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Topic: Nomadic tribes

	Iran - Nomadic Society
		The nomadic population practices transhumance, migrating in the spring and in the fall.
		The movements of the tribes appear to be an adaptation to the ecology of the Zagros.
		Moreover, the leadership of the tribes, while formally vested in the old families, effectively was dispersed among a new generation of nonelite tribespeople who tended to see themselves as ethnic minorities and did not share the views of the old elite.
	countrystudies.us /iran/51.htm (766 words)

	Geopolitis - géopolitique - geopolitics, INTERNATIONAL LAW and NOMADIC PEOPLE By Marco Moretti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Another example of colonisation of territories inhabited by nomadic tribes is represented, in Europe, by the occupation of the territories traditionally occupied by the Laps or Saamis situated at the northern extremity of the Scandinavian peninsula.
		According to positivist jurists, nomadic peoples were unable, because of the organisation of their societies, to exert the most of rights, (notably territorial rights) and to comply with the obligations which fit in the competence of States like the protection of foreign residents.
		On indifferent continents, the occupation of the territories of nomadic and indigenous peoples and their domination was justified under the pretext that it must serve to aid those non-civilised peoples to improve their condition of life and to attain a level of civilisation similar to that of the European nations.
	www.geopolitis.net /geopol/geo/article/arti1134588139875C889DE34BA0106E.html (9180 words)

	Jordan Tribes and Tribalism - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Nomads, or beduins, were a fully nomadic group whose livelihood was based on camel herding.
		Tribes and animals existed in a symbiotic relationship; the camels supplied much of the food and other needs of the beduins, while the tribespeople assured the animals' survival by locating and guiding them to adequate pasturage.
		Honor inhered in the family or tribe and in the individual as the representative of the family or tribe.
	www.photius.com /countries/jordan/society/jordan_society_tribes_and_tribalism.html (1990 words)

	Tribals Tours of Maharashtra, Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra, Gond-Madia Tribes, Visit to Mumbai, Worshipped by Tribes, ...
		The nomadic tribes of Maharashtra constitute about 73.18 lakhs of total population as per 1991 census and they are spread over large areas, mainly on hilltops.
		These tribes have wandering traditions, which results in lack education, which makes their survival difficult, and this does not allow them to fit into the settled society they are forced to continue with this tradition of moving from place to place in search of work.
		Koli tribe is to be found from Kashmir to Kanya Kumari and are known by slightly different names according to the languages of the regions.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /maharashtra/tribes (1522 words)

	Jozan: Iranian Balouch rugs
		There are many different Balouchi nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes who live sporadically across from the Khorasan Province (the north-eastern and largest Province of Iran), Sistan Balouchestan Province (Eastern part of Iran) or even in the Northern part of Iran Gonbad Kavous.
		Nomadic tribes moved to Khorasan during the reign of Nader Shah Afshar and they found themselves in cities such as Torbat Heidariyeh and Torbat Jam.
		Among the tribes in Khorasan, Bohloul tribe is the most important one from the carpet weaving point of view, and they live in the east of the province around Torbat Heidariyeh and Torbat Jam.
	www.jozan.net /2004/Balouch-rugs.htm (961 words)

	tribes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The degree of heterogeneity of the tribe determines its aptitude to change.
		Tribes, as rhizomes, are consensual units united by what Deleuze calls a "plan of consistency".
		Tribes do not want to impose their ways to other tribes, but are ready to fight to defend their own path.
	www.nomadology.com /tribes.html (72 words)

	Iran's Nomadic Migration to Find a Way to UNESCO's List - Persian Journal Culture Archaeological History Art ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The nomadic tribes are concentrated in the Zagross Mountains but small groups are also found in northeastern and southeastern parts of Iran.
		During migration, the tribes trade their live animals, wool, leathers, dairy products, and various knotted and woven textiles with villagers and townspeople in return for manufactured and agricultural goods that the nomads do not produce themselves.
		But the main problem that makes studying these nomadic tribes hard is that they leave no traces of themselves on their way of migrations.
	www.iranian.ws /iran_news/publish/article_15831.shtml (1003 words)

	Learn About Rugs - Attributes - Category \| e Rug.com Handmade Carpets & Area Rugs
		Nomadic rugs are woven by tribes who are mostly sheepherders, live in tents and migrate to the mountain pastures in the summer.
		Nomadic tribes use small horizontal looms that can be dismantled rapidly at the time of migration.
		They are also limited in range of colors because nomads use natural colors that are few but available in their surroundings.
	www.eruggallery.com /learnrugs/learn_detail/category/lrn_categ.htm (638 words)

	Ambedkar's writings-Broken Men, The Pre-Untouchables
		When all tribes were in a Nomadic state the chief causes for intra-tribal warfare were (1) stealing cattle, (2) stealing women, and (3) stealthily grazing of cattle in the pastures belonging to other tribes.
		The Nomadic tribes systematically organized raids on the Settled tribes with the object of stealing the wealth belonging to the Settled tribes.
		The Settled tribes founded the village and formed the village community and the Broken Men lived in separate quarters outside the village for the reason that they belonged to a different tribe and, therefore, to different blood.
	www.countercurrents.org /dalit-ambedkar050703.htm (1925 words)

	Chapter 9: Tribes and Their Stock
		There is equilibrium between the nomad and his environment which may be upset especially by any defacement of the plant covering of the soil (whether by destruction of trees, by ploughing, or by other means).
		The nomadic movements of the people thus appear to be irregular from the point of view of solar dates, on the calendar, but they are in fact regular in accordance with the factors given in para.
		Whether the nomadic way of life can be improved by combined organization of the nomadic tribes of the area, and improved co-operation with the agricultural and township communities, remains to be seen.
	civicwebs.com /cwvlib/africa/somalia/1951/general_survey/chapter_9.htm (4097 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kayı (or Kai) tribe of Oghuz Turks were one of the main groups taking part in this migration, and it was they who established what became the Ottoman Empire in western Anatolia.
		The history of the tribe before Osman I extended back through Osman's father Ertuğrul to his grandfather Süleyman Shah, who was drowned in the river Euphrates in the year 1227 whilst fleeing the advance of the Mongol hordes.
		The nomadic Turkic forms of land tenure were largely retained—with a number of unique adjustments—in the Ottoman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (9140 words)

	JOS Online: Abstract
		Miscellanea, The Socio-Economic Census of Nomadic Tribes in Iran in July 1987
		After studying nomadic populations, the Statistical Centre of Iran conducted its first socio-economic census of the nomadic tribes in Iran in 1366 (1987 A.D.).
		Nomadic tribes; clans and tribes; tribal migration; nomadic tribal household.
	www.jos.nu /Articles/abstract.asp?article=93691 (89 words)

	Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra
		The Nomadic and Denotified tribes have a rich heritage of culture that is distinctly different from other social groups and can be easily identified by their dress, dialect, folklore, customs and practices.
		While the tribes in the territory included in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka enjoy the constitutional status and priviliedges, the same tribes in the territory of Marathwada region included in Maharashtra are deprived of it for no fault of theirs.
		Since the Nomadic and the Denotified tribes which form the lowest rungs of the society fulfill all the criteria applicable to the ST they enjoy the constitutional status in most other states.
	sickle.bwh.harvard.edu /india_tribes.html (1841 words)

	Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		They conquered various neighboring nomadic tribes, and at the zenith of their power they held a vast territory stretching from Turkestan to Mongolia and Siberia.
		By 1162, the year of Genghis Khan's birth, the Mongolian tribes had fought so many futile battles against external enemies that the economy collapsed and the population sank into poverty, fear, and uncertainty.
		The nomads were organized into tribes, clusters of families whose men descended from the same leader.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Mongolia/section2.shtml (435 words)

	Wu Hu - Ancient China - China
		These non-Chinese tribes, which the Han had fought to a standstill along the border, seized the opportunity afforded by the weakness of the Chinese government to extend their search for pastoral lands into the fertile North China Plain.
		Wu Hu were composed of five nomadic tribes: Xiōngnú (匈奴, sometimes identified with the Huns), Xiānbēi (鮮卑), Dī (氐), Qiāng (羌), and Jié (羯) although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions.
		Xianbei tribes each led by a chieftain were grouped under the confederacy into three smaller federations, the Western, the Central and the Eastern, according to their residing areas.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Wu_Hu (3215 words)

	January archaeology lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		For thousands of years, nomadic tribes have coexisted with settled communities in the Near East.
		These tribes have a rich culture and complex social organizations, and their interactions with their sedentary neighbors create an equally rich cultural tapestry.
		The lecture will focus primarily on southwestern and southern Iran, where nomadic tribal confederations of the Qashqaii and Bakhtyari are still active in large numbers.
	www.uwm.edu /News/report/old/jan96/8437.html (162 words)

	Nomad Rugs - Glossary - San Francisco and Marin County
		A Turkic speaking nomadic and partly settled tribal group in Southern Persia with summer pastures in the mountains south and west of Kerman; they are weavers of excellent pile and kilim rugs.
		A nomadic group in southern Persia migrating between the central Zagros mountains and the low-lying areas around Ahvaz; in common with the LURS they speak a Persian dialect with archaic features.
		Nomadic groups of Uzbeks still exist in remote regions although, as is true with all tribal groups, most are today farmers and city dwellers.
	www.nomadrugs.com /glossary.php (3016 words)

	Colonial House . Interactive History . 1628 Across the Continent \| PBS
		The nomadic tribes subsisted by hunting bison (American buffalo), which they followed on foot, carrying their belongings by means of dog-drawn travois.
		The sedentary tribes lived in villages along permanent streams from the Dakotas to Texas, and had a stable agricultural economy that was based primarily on the cultivation of maize.
		These communities are the forebears of such tribes as the Pawnees and the Apaches, as well as the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples of the Dakotas, and the Wichitas of the southern plains.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/colonialhouse/history/1628_plains.html (533 words)

	Facts & Information
		The tribes, commonly known by English and French names, are: the Colville, the Nespelem, the San Poil, the Lake, the Palus, the Wenatchi (Wenatchee), the Chelan, the Entiat, the Methow, the southern Okanogan, the Moses Columbia and the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph’s Band.
		The Reservation consists of tribally owned lands held in federal trust status for the Confederated Tribes, land owned by individual Colville tribal members, most of which is held in federal trust status, and land owned by others, described as fee property and taxable by counties.
		The Confederated Tribes operates on a yearly budget which is financed primarily from revenues generated from the sale of the Tribes timber products and from other sources including federal, state and private contributions.
	www.colvilletribes.com /facts.htm (716 words)

	The Hindu : National : Panel for territorial rights to nomadic tribes
		The British-enacted Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 notified hundreds of nomadic tribes as criminals.
		Nomadic tribes are characterised as landless, homeless and generally underfed with a negligible literacy rate.
		There are estimated to be about 500 denotified, nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes, comprising seven to ten per cent of the population, but they are not enumerated separately in the Census.
	www.hindu.com /2006/06/11/stories/2006061103011200.htm (467 words)

	UNICEF - Kenya - As drought lingers, Kenya’s nomadic Turkana tribes are among the worst affected
		As drought lingers, Kenya’s nomadic Turkana tribes are among the worst affected
		The nomadic Turkana tribes of northeastern Kenya have been especially vulnerable to the severe year-long drought afflicting the region.
		Like most pastoral and farming communities in the region, the tribes’ livelihood depends on their herds, which have been dying off because of the drought.
	www.unicef.org /infobycountry/kenya_31798.html (497 words)

	Crisis of Cultural Identity in Mongolian Nomadic Civilization
		The type of economic activity, characteristic to these tribes, was dictated by the natural conditions, in which they had to exist as a major part of the region is steppe or low altitude hills.
		Buddhism was the final touch in the formation of the nomadic Mongol society and a society with distinct characteristics of nomadism appeared in the country.
		The Nomads were supplying food, money and other items and supporting the monasteries financially, while the monasteries were acting in their turn as preservators of the tradition and keepers of the intellectual well-being of the nomads.
	www.ignca.nic.in /ls_03011.htm (2719 words)

	Nomads
		Nomad tribes lived in tents and moved about looking for grass, led by a chief.
		Many of the nomads lived on the grassland called the steppe ("step") which stretches from Europe across Asia to northern China.
		As the climate changed, nomads would leave the steppe and play a key part in the history of both the east and west.
	www.historyoftheuniverse.com /nomads.html (166 words)

	These are my notes
		The Chinese were experienced in battle with the nomads and eventually drove them westward.
		They are believed to be offspring of the Huns and or other nomadic tribes from the east.
		These various pastoral nomads are longer are forced to pay tribute to the Huns.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Sparta/3976/notes.html (1629 words)

	Travel & Tours in Kyrgyzstan - A brief history of Kyrgyzstan
		The modern nation of Kyrgyzstan is based on a civilisation of nomadic tribes who for centuries have been moving across the eastern and northern sections of the present-day Central Asia.
		In this process they were dominated by and intermixed with a number of other tribes and peoples that have influenced the ultimate character of the Kyrgyz people.
		Kazakh nomads and Mongols raided and weakened the Uzbek khanates; the Kalmyks and the Manchus overran Kyrgyz tribes.
	www.sitara.com /kyrgyz/history.html (1254 words)

	Stigma of Criminality : India's Denotified and Nomadic Tribes
		These Acts gave sweeping powers to the local governments to recommend that certain "tribes, gangs, or classes" be declared as being "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences".
		Thus the members of these tribes were caught in the colonial nexus of land reform, the need for cheap labour, and the rhetoric of social reform.
		Although the Criminal Tribes Acts were repealed across India in 1952, these communities continue to carry with them the stigma of criminality.
	www.countercurrents.org /hr-hrf090704.htm (1165 words)

	Mongolia Travel Guide - First nomadic tribes and states (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The first significant recorded appearance of nomads came late in the third century B.C. Then various proto-Mongolian tribes such as the Xiongnu, Dunhu, Hun yi and Di lived on the present territory of Mongolia.
		These nomadic people, in the steppes north of the Gobi, were so warlike that they caused the Chinese to build a 2,300 km Great Wall along their northern border as a barrier to further incursions.
		During the Hun period, developments in the ethnic culture of Mongolian tribes, their arts, music, astronomy and astrology were greatly promoted and a twelve-month lunar calendar introduced.
	www.ub-mongolia.mn /history-of-mongolia/genghis-khan-history/first-nomadic-tribes-and-states.html (369 words)

	Shashwati Talukdar » Blog Archive » Denotified Tribes
		The so-called denotified tribes of India are among the lasting victims of British imperialism.
		The nomadic tribes traditionally carried important commodities such as salt and honey between the coasts and the inland forests.
		In 1871, an Act was passed for “the notification of criminal tribes.” Hundreds of tribes that traditionally collected food from the forest became criminals with the stroke of a pen.
	films.shashwati.com /denotified-tribes (371 words)

	PIB Press Release
		The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution in its report has observed that, "The Denotified tribes/ communities have been wrongly stigmatized as crime prone and subjected to highhanded treatment as well as exploitation by the representatives of law and order as well as by the general society.
		Some of them are included in the lists of Scheduled Tribes and others are in the lists of Scheduled Castes and lists of backward classes.
		There may be a few Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic ‘Tribes’ who are not placed in any of these categories.
	pib.nic.in /release/release.asp?relid=18312 (527 words)

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