIA PLANUM AND THE THAUMASIA PLATEAU
		MOLA data show a cap of over 100 low volcanic shields over the eastern half of the summit, and a continuous slope of upper Hesperian lava plains from Syria Planum out to underlying ridged plains, which are as old as Noachian in age.
		Compression in Daedalia Planum likely resulted from the same forces affecting the Thaumasia Plateau in the Noachian, but was arrested at an earlier stage of development, perhaps due to the buttressing effect of early Tharsis Montes construction.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_28019.htm (473 words)

	Noachian epoch
		The Noachian epoch extends from the birth of Mars to between 3.8 and 3.5 billion years ago.
		From oldest to youngest the Martian epochs are the Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian (named after places on Mars).
		They are defined by the number of impact craters on the ground – older surfaces having more craters.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/Noachian_epoch.html (162 words)

	White Mars Consolidation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This extends the model of Kasting [1] for early atmospheric collapse post-bombardment to one of repeated cycles of collapse during the closing phase of the bombardment itself.
		After the vulnerable terrain is consumed, the “floods” diminish and Mars evolves to the present thin, dry atmosphere.
		Noachian fluid erosion by liquid CO2: In local areas, atmospheric cycles involving solid and vapour CO2 ephemerally include a liquid CO2 phase and lead to fluid erosion of the Noachian valley systems by liquid CO2.
	users.bigpond.net.au /Nick/Mars/NH0.htm (1676 words)

	[48.08] Geomorphic Analysis of the Isidis Region: Implications for Noachian Processes and Environments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Most of this erosion occurred during the Noachian, but a late stage of fluvial incision probably extended into the Hesperian.
		To account for the extensive fluvial degradation of the surrounding uplands, the climate would have had to be warm enough to promote an active hydrological cycle including evaporation from the oceans, precipitation and runoff.
		If the deep Noachian ocean hypothesis is incorrect, then some process, or suite of processes, modified the Isidis region mimicking the presence of a deep ocean along its northern periphery.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v33n3/dps2001/221.htm (279 words)

	An Odyssey Of Mars Science: Part 4
		But there's another, grimmer model of what might have caused the flows of liquid water that carved the Noachian valley networks, and it was described at the DPS meeting by the Ames Research Center's Anthony Colaprete (and elsewhere by Teresa Segura and Owen Toon).
		Enough rock would be turned into incandescent vapor at 1300 deg C (2370 deg F) or hotter by the impact to condense soon afterwards as a 2-meter deep rain of lava all over the planet.
		Colaprete's DPS paper concluded that the total rainfall produced by the rain of giant impactors hitting Mars during the Noachian era would be over a kilometer, running in short but repeated episodes along the same channels and carving them deeper and deeper.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/lunarplanet-2003-03a4.html (881 words)

	ScienceDaily: Researchers Pinpoint Event That Led To Mars' Heyday
		This is because the valleys follow the downhill direction of the topography induced by the deformation of Mars in response to the Tharsis load.
		As these valleys were formed near the end of the construction of Tharsis, in the latter part of the Noachian epoch, they may reflect the clement conditions induced by large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide that accumulated from the volcanism that developed Tharsis.
		At the very end of the Noachian epoch, volcanism declined and carbon dioxide and water were removed from the atmosphere by a combination of factors, including stripping by the solar wind and thermal escape, among others.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/03/010316073120.htm (2245 words)

	Can Creationists Fit the Flood in a Geologic Framework (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is important to note that the idea of a global flood (Noachian variety) was actually the favored explanation for the fossilized strata observed by geologists in the 17th and 18th centuries.
		His explanation is that the Noachian flood was 'slowly universal' (but it must have been less than a year).
		Northrup insists that these Devonian continental deposits are in perfect harmony with the Noachian flood and goes to great lengths to try and harmonize it with his account.
	baby.indstate.edu /gga/pmag/northrup.htm (2596 words)

	Martian Geochronology
		To simplify the figure, MN (Middle Noachian) was not included in the empty box.
		Since we are trying to unravel the history of Mars we are always mentioning dates in the past when we think certain events ocurred.
		The first period of martian history ("morning" if you will) is called the Noachian period -- Noachis happens to be a good example of (ancient cratered highland) terrain that dates back to that time of heavy asteroidal bombardment (about 4.3 billion years ago to 3.5 billion years).
	cmex.ihmc.us /CMEX/data/SiteCat/sitecat2/geochron.htm (828 words)

	Determining the age of surfaces on Mars
		The red surfaces were formed in period 1, the green surfaces were formed in period 2, and the blue surfaces were formed in period 3.
		So, in the Noachian Period, Mars was uniformly covered with both large and small craters.
		During the Hesperian Period, the Noachian surface accumulated more small craters and the large craters remained, but the Hesperian surface was resurfaced and then subsequently accumulated only small craters.
	barsoom.msss.com /http/ps/age2.html (1186 words)

	Creation Science 3 of 9
		Po halos in coalified wood in uranium deposits in Triassic, Jurassic, and Eocene rocks of the Colorado Plateau are evidence for a young age for the creation of coal as well as for the age of the Noachian Flood (Gentry, 1988).
		He believes that the sediments in which these wood fragments are found do not have natural origins that result from processes involved in geological uniformitarianism, but result from "supernaturally induced, catastrophic events associated with a world-wide flood." Part of his argument is that the fossils found in these rocks provide evidence for rapid burial.
		From the aforesaid information, volumes of ice can be estimated and also rates of snowfall necessary to transfer water from the oceans to the continents to produce the four ice caps in 6,000 years (or less).
	www.csun.edu /~vcgeo005/wood.html (3430 words)

	Senior Theses 2005 - Eckerd College
		While-previous studies of the Martian surface focus on singular regions or features, this study hypothesized that Terra Meridiani is a remnant of the original climate present during the Noachian Era through comparison to Terra Cimmeria, Syrtis Major and Acidalia Planitia.
		Within the means of this study it has been concluded that the topographical evidence present at Terra Meridiani demonstrates that the exposed region is not consistent with Noachian Age terrain due to the lack of superficial impacts.
		Therefore it is plausible that the basaltic basement layers of Terra Meridiani and Acidalia Planitia were originally exposed to the surface during the time of the first primordial atmosphere.
	www.eckerd.edu /academics/marinescience/research/05/gould.php (229 words)

	NOACHIAN
		Date "NOACHIAN" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1874.
		"NOACHIAN" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: joachain, nachman, Nahashion, Noachi, Nouchi.
		Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/No/Noachian.html (239 words)

	Preflood Traditions: The Weakness of John Pilkey's Origin of the Nations.
		Members of this Noachian nobility were supposedly known by different names in the different areas where they ruled.
		Pilkey attempts to explain the long kinglists of Sumeria by terming each dynasty a historical phase, and postulating that the Noachian princes are known by different names within each phase.
		Almost the entire pantheons of Greece and Egypt are said to be Noachian, though the Greeks believed their gods appeared before the flood,11' and it seems reasonable to equate the Egyptian dynasty of gods with a preflood chronology.
	www.creationism.org /csshs/v10n3p28.htm (1930 words)

	Isochrons for Martian Crater Populations of Various Ages
		Tanaka (1986, Table 2) defined crater density limits to the Amazonian, Hesperian, and Noachian relative-age eras, based on the previous work of Scott and Carr (1978) and Condit (1978), for the purpose of stratigraphic mapping of Mars.
		Short, lighter solid lines mark the subdivisions of the Noachian (early, middle, late), Hesperian (early, late – only two subdivisions were defined by Tanaka 1986), and Amazonian (early, middle, late), from the same source.
		A correct interpretation of the area would rely on features that could be found only in the full size spectrum – the older age from large craters and the young flows and their age from small-scale morphologies and the numbers of small craters.
	www.psi.edu /projects/mgs/chron04a.html (3665 words)

	Changing Views of the History of the Earth
		He would have answered that the Earth was ancient, that there had not been a Noachian flood, and that the species of life had not been fixed over the history of Earth.
		De Luc's work is "transitional between the armchair speculation of the seventeenth century and the hard-nosed empiricism of the nineteenth century." De Luc accepted the biblical account, including the Noachian flood; however, he assumed that the six days of creation were six long periods of indefinite duration.
		He believed that the Noachian flood was a local flood in the Mideast and did not credit the theory that the Earth was young.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/geohist.html (5539 words)

	Noachian
		If the Noachian flood waters covered the tallest mountain (Mount Everest, about 5 miles) there would have five miles of...
		The Noachian represents the earliest period on Mars, when high impact cratering rates formed...
		The marked dichotomy in topography, surface age, and crustal thickness between the northern lowland and southern upland Mars has been explained as due to an initially inhomogeneous crust, a single mega-impact event, several overlapping large...
	greatflood.shamfloods.com /noachian (630 words)

	Hidden face of Mars uncovered by father & daughter
		The Freys contend that these are craters from early times before the Noachian (pronounced "no-ACK-ee-en") -- the name for the oldest identified geological time period on Mars.
		Placing the cratered surfaces in order, Herb Frey says that it appears the buried lowlands are older than the visible cratered surface of the Noachian southern highlands, and that the QCDs his daughter found in the highlands are older still.
		What's more, despite previous geologists assigning ages of about four-billion-years old to the Noachian and the Southern Highlands, it's just a guess based on the order in which things appeared to have occurred on Mars and what's known about similarly cratered crust on the Moon.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-10/gsoa-hfo102502.php (670 words)

	Verdict Report - A Digest of the Sabbath Question - Robert D. Brinsmead
		Both ancient and modern Judaism have consistently taught that while the Noachian commandments were for all men, the Torah (including the Sabbath) was for Israel alone.
		Scholarly opinion is divided on whether the three or four requirements imposed on the Gentiles by the Jerusalem council were Noachian commandments or a compromise of minimal Mosaic requirements.
		He who observed the seven Noachian laws was regarded as a domiciled alien....
	quango.net /brinsmead/sabbathdigest.htm (9199 words)

	Topographically derived maps of valley networks and drainage density in the Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle on Mars
		A novel, automated technique for delineating Martian valley networks from digital terrain data is applied to the Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle on Mars, yielding a detailed map for the entire quadrangle.
		The resultant average value of drainage density for the Noachian part of the quadrangle is D ≈ 0.05 km
		Valleys are omnipresent in Noachian terrain even outside the “highly dissected” Npld unit.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2006GL027346.shtml (272 words)

	In-Class Exercise Solutions: Crater Counting on Mars
		Find the number 800 in the column labeled “N(16)” and you will find that this represents an age of Lower Noachian.
		Note that you can’t really get useful information out of the N(5) age, because the N(5) intercept would be about 1100.
		All that the N(5) intercept tells you is that this area is a lot older than Middle Noachian.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/mdyar/ast223/mars_a/mars_ica.html (387 words)

	Problems With a Global Flood From +quot;Six 'Flood' Arguments Creationists Can't Answer+qu
		12-13: "Scientific creationists interpret the fossils found in the earth's rocks as the remains of animals that perished in the Noachian Deluge.
		Ironically, they often cite the sheer number of fossils in "fossil graveyards" as evidence for the Flood.
		In particular, creationists seem enamored by the Karroo Formation in Africa, which is estimated toProblems With a Global Flood From "Six 'Flood' Arguments Creationists Can't Answer" by Robert Schadewald, _Creation/Evolution_ IV (Summer 1982), pp.
	www.skepticfiles.org /misctext/1problem.htm (249 words)

	Hugh Miller -- creationist geologist
		Lectures 7 and 8 deal with the "Noachian Deluge", and are excerpted here.
		Lectures 11 and 12 deal with the fossil flora of Scotland, and are primarily descriptive.
		I have chosen the chapters that deal with the "Noachian Deluge" as representative because they really represent the centre of his book, and show what makes Miller's writings fairly unique these days -- a balance of theological and scientific discussion.
	home.tiac.net /~cri/1998/miller.html (972 words)

	Drainage basin evolution in Noachian Terra Cimmeria, Mars
		Crater counts date the termination of ubiquitous, intense erosion to the late Noachian, although some valleys may have continued downcutting into the early Hesperian.
		Stratigraphic and topographic relationships indicate that early erosional processes created large, integrated drainage basins, affected primarily by large impact basin structures and regional slopes.
		Citation: Irwin, R., and A. Howard (2002), Drainage basin evolution in Noachian Terra Cimmeria, Mars, J.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001JE001818.shtml (359 words)

	Mars: Time for a New Chronology? :: Astrobiology Magazine ::
		The Noachian Period (from the planet's formation to about 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago) was named for Noachis Terra, a vast highland in the southern hemisphere.
		The Hesperian Period began as the bombardment eased, and may have lasted until 1.8 billion years ago.
		The Amazonian Period (from the end of the Hesperian to the present era), was named for Amazonis Planitia, a low plain in the northern hemisphere.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article2115.html (1492 words)

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