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Emmy Noether

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	Emmy Noether - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emmy Noether (March 23, 1882 – April 14, 1935) was one of the most talented mathematicians of the early 20th century, with penetrating insights that she used to develop elegant abstractions which she formalized beautifully.
		Edmund Landau declined to describe her as the daughter of Max Noether; rather "Max Noether was the father of Emmy Noether.
		In 1921, Noether introduced the ascending chain condition for ideals in a commutative ring, and proved the existence of primary decompositions for such rings (a result known as the Lasker-Noether theorem).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emmy_Noether (500 words)

	Noether's theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Noether's theorem is a central result in theoretical physics that expresses the one-to-one correspondence between the symmetries and the conservation laws.
		A Noether charge is a physical quantity conserved as an effect of a continuous symmetry of the underlying system.
		The quantum analog of Noether's theorem are the Ward-Takahashi identities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Noether's_theorem (1455 words)

	Noether_Emmy
		Emmy Noether's father Max Noether was a distinguished mathematician and a professor at Erlangen.
		Noether also worked on her own research, in particular she was influenced by Fischer who had succeeded Gordan in 1911.
		Emmy Noether's first piece of work when she arrived in Göttingen in 1915 is a result in theoretical physics sometimes referred to as Noether's Theorem, which proves a relationship between symmetries in physics and conservation principles.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Noether_Emmy.html (963 words)

	Emmy Noether (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Emmy Noether (March 23, 1882 –; April 14, 1935) wasone of the most talented mathematicians of the early 20th century, with penetrating insights that she used to develop elegantabstractions which she formalized beautifully.
		Her father, Max Noether, was a distinguishedmathematician and a professor at Erlangen.
		In physics, she arrived at a very crucial and beautifulresult known as Noether's theorem, which translated statementsof invariance with respect to generalized transformations of physical systems,called symmetries by physicists, into conservation laws.
	www.therfcc.org /emmy-noether-95061.html (321 words)

	Against the odds
		In 1922 Noether was appointed to the position of "unofficial, extraordinary professor", in effect, a volunteer professor without pay or official status and she was later granted a tiny salary which was barely at subsistence level.
		Noether published what is generally known as her most important paper, "Theory of Ideals in Rings" in 1921 which was of fundamental importance in the development of modern algebra.
		Hermann Weyl said of Emmy Noether during the troubled Summer of 1933 when the Nazis rose to power, "Her courage, her frankness, her unconcern about her own fate, her conciliatory spirit were, in the midst of all the hatred and meanness, despair and sorrow surrounding us, a moral solace".
	plus.maths.org /issue12/features/noether/index.html (1116 words)

	Noether's theorem -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A Noether charge is a physical quantity conserved as an effect of a continuous ((mathematics) an attribute of a shape or relation; exact correspondence of form on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane) symmetry of the underlying system.
		One theoretical use of the Noether charge is in calculating the ((thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for doing mechanical work) entropy of stationary fl holes.
		Noether's theorem states that (as you may explicitly check by substituting the EL equations into the left hand side).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/no/noethers_theorem.htm (1656 words)

	Encyclopedia: Emmy Noether
		From Noethers age, this image appears to have been made in 1900 or 1910, so its definitely public domain.
		Max Noether (September 24, 1844 - December 13, 1921) was a German mathematician.
		Emmy is the origin of coordinates in the Noether family." Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (February 14, 1877 - February 19, 1938) was a German mathematician and author of over 250 papers on number theory.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Emmy-Noether (1476 words)

	Emmy Noether - Wikipedia
		Ihr Vater, Max Noether war Mathematiker und Professor in Erlangen.
		Emmy Noether promovierte 1907 zum Doktor der Mathematik in Erlangen.
		Emmy Noether gehört zu den Begründern der modernen Algebra.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emmy_Noether (205 words)

	Emmy Noether
		Emmy Noether was born in Erlangen, Germany on March 23, 1882.
		Noether's teaching method led her students to come up with ideas of their own, and many went on to become great mathematicians themselves.
		Noether's death in 1935 surprised nearly everyone, as she had told only her closest friends of her illness.
	www.agnesscott.edu /lriddle/women/noether.htm (1182 words)

	Noether (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Noether's theorem is an amazing result which lets physicists get conserved quantities from symmetries of the laws of nature.
		This result, proved in 1915 by Emmy Noether shortly after she first arrived in Goettingen, was praised by Einstein as a piece of "penetrating mathematical thinking".
		By the way, Emmy Noether proved a lot of other cool theorems and introduced a lot of important ideas into mathematics, especially group theory and ring theory.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/noether.html (576 words)

	CWP at physics.UCLA.edu // Noether
		Noether's work is of paramount importance to physics and the interpretation of fundamental laws in terms of group theory.
		Before Noether's Theorem the principle of conservation of energy was shrouded in mystery, leading to the obscure physical systems of Mach and Ostwald.
		The theory of non-commutative algebras and their representations was built up by Emmy Noether in a new unified, purely conceptual manner by making use of all the results that has been accumulated by the ingenious labors of decades by Frobenius, Dickson, Wedderburn and others.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /~cwp/Phase2/Noether,_Amalie_Emmy@861234567.html (1029 words)

	Mathematische Fakultät Göttingen: Emmy Noether
		Nun konnte Emmy Noether selbständig Vorlesungen ankündigen, erhielt aber kein Gehalt, auch nicht nach Ernennung zum "Nicht-Beamten Ausserordentlichen Professor".
		Emmy Noethers Bedeutung für die Mathematik kann nicht allein an ihren veröffentlichten Arbeiten abgelesen werden.
		Hermann Weyl, der Nachfolger Hilberts 1930 - 1933 hielt Emmy Noether während dieser Zeit für das stärkste Zentrum mathematischer Aktivität in Göttingen.
	www.math.uni-goettingen.de /Personen/Bedeutende_Mathematiker/noether.html (629 words)

	E. Noether's Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws
		, David Hilbert credits Emmy Noether with having solved the problem of an energy theorem in the general theory, and refers to I.V. In the concluding section of her paper, she refers to Hilbert's having said that 'the failure of the energy theorem' is a characteristic feature of the general theory.
		Noether's simple and profound mathematical formulation did much to demystify physics." Noether showed in her theorem I that the principle of energy conservation follows from symmetry under time translations.
		Noether's theorem 11 applies in the case of general relativity and one sees that she has proved Hilbert's assertion that in this case one has `improper energy theorems', and that this is a characteristic feature of the theory.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /~cwp/articles/noether.asg/noether.html (5320 words)

	Emmy Noether: Creative Mathematical Genius
		Amalie Emmy Noether spent an average childhood learning the arts that were expected of upper middle class girls.
		Noether was only allowed to lecture under Hilbert's name, as his assistant.
		Noether's conceptual approach to algebra led to a body of principles unifying algebra, geometry, linear algebra, topology, and logic.
	www.sdsc.edu /ScienceWomen/noether.html (559 words)

	Noether's theorem - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This exact equivalence holds for all physical laws based either upon the action principle or upon a Hamiltonian defined over a symplectic space (and not necessarily for those that are not based on either of these two principles).
		J^\mu\equiv\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial(\partial_\mu\phi)}Q[\phi]-f^\mu $which is called the$ Noether current associated with the symmetry.
		Noether's theorem states that $\partial_\mu j^\mu=0 (as you may explicitly check by substituting the EL equations into the left hand side).$
	open-encyclopedia.com /Noether%27s_theorem (1497 words)

	Noether charge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In physics, a Noether charge is a physical quantity conserved as an effect of a continuous symmetry of the underlying system.
		Emmy Noether The woman responsible for connecting symmetry with physical laws
		Noether, Adolf Informationen rund um das Leben und Wirken des Dresdner Malers (1855 - 1943) und eine Galerie seiner Werke (Aquarelle, Drucke).
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Noether_charge.html (356 words)

	Biography of Emmy Amalie Noether
		Emmy Amalie Noether was born on March 23, 1882 in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany.
		Emmy Noether was best known for her contributions to abstract algebra, in particular, her study of chain conditions on the ideals of rings and her attention to groups and fields.
		Noether's Transformation Theorem: Any irreducible curve may be carried by a factorable cremona transformation into one with ordinary singular points.
	www.andrews.edu /~calkins/math/biograph/199899/BIONOETH.HTM (753 words)

	The Mother of Abstract Algebra (Emmy Noether)
		Amalie `Emmy' Noether was born in Erlangen Germany on March 23, 1882 and was the eldest of four children.
		Her father, Max Noether, was a professor of Mathematics at the University of Erlangen.
		Her colleagues called her ``the most creative abstract algebraist in the world.'' Emmy Noether brought much to the mathematical world with her work in algebra and in the development of axiomatic theory.
	www.mathnews.uwaterloo.ca /BestOf/WomenInMath6906.html (647 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries, Second Edition ...
		The only picture of Emmy Noether and her entire family on a summer walk in the country shordy before World War I. In the foreground, Emmy and her three brothers her mathematician brother, Fritz, is on the right) with her mother and father, the mathematician Max Noether, in the background.
		Noether is continually advising me in my projects and that it is really through her that I have become competent in the subject." Hilbert replied, "Emmy Noether, whom I called upon to help me with such questions as my theory on the conservation of energy...".
		Noether preferred berets, but she bought a conventional hat and wore it when she arrived in the fall of 1933.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309072700/html/64.html (7774 words)

	John Derbyshire on Emmy Noether on National Review Online
		Her career has to be seen in the context of the German empire in which she grew up, the empire of Bismarck (prime minister and chancellor to 1890) and Wilhelm II (German emperor — "Kaiser" — from 1888 to 1918).
		Noether duly arrived at Göttingen, and within a matter of months produced a brilliant paper resolving one of the knottier issues in General Relativity.
		Noether did not at all conform to the standards of femininity current in that time and place — nor, it has to be said in fairness to her colleagues, any other time and place.
	www.nationalreview.com /derbyshire/derbyshire200504210758.asp (1653 words)

	Briefwechsel Brauer - Noether
		Noether is glad that Brauer has understood the connection between representation theory and algebras.
		Noether has changed the introduction because of the inclusion of Brauer's results.
		Noether thanks Brauer for the manuscript that she will send to Schur as soon as it is copied.
	www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de /~proquet2/HINTbrnoe.html (223 words)

	Emmy Noether 1882 - 1935
		N[oether] halte ich aber für eine der seltenen Ausnahmen.
		Bis zum Alter von 41 Jahren bezog Emmy Noether keinerlei Einkünfte für ihre wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit.
		Lebenslauf von Emmy Noether, undatiert, Eingangsvermerk 4.6.1919, zitiert nach Tollmien.
	www.mathematik.uni-wuerzburg.de /Noether (3441 words)

	No. 226: Emmy Noether
		She was born in 1882 to a distinguished mathematics professor at Germany's University of Erlangen.
		By the time the Nazis came to power, Noether was far and away the leading light at that great university.
		Emmy Noether was a gentle, low-key lady -- on fire only with the flights of her imagination.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi226.htm (439 words)

	Read about Noether's theorem at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Noether's theorem and learn about Noether's theorem ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A Noether charge is a physical quantity conserved as an effect of a continuous
		The quantum analog of Noether's theorem are the
		Noether's Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws (http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/articles/noether.asg/noether.html) by Nina Byers
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Noether%27s_theorem (1209 words)

	Emmy Noether 1882 - 1935
		Emmy Noether besucht (als eine von zwei Gasthörerinnen) Vorlesungen für Mathematik, Romanistik und Geschichte in Erlangen.
		Noether bei meinen Arbeiten fortgesetzt berät und daß ich eigentlich nur durch sie in die vorliegende Materie eingedrungen bin.
		Emmy Noether 1882-1935, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Habilitation von Frauen an der Universität Göttingen.
	www.mathematik.ch /mathematiker/noether.php (3408 words)

	EMMY NOETHER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		She was born in the German university town of Erlangen, where her father, Max Noether, was a professor of mathematics.
		Noether came to the United States in 1933, where she taught at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia and lectured at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
		Emmy Noether's name is known to many physicists through Noether's Theorem, described by Peter G. Bergmann as a cornerstone of work in general relativity as well as in certain aspects of elementary particles physics.
	faculty.evansville.edu /ck6/bstud/noether.html (556 words)

	Biographie: Emmy Noether, 1882-1935
		März: Amalie Emmy Noether wird in Erlangen als Tochter des Mathematikers Max Noether und seiner Frau Ida (geb.
		Noether hört Vorlesungen an der Universität in Göttingen.
		Noether erhält zusammen mit einem weiteren Mathematiker den Alfred-Ackermann-Teubner-Gedächtnispreis.
	www.dhm.de /lemo/html/biografien/NoetherEmmy/index.html (288 words)

	Emmy Noether (1882 1935)
		Emmy Noether's father, Max Noether, was a mathematician at Erlangen.
		In the judgement of the most competent living mathematicians, Fräulein Noether was the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began.
		Emmy Noether's name is perpetuated as the name for a ring in which every (ascending) chain of ideals is finite, as it is demonstrably in the case of Z.
	www.amt.canberra.edu.au /noether.html (951 words)

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