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Topic: Noble gases

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	Noble gas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The noble gases are the chemical elements in group 18 (old-style Group 0) of the periodic table.
		It seems likely that the name 'noble gases' is a reference to the unreactive Noble metals, so called due to their preciousness, resistance to corrosion and long association with the aristocracy.
		Because of their unreactivity, the noble gases were not discovered until 1868, when helium was detected spectrographically in the Sun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Noble_gas (484 words)

	Diffusive separation of noble gases and noble gas abundance patterns in sedimentary rocks
		Diffusion-controlled fractionation of noble gases is modeled and examined as an explanation for the absolute and relative abundances of noble gases observed in sediments.
		Since the physical properties of the noble gases are strong functions of atomic mass, the individual diffusion coefficients, adsorption coefficients and atomic radii combine to impede heavy noble gas (Xe) diffusion relative to light noble gas (Ne) diffusion.
		We need new methods of examining noble gases in rocks to determine the role and function of angstrom-scale structures in both the diffusive enrichment process and the 'strong retention' process for noble gas abundances in terrestrial rocks.
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-55507 (344 words)

	Noble gas -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The noble gases were previously referred to as (Any of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table) inert gases, but this term is not strictly accurate because several of them do take part in chemical reactions.
		Because of their unreactivity, the noble gases were not discovered until 1868, when helium was detected (Click link for more info and facts about spectrographically) spectrographically in the (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) Sun.
		This is why they are all (A fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely) gases under normal conditions, even those with larger ((chemistry) the mass (in atomic mass units) of an isotope of an element) atomic masses than many normally solid elements.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/no/noble_gas.htm (610 words)

	Noble gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The noble gases were previously referred to as inert gases, but this term is not strictly accurate now that some have been shown to takepart in chemical reactions.
		In fact, although they form a considerable part of the Earth'satmosphere, because of their unreactivity, the noble gases were not discovered until the existence of helium was hypothetically deduced from a spectrographic analysis of the sun, and later on proven when William Ramsay isolated it.
		The noble gases also have very weak inter-atomic forces of attraction, andconsequently very low melting points and boiling points -- this is the reason why they are all gases, even those of them which have much heavieratoms than many normally solid elements.
	www.therfcc.org /noble-gas-47829.html (334 words)

	Chemistry Final Project \| Noble Gases
		Noble Gases are elements found in column 8 of the periodic table.
		These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily.
		All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi/3pchemistry/noble.html (147 words)

	SAHRA - Isotopes & Hydrology
		The noble gases are any of the chemically inert elements found on the far right of the periodic table in the helium group.
		Noble gases are naturally occurring and present in the earth's atmosphere.
		The behavior of noble gases is governed by three factors: diffusion, partition between phases, and nuclear transformation.
	www.sahra.arizona.edu /programs/isotopes/noble.html (1101 words)

	The Noble Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The elements of Group VIII of the Periodic Table are gases which have closed shells and are unreactive chemically.
		The densities of the noble gases increase with increasing molecular mass.
		Noble gases are used to advantage in environments where corrosion or damage from electrical discharges might occur if the environments were filled with air.
	www.angelfire.com /ab6/userper/nobgas.htm (129 words)

	The Noble Gases
		Theses six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table.
		These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compunds readily.
		All of these gases have the greatest number of electrons possible in their outer energy lever, (2 for Helium, 8 for the rest) making them stable and for the most part, unreactive.
	www.geocities.com /nobleproj/1.html (164 words)

	Scientific background and significance
		The determination of elemental and isotopic abundances of noble gases in chondrules and CAIs will constrain the nature of the volatile reservoirs they have sampled, and the mechanisms by which these objects (which formed at high temperatures and low pressures) were able to retain or acquire volatile elements.
		There are very few studies of individual chondrules in which enough noble gases and their isotopic compositions have been measured to make valid comparisons against possible reservoirs and trapping mechanisms.
		Noble gas data from CAIs is equally scarce, and often compromised by the use of samples which have been subject to nebular or parent body processing subsequent since their formation.
	www.phim.unibe.ch /internal/nf01web/node48.html (395 words)

	noble gases -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Some of the noble gases are primitive in the sense that the corresponding elements were...
		The detection of specific isotopes of the noble gases, such as krypton-81 (81Kr), is quite important.
		Because it is odorless and colorless, argon is also used as an inert gas shield in arc welding and cutting, to fabricate zirconium and titanium, and to grow crystals of germanium and silicon.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9276113?tocId=9276113&query=xenon (887 words)

	Lamont-Doherty Scientists Launch a New Spectrometer for the Study of Noble Gases. Columbia University Record, February ...
		Noble gases do not react with other elements, so they can be tracked through time and space better than other elements.
		While Martin Stute, LDEO associate research scientist, is looking at trace noble gases from wells in Maryland to find out the continental temperature of the last ice age, Sidney Hemming, also an associate research scientist, is waiting for ratios between argon isotopes to tell her the dates of mineral crystals.
		Most noble gases are found in concentrations of parts per million, so the inlet system they designed had to be sensitive enough to extract minute amounts of noble gases from water and rocks.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/record/archives/vol23/vol23_iss15/34.html (881 words)

	Genesis Web Science Document A: Isotopic Composition of the Solar System
		The noble gases are unique elements in having prominent interstellar grain contributions to bulk meteorite analyses because: (1) the interstellar grains have relatively high noble gas concentrations and (2) the amounts of possible nebula gases are relatively small.
		Extensive loss of solar wind noble gases would be accompanied by significant amount s of elemental and isotopic fractionation, complicating the identification of the ilmenite abundances with the solar values.
		For all five noble gases, the high energy particle isotopic composition is fractionated relative to solar wind by the square of the mass ratios.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /genesis/DocumentA.html (9405 words)

	Reactor Analysis: Research Initiatives: Noble Gas Air (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		It may be a clathrate effect in which the heavy, monatomic noble gas atoms are trapped in the interstitial spaces in the much larger fluid molecules.
		Clathrates are known to work only with a range of sizes that "fit snugly" in the host molecule's interstices, and this would be consistent with observations that the mechanism works only with the heavy noble gases (radon, xenon, and krypton), and not with the lighter gases (helium, neon, or argon).
		Alternatively, the mechanism may be a temperature-dependent solubility phenomenon that fortuitously absorbs and releases the noble gases between the "convenient" temperatures of 20 and 60C.
	web.ra.anl.gov /research/ri/ngair (872 words)

	Noble Gases
		Noble gas refers to any element of the group of six elements in group 8 of the periodic table.
		Unlike most elements, the nobel gases are monoatomic.
		They were generally called inert gases until about 1962 when xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4, was produced in the laboratory.
	www.corrosionsource.com /handbook/periodic/n_gases.htm (83 words)

	Noble Gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Noble currently operates this gas-to-power project with a 100% working interest.
		In fact, although they form a considerable part of the Earth's atmosphere, because of their unreactivity, the noble gases were not discovered until the existence of helium was hypothetically deduced from a spectrographic analysis of the sun, and later on proven when William Ramsay isolated it.
		The noble gases also have very weak inter-atomic forces of attraction, and consequently very low melting points and boiling points -- this is the reason why they are all gases, even those of them which have much heavier atoms than many normally solid elements.
	www.wikiverse.org /noble-gas (472 words)

	C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - THE NOBLE GASES
		The first ionization potentials of the noble gases provide a measure of how firmly the outer electrons are held by the effective nuclear charge.
		The six noble gases are found in the far right column of the periodic table.
		All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (two for helium, eight for all others), making them highly stable.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/80th/noblegases.html (1679 words)

	ME R. R. Mahajan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Present day I am working on the analysis of noble gases and nitrogen analysis of meteorites by various techniques such as combustion, pyrolysis, single grain [by laser microprobe] and vacuum crushing, using noble gas mass spectrometer.
		The isotopic ratios of noble gases and nitrogen is used to study different aspects of meteorites.
		The goles for studying noble gases and nitrogen in meteorites is
	www.prl.ernet.in /~ramakant/me.html (162 words)

	Adsorption of noble gases on metal substrates and semiconductors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		After 30 years of continuing investigation, the adsorption properties of the noble gases on metal and semiconductor surfaces have recently attracted renewed interest.
		On the other hand, noble gas adsorption is being used as a non-destructive and quantitative surface analytical tool as, for instance, in photoemission of adsorbed xenon (PAX) (97W) and for titration analysis of heterogeneous surfaces based on the site specificity of the interaction strength (96S,98W).
		Hence, it may be expected that the noble gases will continue to serve as model systems for solving fundamental issues in surface science as well as to provide a powerful analytical probe for surface characterization.
	www.exphys.uni-linz.ac.at /Frames/Public/Abstracts/Abst01/NobleGas.html (130 words)

	Properties of the Noble Gases - Element Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The noble gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
		The noble gases, also known as the inert gases, are located in Group VIII of the periodic table.
		The noble gases have low boiling points and are all gases at room temperature.
	chemistry.allinfoabout.com /features/noble.html (95 words)

	Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
		These elements are also the noble gases, in tribute to their disdain for engaging in chemical consort with other species.
		Studies of the distribution of noble gases within the Earth are a critical component in studies of mantle geochemistry and the formation history of the atmosphere.
		Within the crust, noble gases have been key components in studies of crustal evolution, of flow patterns in hydrological systems and ocean basins, and in a range of dating techniques.
	www.minsocam.org /MSA/RIM/Rim47.html (547 words)

	Visual Elements: Group 18 - The Noble Gases
		The elements of Group 18, the noble gases, are:
		The noble gases are all found in minute quantities in the atmosphere, and are isolated by fractional distillation of liquid air.
		This Group was originally named the "inert gases", as it was thought they formed no compounds.
	www.chemsoc.org /viselements/pages/data/intro_groupviii_data.html (280 words)

	Laser Microprobe for noble gases and nitrogen analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Case study : Noble gases and nitrogen in individual chondrules.
		A Ng:YAD laser is used for heating / melting the individual chondrules for noble gases and nitrogen isotopic study.
		The gases released has been cleanup [using all metal cleanup system] and then admitted to mass spectrometer for isotopic as well as concentration determination.
	www.prl.ernet.in /~ramakant/transfer.html (69 words)

	Inflating buckyballs with noble gases. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Most of the previous research on noble gas atoms was done inside mass spectrometers, through high-energy collisions between noble gas atoms and fullerene ions.
		This process should be an equilibrium that depends on the concentration of the noble gas inside and outside of the fullerenes.
		If the atmosphere inside the ampule has a large excess of the noble gas, then we would expect, after the experiment is finished, a much larger contents of the noble gas inside the fullerenes.
	gaus90.chem.yale.edu /window.html (1921 words)

	Noble gas
		They are the elements in group 18 (old-style VIII or VIIIA) of the periodic table; specifically helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon.
		In fact, because of their unreactivity, the noble gases were not discovered until the existence of helium was hypothetically deduced from a spectrographic analysis of the sun, and later on proven when William Ramsay isolated it.
		The noble gases also have very weak inter-atomic forces of attraction, and consequently very low melting points and boiling points.
	www.fact-index.com /n/no/noble_gas.html (296 words)

	Chem4Kids.com: Elements & Periodic Table: Inert Gases
		These gases are another family of elements, and all of them are located in the far right column of the periodic table.
		At the top of the inert gases is little helium (He) with a shell that is full with two electrons.
		All of the elements in Group Zero are inert gases.
	www.chem4kids.com /files/elem_inertgas.html (333 words)

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