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Topic: Nobatia

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nobatia
		Nobatia (also Nobadia) was a Medieval Christian kingdom in Lower Nubia and subsequently a region of the larger Nubian kingdom of Makuria.
		Nobatia was likely founded by the Nobatae, who had been invited into the region from the Egyptian desert by the Roman Emperor Diocletian to help defeat the Blemmyes in AD Early Nobatia is quite likely the same civilization that is known to archeologists as the Ballana culture.
		Nobatia was the closest part of Nubia to Egypt and was the most subject to the pressures of Arabization and Islamization.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nobatia (361 words)

	History of Sudan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The northernmost of these was Nobatia, south of the First Cataract of the Nile.
		Makuria was situated at Old Dongola, and the kingdom of Alodia was around Soba on the Blue Nile.
		Islam came to Egypt in the 640s, and pressed southward; around 651 the governor of Egypt raided as far south as Dongola.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Sudan (2645 words)

	The Last Chance for Sudan to Exist: Get Out of the Arab League Now!
		Nobatia was exposed to Coptic Monophysitic influences coming from Egypt; it imposed therefore Coptic as holy, religious and administrative language.
		In the very beginning Nobatia was the stronger state, especially because after the middle of the 7th century and the Islamic occupation of Egypt, the south of Egypt escaped totally from the Caliphate’s authority and was therefore annexed by and ruled from Faras.
		Nobatia, the northern Christian kingdom of Sudan, consists in the only real Nubian state in the World History, and at the same time it is the only time that a state bore the ethnic and national name of the Nubians.
	www.bradynet.com /bbs/events/100013-0.html (3291 words)

	Makuria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Makuria was one of three kingdoms to emerge in Nubia in the 4th century; the other two were Nobatia to the north of Makuria, and Alodia to the south.
		Makuria eventually merged with Nobatia, most likely under the rule of King Merkurios in the mid-seventh century.
		By the tenth century the northern area, most of what was once Nobatia, had become largely Arabized and Islamicized, and largely independent of Dongola was increasingly referred to as al-Maris.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Makuria (1067 words)

	Spotlight on Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Meritorious Nubian Republic of Nobatia is a massive, safe nation, remarkable for its punitive income tax rates.
		Nobatia's national animal is the cat, which is also the nation's favorite main course, and its currency is the spear.
		Nobatia is ranked 13th in the region and 4,936th in the world for Largest Arms Manufacturing Sector.
	www.nationstates.net /cgi-bin/index.cgi/page=display_nation/nation=nobatia (247 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Sudan - Christian Nubia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nobatia in the north, also known as Ballanah, had its capital at Faras, in what is now Egypt; the central kingdom, Muqurra, was centered at Dunqulah, the old city on the Nile about 150 kilometers south of modern Dunqulah; and Alwa, in the heartland of old Meroe in the south, had its capital at Sawba.
		It is possible that the conversion process began earlier, however, under the aegis of Coptic missionaries from Egypt, who in the previous century had brought Christianity to the Abyssinians.
		Although the Arabs soon abandoned attempts to reduce Nubia by force, Muslim domination of Egypt often made it difficult to communicate with the Coptic patriarch or to obtain Egyptian-trained clergy.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/sudan/5.php (623 words)

	Sudan Christian Nubia - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nobatia in the north, also known as Ballanah, had its capital at Faras, in what is now Egypt; the central kingdom, Muqurra, was centered at Dunqulah, the old city on the Nile about 150 kilometers south of modern Dunqulah; and Alwa, in the heartland of old Meroe in the south, had its capital at Sawba.
		It is possible that the conversion process began earlier, however, under the aegis of Coptic missionaries from Egypt, who in the previous century had brought Christianity to the Abyssinians.
		Most historians believe that Arab pressure forced Nobatia and Muqurra to merge into the kingdom of Dunqulah sometime before 700.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/sudan/sudan_history_christian_nubia.html (538 words)

	Nobatia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look for Nobatia in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Nobatia in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		If you have created this page in the past few minutes and it has not yet appeared, it may not be visible due to a delay in updating the database.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nobatia (101 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the course of the excavation, a buried cathedral with over 120 wall-paintings, covering the walls of the church in several layers above and next to each other, was discovered.
		The high quality of these 8th to 12th century frescoes shows that Faras was the most important artistic centre in the north of Christian Nubia (the kingdom of Nobatia).
		In the 6th century, Faras - or Pachora, as it was once called — had already boasted a Christian church, and had been the seat of a bishop since c.625.
	www.khm.at /faras/einf/einfuehrungE.html (298 words)

	MEDIEVAL NUBIA - EgyptSearch Forums
		Although now under one king, Nobatia, or Maris as it also seems to have been called, maintained its own identity and had a governor appointed by the king of Nubia, known to the Arabs as sahib el jebel, "Lord of the Mountain ", and to the Nubians by the Greek title of " Eparch ".
		It is clear from the Byzantine Church historians of the mid 6th century that a stable political system was in existence along the middle Nile with three autonomous kingdoms, before the official adoption of Christianity by their rulers.
		In Northern Nubia much of Nobatia had already disappeared beneath the waters of Lake Nasser apart from the Qasr Ibrim, and archaeological research is confined to post-excavation studies.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/000782.html (17039 words)

	MEDIEVAL NUBIA
		But a study of the tombstones which have been found in considerable numbers, presents rather a different picture ; most of these tombstones are in Greek and the prayers for the deceased inscribed on them are those in use in the orthodox church.
		Although now under one king, Nobatia, or Maris as it also seems to have been called, maintained its own identity and had a governor appointed by the king of Nubia, known to the Arabs as sahib el jebel, "Lord of the Mountain ", and to the Nubians by the Greek title of " Eparch ".
		The Nubian army reached Cairo where an official called the eparch, presumably the eparch of Nobatia, was sent to treat with Abd el Melek ibn Musa, the governor of Egypt, who agreed to the release of the Patriarch.
	rumkatkilise.org /nubia.htm (4577 words)

	All About Melvin J. Cobbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A.D. is gleaming sword pointing to the heavens, the qeren of Meroe stood at the head of his great army.
		His piercing eyes were focused upon the rebellious army from the province of Nobatia that defiantly stood its ground.
		She had been convinced that he was the perfect choice to secure Meroe’s northern border with Roman Egypt.
	www.agendamag.com /Fall2004/Pages/Columns/mjcobbreviews.html (670 words)

	Nubia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In later Roman times, Nubia was divided into three kingdoms: northernmost was Nobatia between the first and second cataract ofthe Nile River, with its capital at Pachoras (modern day Faras); in the middle was Makuria, with its capital at (Old) Dongola ; and southernmost was Aloda, with its capital at Soba (near Khartoum).
		King Silko ofNobatia crushed the Blemmyes, andrecorded his victory in a Greek inscription carved in the wall of thetemple of Talmis (modern Kalabsha) aroundAD 500.
		While bishop Athanasius of Alexandria consecrated one Marcus as bishop of Philae before his death in 373, showing that Christianity had penetrated the region by thefourth century, John of Ephesus records that a Monophysite priest named Julian converted the king and his nobles of Nobatia around 545.
	www.therfcc.org /nubia-6261.html (517 words)

	Nubia - Crystalinks
		Between 543 and 575 these three kingdoms were converted to Christianity by the work of Julian, a missionary who proselytized among the Nobatia (543-545), and his successor Longinus, who between 569 and 575 consolidated the work of Julian in Nobatia and even carried Christianity to 'Alwah in the south.
		After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in AD 632, the Arabs erupted from the desert steppes of Arabia and overran the lands to the east and west.
		Egypt was invaded in 639, and small groups of Arab raiders penetrated up the Nile and pillaged along the frontier of the kingdom of Maqurrah, which by the 7th century had absorbed the state of Nobatia.
	www.crystalinks.com /nubia.html (4330 words)

	Untitled Document
		In AD 451, the Monophysite doctrine was offically declared a heresy by Byzantium, but in Egypt it remained strong primarily because it gave the Egyptian church a means of asserting its ideological and political independence from the Byzantine church and government.
		Competing Monophysite and Dyophysite missionaries to Nobatia resulted in its conversion to Monophysitism in 543 and its becoming allied to the Egyptian Coptic church.
		By the mid-seventh century, however, as Egypt fell first to the invading armies of the Persians (616-629) and then to the Arabs (639-641), Makuria absorbed Nobatia and became Monopysite - as an extension of the Egyptian Coptic Church, which retained independence under the early Egyptian Arab rulers because it opposed Byzantium.
	www.nubianet.org /about/about_history10.html (1273 words)

	Brief History of Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The region re-enters history with the foundation of the Christian kingdoms (from north to south) of Nobatia (capital Fachoras or Faras), Makurra (capital Dunkula), and Alwah, also known as Alodia (capital Subah).
		In the middle of the 7th century, Makurra absorbed Nobatia.
		The Arabs tried to conquer Nubia but Christianity proved resistant for centuries to attempts at Islamization, even during the 13th and 14th century by the Mamelukes of Egypt.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/s/Sudan_brief.htm (1217 words)

	Tales of 1001 Egyptian Royal Nights, history of Nubia ,Egyptian Tours
		An important kingdom in Nubia was the Makuria, which reached its height in the 8th-9th centuries, and was of the Melkite Christian faith, unlike its Coptic neighbours, Nobatia and Alodia.
		Around AD 350 the area was invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum and the kingdom collapsed.
		While bishop Athanasius of Alexandria consecrated one Marcus as bishop of Philae before his death in 373, showing that Christianity had penetrated the region by the fourth century, John of Ephesus records that a Monophysite priest named Julian converted the king and his nobles of Nobatia around 545.
	www.travelinstyle.com /egypt/King_Farouk/Nubia.htm (2317 words)

	Nubia - ArticleWorld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the northern was Nobatia; in the middle was Makuria; and in the south was Alwa.
		It is not exactly known when Nubia was converted into Christianity.
		Some records mentioned that the king of Nobatia was converted into Christianity around AD 545, while the kingdom of Alwa was converted around 569.
	www.articleworld.org /index.php/Nubia (591 words)

	Home\|Exhibitions\|Exhibition Review\|Special Exhibitions 2002\|Faras - A Cathedral in the desert\|Press release
		The high quality of these 12th and 13th century frescoes shows that Faras was the most important artistic centre in the north of Christian Nubia (the kingdom of Nobatia).
		Starting in May, over seventy wall-paintings, stone friezes, stele, and funerary goods from the National Museum in Warsaw will be on show at the Kunsthistorisches Museum.
		They offer a comprehesive survey of 7th to 12th century Christian art in the kingdom of Nobatia in northern Nubia.
	www.khm.at /staticE/page2374.html (482 words)

	Imperial Africa
		With Axum isolated (under Islamic pressure) from her former trading partners, she began to develop a unique culture, over the next thousand years, within the confines of the Abyssinian Plateau.
		With the sack of Meroe, the Nubians rebuilt Sudanic civilization in the form of a series of new states, particularly Nobatia, Makouria and Alwa.
		A Muslim invasion in the mid fifth century was turned back at Old Dongola by Nubian archers, and a treaty was signed that guaranteed the freedom of Christian worship and the establishment of a peaceful trade agreement that lasted six hundred years
	empathosnationenterprises.com /Consulate/EN-Library/Black-Studies/afempire.html (4574 words)

	A History of Africa, Chapter 5
		And because Egypt was in Moslem hands, Abyssinia and the three Christian Nubian states were cut off from the rest of Christendom, soon to be forgotten by their brethren in Europe and Asia Minor.
		Details are not available, but Nobatia and Makuria both ended up under the rule of Dongola, and its king, Merkurios (697-707?).
		The most obvious guess is that Makuria annexed Nobatia, but afterwards everybody in the united kingdom followed the Monophysitism of Nobatia, not the Orthodoxy of Makuria.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /africa/af05.html (16141 words)

	Archaeology and History:
		Also the activities of Longinus in Alwa were said to be the result of a specific request by the Alwan King to the King of Nobatia, suggesting friendly contacts between the north and south of
		The obsession of archaeologists with assigning human activity over time to distinct periods does not allow us to recognise the often extremely gradual process of the change, but only serves to highlight the differences between the situation before and after that change.
		Obviously there are many and the relative importance one would assign to them depends largely on the personal interest of the scholar concerned.
	www.arkamani.org /preliminary_reports/british_institute_eastern_africa/archaeology_and_history.htm (6713 words)

	Alodia Information
		Its southern border is unknown, but Alodia might have had some authority deep into the Bahr el Ghazal.
		Alodia or Alwa was the southernmost of the three kingdoms of Christian Nubia; the other two were Nobatia and Makuria to the north.
		Alodia was converted to Christianity in the 6th century by missionaries sent by Byzantine Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Alodia (392 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The kingdom of Kush survived longer than that of Egypt and was never annexed by the Romans At some point, likley around the turn of the millennium, Kush was conquered by the Noba people, from which the name Nubia Nobatae.
		Around 350 AD the area was invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Axum Nobatia Nile River, with its capital at Pachoras (modern day Faras); in the middle was Makuria, with its capital at (Old) Dongola Aloda, with its capital at Soba (near Khartoum).
		Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan Aswan, Egypt Its people spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language Nilo-Saharan subfamily which includes Nobiin, Kenuzi-Dongola, Midob Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan.
	www.en-cyclopedia.com /index1/nu (2508 words)

	Interview with Professor Megalommatis - Part I
		After the christening of the country, an important monophysitic Christian cultural environment was developed there, and Abyssinia, along with the Copts of Egypt, who belonged to the Roman Empire, and the three Christian states of Sudan, Nobatia, Makkuria and Alodia, gave a distinct, African, dimension to the phenomenon of Christianity.
		To address the situation, the also isolated Christian kingdoms of the Sudan, Nobatia, at the North with capital at Faras near Wadi Halfa, and Makkuria at the center with capital at Old Dongola, 600 km in the south of Faras, merged.
		Contrarily to the Sudanese Christian state, Axum collapsed, since the vicinity of the coast, the Islamic supremacy in the coast, and the lack of connection with other parts of Africa predestined it to be doomed for many long centuries.
	www.voicefinfinne.org /English/Interviews/Interview_Mega2.htm (5609 words)

	africanfront.com (AUF) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Era of Blemmyes strength; the development of the Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Mukurra, and Alwa, and their respective churches and settlements.
		ca.537 AD Nubian King Silko drives out Blemmyes from Nobatia and implies at Kalabsha temple that he is the first Christian king of Nubia.
		Old Dongola is captured for a period; conflicts noted between Makuria and Nobatia
	www.africanfront.com /calendarcontd.php (1925 words)

	Miracle from the Desert \| TIME
		Nobatia flourished between the 7th and the 14th centuries in what the Egyptians once called Nubia, but it ultimately fell before Arab invaders.
		A Madonna and Child dating from around 710 differs from many earlier extant treatments of the subject in that it shows Christ as a baby and not a diminutive adult.
		For the better part of its history, Nobatia suffered from marauding bands of Arabs.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,901367,00.html (740 words)

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