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Topic: Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary

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	HUNGARY - LoveToKnow Article on HUNGARY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The greatest elevations are in the Ttra mountains of the north of Hungary proper, in the east and south of Transylvania (the Transylvanian Alps) and in the eastern portion of the Banat.
		The principal salt-mines are in Transylvania at Torda, Parajd, Desakna and Mars-Ujvr; and in Hungary at Szlatina, Rnazsk and Sugatag.
		The Orthodox Eastern Church in Hungary is subject to the authority of the metropolitan of Carlowitz and the archbishop of Nagyszebcn (Hermannstadt); under the former arc the bishops of Bflcs, Btida, Temesvr, Versecz and Pakrcz, and under the latter the bishops of Arad and Karflnsebes.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HU/HUNGARY.htm (19543 words)

	ipedia.com: Austria-Hungary Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Austria-Hungary, also known as the "Dual Monarchy", was a dualistic state (1867-1918) in which the kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire under the Emperors (who were also Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty.
		The "Lands" of the Transleithanian half of the Empire were the Kingdoms of Hungary, and of Croatia and Slavonia, and the State of Rijeka.
		Though Hungary's leaders were on the whole less willing than their German Austrian counterparts to share power with their subject minorities, they granted a large measure of autonomy to the kingdom of Croatia in 1868, parallelling to some extent their own accommodation within the Empire the previous year.
	www.ipedia.com /austria_hungary.html (2619 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Partium
		The name derives from the Latin "Partium Regni Hungariæ," parts of the Kingdom of Hungary that were transferred to Prince John II Sigismund of Transylvania by the Treaty of Speyer (Spires) in 1571.
		With administrative reorganization within the Hungary in the middle of the 19th century, the Partium territories were incorporated into the Kingdom’s county (comitatus) system.
		With the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I, the region was seized by Romanian troops in 1919 and officially ceded to Romania by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Partium (946 words)

	The National Kingdom
		Hungary suffered only two severe inroads from them, in 1068 and 1091 respectively, and both were incursions of raiding parties which returned to the steppes with their booty.
		This was due partly to the opposition of the existing nobles to further dilution of their privileges, partly to the introduction as principal arm of heavy cavalry, which made it useless to ennoble men who could not afford the new equipment.
		This does not, of course, mean a general assembly of all the 'nobles' of Hungary, but of their representatives, the class from which the county 'assessors' were drawn.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/wooton/34/macartney/2.html (5250 words)

	Austria-Hungary Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		monarchy'''), was a dualistic state (1867 –1918) in which the Kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire under the Austrian Emperors (who also reigned as Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty.
		Though Hungary's leaders showed on the whole less willingness than their German Austrian counterparts to share power with their subject minorities, they granted a large measure of autonomy to the kingdom of Croatia in 1868, parallelling to some extent their own accommodation within the Empire the previous year.
		A pro-monarchist revival in Hungary after the Hungarian Soviet Republiccommunist revolution and the Romanian intervention of 1919 led to the country's formal reversion to a kingdom (March 1920), but with the throne vacant.
	www.echostatic.com /Austria-Hungary.html (3168 words)

	History of Hungary Magyars, Hungarian Democracy, Budapest History
		After the conquest of Hungary, which ended in 900, it seemed for a time that the Magyars would not be able to adapt themselves quickly enough to settle in Europe.
		With this loss of territory (Hungary had a renounce 70 per cent of its former land) it was also deprived of access to its raw materials.
		Hungary successfully concluded its accession negotiations with the European Union at the end of 2002, and will become a member of this organization on May 1, 2004.
	www.gotohungary.com /history/history.shtml (1353 words)

	Nationalism in Hungary, 1848-1867
		Because nobles were expected to pay the toll like everyone else, such a plan was radical and controversial: strict conservatives considered the toll to be a tax, and nobles were exempt from taxation.
		The nobles had also been shaken out of complacency in 1830, when a cholera epidemic brought on by primitive sanitation killed 250,000 (out of ten million) and was followed by peasant rioting because rural folk blamed the epidemic on poisoning by their landlords or Jews.
		Kossuth (born in 1802) was not a great noble but the son of a lawyer who was a servant on the huge Andrassy estates in the backward northern districts.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect07.htm (4360 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Initially, he was appointed by the king, later elected by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary.
		The Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary of 1455 and 1456 issued the decree "De officio Palatinus", which guaranteed the palatine's position as the representative of the king.
		After 1526, when the Habsburgs became rulers of the kingdom and the Turks seized large parts of the kingdom, the palatine, as the vice-regent (viceroy), had his seat outside Royal Hungary in Prague and later in Vienna.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Palatine_(Kingdom_of_Hungary) (860 words)

	The Titles of the European Rulers
		Otto dei gracia Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie, Rame, Seruie, Gallicie, Lodomerie, Cumanie, Bulgarieque Rex
		Hungarie, Dalmatie, Croatie, Rame, Servie, Gallicie, Lodomerie, Comanie, Bulgarieque rex,
		Mathias, dei gracia Hungarie, Dalmacie, Croacie, Rame, Servie, Gallicie, Lodomerie, Comanie, Bulgarieque rex
	www.geocities.com /eurprin/hungary.html (5936 words)

	Kingdom of Hungary - Definition, explanation
		The Kingdom of Hungary is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918.
		At the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Hungarian army was defeated by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and King Lajos II of Hungary was killed.
		Beset by a series of internal revolutions, Hungary accepted the radical reduction in the territorial extent of the previous kingdom (which reflected boundaries that were almost 800 years old) laid out by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/k/ki/kingdom_of_hungary.php (1080 words)

	Austria-Hungary - InformationBlast
		Austria-Hungary, also known as the "Dual Monarchy," was a dualistic state (1867-1918) in which the kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and proportional representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire under the Emperors (who were also Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty.
		The "Lands" of the Transleithanian half of the Empire were the Kingdoms of Hungary, and of Croatia and Slavonia, and the State of Rijeka.
		Though Hungary's leaders were on the whole less willing than their German Austrian counterparts to share power with their subject minorities, they granted a large measure of autonomy to the kingdom of Croatia in 1868, parallelling to some extent their own accommodation within the Empire the previous year.
	www.informationblast.com /Austria-Hungary.html (2462 words)

	Visegrad Group - Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia - Brief History of Hungary
		Francis Joseph I is crowned King of Hungary, and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy is established.
		Hungary is a "kingdom" again in name but the issue of the power of the head of state is not settled with final effect.
		Hungary's loss of human lives is about one million in World War II, and 40 per cent of the national wealth is destroyed.
	visegradgroup.eu /main.php?folderID=946&articleID=4080&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 (2086 words)

	Hungary - Historical Flags - Kingdom of Hungary (Pre-1848) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Flag of the Noble Army of Somogy County (1790)
		This is the flag of János (Johannes) Hunyadi, regent of Hungary.
		The original letter of nobility dated from the 17th century is in the posession of my mother's cousin, it says "it is issued to certify that Marussy Andras is already a noble".
	fotw.vexillum.com /flags/hu_king.html (2453 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		At the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Hungarian army was defeated by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and King Lajos II of Hungary was killed.
		An area corresponding to the historic Kingdom of Hungary was granted considerable internal autonomy and a share in the operation of the Empire as a whole.
		Beset by a series of internal revolutions, Hungary accepted the radical reduction in the territorial extent of the previous kingdom (which reflected boundaries that were almost 800 years old) laid out by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary (747 words)

	United Kingdom - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Also under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, though not part of the United Kingdom itself, are the Crown dependencies of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man and a number of overseas territories.
		In form, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with legislative power invested in an elected government, and executive power invested in a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister whose power, though carried out in the monarch's name, is answerable to Parliament and through it the electorate.
		The Parliament of the United Kingdom is bicameral, composed of the 659-member elected House of Commons and the appointed House of Lords.
	www.free-definition.com /United-Kingdom.html (1975 words)

	Zeman
		The Hungarian and Latin words (Latin was the kingdom's language of administration until the 19th century) could also be used in the more general sense of "a nobleman," but they had the specific meaning identifying a noble person of this particular rank in the kingdom.
		A female zemianka who married a commoner retained her noble status for the rest of her life, but it did not transfer to her husband and her children were born commoners.
		The practical implications of their privileged status began to disappear with the reforms of Joseph II that gradually gave more freedom to the rest of the population and curbed the nobility's privileges as the kingdom became more firmly integrated in the Habsburg monarchy.
	www.buzznet.com /tags/zeman (486 words)

	United Kingdom: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		After the crushing of a nationalist rebellion in Ireland in 1798, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801 with the dissolution of the Irish Parliament.
		Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia participated in the war as âlesserâ allies of the Nazis.
		In February 1990, the United Kingdom and Argentina renewed diplomatic relations and their representatives met in Madrid to negotiate the issue of the return of the Malvinas/Falklands.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=178 (4436 words)

	Croatia: History — FactMonster.com
		A kingdom from the 10th cent., Croatia conquered surrounding districts, including Dalmatia, which was chronically contested with Venice.
		Hungary imposed Magyarization on Croatia and promulgated (1848) laws that seriously jeopardized Croatian autonomy within the Hapsburg empire.
		When the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy was established in 1867, Croatia proper and Slavonia were included in the kingdom of Hungary, and Dalmatia and Istria in the Austrian empire.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0857636.html (1056 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Before the accession of the Habsburgs, the nobility was structured according to the offices in the administration of the Kingdom.
		In newly-formed states formerly belonging to the Hungarian crown the situation varies; for instance the Constitution of Czechoslovakia abolishes all indicators of nobility in 1918.
		Emperor (Latin: imperator, Hungarian: csÃ¡szÃ¡r, Slovak: cisÃ¡r, German: Kaiser): After the Kingdom of Hungary became part of the Habsburg empire in 1526, the country was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor who also ruled Austria, although the Kingdom of Hungary itself was not part of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Nobility_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary (844 words)

	Sovereignty & The Future of Nobility and Royalty
		Noble honorific titles are honors based on the sovereignty of ones King and they reflect his splendor.
		In other words, true nobility and royalty can be passed on, and never lost, and thus can continue on perpetually and forever as an important part of life for many decades and centuries to come.
		May the nobility of the earth be exemplary and live lives worthy of emulation and admiration.
	www.nobility-royalty.com /history__sovereignty_and_the_royal_prerogative__the_future_of___de_jure__non_rei.htm (12651 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hungary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Kingdom of Hungary, or "Realm of the Crown of St. Stephen", situated between 14º 25' and 26º 25' E. longitude, and between 44º 10' and 49º 35' N. latitude, includes, besides Hungary Proper and Transylvania, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and a territory known as the Military Frontier.
		The decline of the kingdom of the East Franks, after the death of Charlemagne, was favourable to the development of a great Slavonic power, and Swatopluk, ruler of Great Moravia, thought to establish a permanent Moravian kingdom, but the appearance of the Magyars put an end to these schemes.
		It was encouraged by the existing political conditions of Hungary: the dispute over the succession, with the accompanying civil war; the lack of a properly educated Catholic clergy; the transfer of a large amount of church land to the laity; and the claims made by both aspirants to the throne upon the episcopal domains.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07547a.htm (12356 words)

	A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles
		There are some titles in the United Kingdom (e.g., the Irish peerage, when the peer lacks another English, Scots or UK title) which do not permit one to sit in the House of Lords; thus, in Scotland, the distinction of a "Lord of Parliament".
		The "kingdoms" of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are two formerly separate kingdoms, England (joined with the Principality of Wales) and Scotland, plus a rump of a third former kingdom, Ireland.
		The Kingdom of Desmond lost its independence in 1596, but the titles have been retained as 'incorporeal property' as is the case with the many recognized titles granted by other non-regnant Royal Houses.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/odegard/titlefaq.htm (7119 words)

	Nobility and Royalty of the Kingdom of Hungary - Definition, explanation
		Nobility and Royalty of the Kingdom of Hungary
		This article deals with some titles of the nobility and royalty in the Kingdom of Hungary.
		Before Hungary became part of the Habsburg Empire (in the 1500s), the titles (except for the titles of king, queen and royal prince) weren't really important, it was one's office and role in administration that counted.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/n/no/nobility_and_royalty_of_the_kingdom_of_hungary.php (680 words)

	Hungary: History, Economy, Land and People. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Hungary was a one-party Communist state ((((forced to be by the bloody russian red army)))) from 1948 to 1989, when it adopted a multiparty, democratic form of government.
		Hungary's postal, telegraph, and telephone services are part of the international network and are undergoing technological modernization.
		Hungary's level of indebtedness, the failure of the Soviet-oriented industrial system, rising unemployment, the collapse of the protective social welfare system, and the rapid economic and social polarization that followed the introduction of capitalism, all combined to produce a high level of public discontent.
	www.zoltech.net /h/history.html (2224 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Hungary, 1840-1849
		In 1843/44 relations between the Austrian administration and Hungary's diet turned to the worse, as economic interests conflicted and Metternich regarded the diet overstepping it's bounds in discussing topics such as the status of cities, educational and economic reform.
		In April 1848, the APRIL LAWS were passed, which functioned as Hungary's new constitution; Hungary was to be a constitutional hereditary monarchy, parliament to be convened annually, royal decisions required the signature of a minister; representatives of the lower house should be elected; Hungary was to have a separate army, administration and judiciary.
		A major flaw of the constitution was that it did not mention the national minorities, most notably the Kingdom of Croatia, which technically formed a state in a state as Hungary did within the larger Austrian Empire.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/hungary184049.html (753 words)

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