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Topic: Nominative-accusative language

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Morphosyntactic alignment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Languages without case marking identify the arguments through word order (for example, in Subject Verb Object languages the nominative argument precedes the verb while the accusative argument follows). In languages of the 1st class, the experiencer and the agent are marked with the nominative case (the "a" marker) while the patient is marked with the accusative case (the "b" marker). Languages of the 4th class could be considered ergative-absolutive languages insofar as they make no distinction between the experiencer and the patient, marking both with the absolutive (the "a" marker). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment

Nominative-accusative language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Romance languages, as well as the majority of other languages in the world, are nominative-accusative. A nominative-accusative language (or simply accusative language) is one that marks the direct object of case, then the direct object is marked with a case conventionally known as "accusative", while the subject is marked with another case called "nominative". en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nominative-accusative_language

MSN Encarta - German Language German is an inflected language, with three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative), and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives. Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed. The diversity of the German dialects (some of which are so diverse they are indeed languages) means that German speakers are often bilingual in their local dialect and Standard German, which acts as a lingua franca. uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html

Accusative case Info - Bored Net - Boredom The accusative case exists (or existed once) in all the Indo-European languages (including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Russian), and the Finno-Ugric languages. The accusative case of a noun is the case used to mark the direct object of a verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions. www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/a/ac/accusative_case.html

untitled In the PandP picture, language acquisition is such a hard problem that it has to be narrowed down to the problem of setting a few parameters on the basis of language data - and the restriction to a few parameters must be innately specified in the wiring of the human brain. Languages such as English directly encode the motion and the manner of motion; Spanish encodes the motion and its relation to the ground; and some American languages such as Atsugewi encode just the motion and the form of the moving thing. In other words, when a new language is created out of Pidgin words by first-generation speakers of that language, the selection pressures on word feature structures are very different from the selection pressures in a mature language; the distinctive features of Creoles arise from these distinctive selection pressures. dialspace.dial.pipex.com /prod/dialspace/town/avenue/fab23/wml

Linguistic typology Another common classification is whether the language is accusative or ergative. If the language has casess, this is determined by whether the subject of an intransitive verb has the same case as the subject or the object of a transitive verb. ergative morphology marking the verb arguments, on top of an accusative syntax), or behaves ergatively only in some contexts (this is called split ergativity, and is usually based on the grammatical person of the arguments or in the tense/aspect of the verb). www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/linguistic_typology

John Benjamins: Book details for The Nominative & Accusative and their counterparts [CAGRAL 4] nominative and accusative, as well as their counterparts such as ergative and absolutive. John Benjamins: Book details for The Nominative & Accusative and their counterparts [CAGRAL 4] These studies show that the formal devices used to mark the two nuclear cases may be quite diverse (including non-overt and ‘configurational’ coding), but that all the languages studied crucially display a subject-object asymmetry, even languages such as Basque and Ewe for which this had been questioned. www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CAGRAL_4

Hrvatski Jezik: December 2002 Archives An example is stvar, 'thing', which takes no ending in the accusative, adds i as its ending for the singular gentive and dative (and locative), as well as for the plural nominative and accusative. It may be assumed that in parallel with this language there existed in the 14th and 15th centuries a popular literary language (vernacular) used in traditional oral folk poetry and in the poetry created by laymen for use in the afternoon office of the Church, the so-called "prose" for the divine worship. This hybrid language which was semi-artificial in comparison with the language of the people, was used in notarial acts (in the Church), and in Glagolitic literature, which was, moreover, rich in an age when the number of literate Europeans was small. barnacle9.netfirms.com /blog/archives/2002_12.html

Russian and East European Summer Language Institute, University of Pittsburgh: Course descriptions Nominative, accusative, prepositional, and dative case of nouns and adjectives, present and past perfective and imperfective verbs are presented. Nominative, accusative, prepositional, and dative case of nouns and adjectives, presented. Applications and scholarship information are available from the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures administrative office, 1417 Cathedral of Learning, 412-624-5906, or on the web at http://sli.slavic.pitt.edu/ Applications are accepted on a rolling basis; space is limited. sli.slavic.pitt.edu /eedescriptions.html

European Languages The Slavic languages are spoken in Eastern Europe and Russia and are the harder of the three language groups analyzed to learn. The western languages generally use /s/ as a plural marker, though it is silent in spoken French, while the eastern languages use vowels. You may have noticed that a few languages spoken on the European continent are not included in the Indo-European family of languages. www.ielanguages.com /eurolang.html

Ergative language - KutjaraWiki The fuction of these cases is similar to that of nominative/accusative systems in Indo-European languages. Notable languages using the absolutive/ergative case system are Basque, Australian languages, Eskimo-Aleut languages, and some Caucasian languages. The absolutive case uses a zero affix in most absolutive/ergative languages, making it the default form of a noun. www.kutjara.com /wiki/index.php?title=Ergative_language

Esperanto grammar: Definition and links by Encyclopedian.com Information about Esperanto grammar Nouns and adjectives have two cases, nominative and accusative, and two numbers, singular and plural ; and nouns and adjectives must agree in case and number. The accusative ending can also be used to show the destination of a motion, or to replace certain prepositions when preferred. All these features make Esperanto easier to learn than most of the world's languages, even for non-Europeans, though particular features may be more or less advantageous to native speakers of particular languages. encyclopedian.com /es/Esperanto-grammar.html

Ergative case Info - Bored Net - Boredom Two major case systems found in languages are the nominative-accusative and the ergative-absolutive. This kind of system is called a "nominative-accusative" system, or an "accusative" system for short. See also nominative case, absolutive case, accusative case, dative case, genitive case, vocative case, ablative case ; compare to ergative verb. www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/e/er/ergative_case.html

Abstract An NA structure is such a structure where the use of nominative (morphological or positional) was grammaticalized for the function of subject, and the use of accusative (morphological or positional), for the object. It this case, both nominative and accusative represents the so called structural cases. The subjetc is assigned a nominative case because of its position in [Spec, IP], where it is moved to from [Spec, VP], a base-generated position. webclass.classics.unibo.it /latling/abstracts/aurova.html

Accusative - Art History Online Reference and Guide The accusative case, which is a grammatical case found in nominative-accusative languages that employ explicit morphology to mark direct objects, such as Latin. A form of morphosyntactic alignment, as found in nominative-accusative languages. The term accusative may be used in the following contexts: www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Accusative

Fluid Ergativity in Gujarati The two case-marking patterns most commonly found among the world's languages are the nominative-accusative and the ergative-absolutive. As these parallels cannot stem from common inheritance (the lexical items in question have distinct OIA sources), we must be dealing with underlying universals of human language that are able to surface in peripheral situations when the operation of categorical morphosyntactic rules is suspended. While semantic variables such as control appear to have a major role in determining whether the subject of a phasal construction in Gujarati gets the ergative or the nominative, there are syntactic factors that also play an important part. www-personal.umich.edu /~pehook/gujflerg.html

German Grammar - Grammatik der deutschen Sprache - German Cases - Definite articles - Indefinite articles - Possessive adjectives The only difference is that in the neuter nominative and accusative, the article ending is -es instead of -as. The plural form of the definite article is identical to the feminine form in the nominative and accusative cases ( die). There are four cases in German: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, and Genitive. www.vistawide.com /german/grammar/german_cases.htm

What is nominative case? Nominative case is the case that identifies clause subjects in nominative-accusative languages. Nominative case is not often formally marked in nominative-accusative languages. This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003. www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsNominativeCase.htm

Ergativity in Suleimaniye Kurdish In the case of any one particular language, it may not always be obvious whether the grammar is ergative/absolutive or nominative/accusative; this is true partially because grammars which employ features of the ergative/absolutive system tend to employ a combination of both systems, rather than being purely ergative. Indeed, Moravscik claims that "all human languages have both some ergative and also some accusative patterns" [ 1978a:275 ]. Because Kurdish is a verb-final language, this test does not yield any relevant evidence in support of the presence of ergativity in Suleimaniye Kurdish grammar (verb-medial word-order is possible in Suleimaniye Kurdish, though only in highly-marked circumstances, and therefore not useful for this purpose). home.earthlink.net /~rcfriend/ESK.htm

accusative on Encyclopedia.com Thus in the English sentence “He helped him,” him is in the accusative (or, as it is sometimes called, objective) case, he in the nominative. The term is used for similar, but often not identical, features in the grammar of other languages. The development of sentence-interpretation strategies in monolingual German-learning children with and without specific language impairment *. www.encyclopedia.com /html/a1/accusati.asp

CALL FOR PAPERS With respect to object agreement, a particularly interesting question is whether the difference between languages with an absolutive-ergative case system and languages with a nominative-accusative system can be traced back to the agreement markers identifying (being?) different arguments of the verb. For polysynthetic languages it has been argued, notably by Jelinek (1984, 1987), that the Agreement morphemes on the verb are the verb’s arguments; any NPs in the clause are adjuncts to S. Similarly, in ‘classic’ pro drop languages overt subject DPs have properties different from overt subjects in non-pro-drop languages, which seem to indicate that the overt subject is an adjunct to S (left-dislocated), (Barbosa 1995, Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou 1998, Ordoñez and Treviño 1999). www-uilots.let.uu.nl /conferences/agreement/cfpweb.htm

Introduction to cases Nominative/Accusative This is the most common case system; subjects are marked (or, as the case is in most languages, unmarked--that is, they are not declined) in the nominative case, while the direct object of the sentance is in the accusative case. Mixed System Some languages use both the ergative and accusative case. In inflected languages (languages that use cases), cases are usually distinguished by declensional endings, or a lack of an ending. enamyn.free.fr /conlang/cases.html

Declension For an example of a language that uses a large number of cases, view the "Cases" section in the Finnish language grammar article. If both agent and patient are present, the patient is in the accusative case. The following are systems that some languages use to mark case instead of, or in addition to, declension: www.asinah.net /articles/content/d/de/declension.html

Constructed languages These are mere fragments of languages, put together quickly (for the most part) in order to explore some particularly interesting aspect of language. Sinampaiton is an "artlang" -- a language created as a "work of art" -- that I started working on a couple of decades ago. Information on a few nonce languages is available. www.nkuitse.com /conlang

con9706 In the literary languages, either one can be used, but in the dialects, the most common case is that active verbs will have the subject in the nominative and the direct object in the accusative, while passive verbs have the subject in the ergative and the direct object in the absolutive. Not to mention, an ancient classical language was preserved, primarily in the many legends, epics, and tales of antiquity, as well as the Tech Bible and other sacred writings (by the way, Techia is two-thirds Christian, one-fourth Muslim, and one-tenth Buddhist). That is, you can say most anything using the written language, but you can say it faster or with more hidden depth if you use the signed language with its movements and things. home.ccil.org /~cowan/conlang/con9706

The Digital Polyglot - Morphology Examples drawn from the nominative-accusative languages of German and English show how the nominative case is utilized to signal the noun or pronoun's identity as subject in both transitive and intransitive sentences, while the accusative case is utilized to mark the object in transitive sentences. German is another nominative/accusative language, but it differs from English in that it actually uses inflectional morphemes to mark the nominative and accusative cases rather than simply sentence position. English, for example, is a nominative/accusative language that positions the subject and object in a predicable manner to demonstrate which of the nouns or pronouns is the subject or the object. www.linguistics.emory.edu /POLYGLOT/morphology.html

Artificial Languages -- Some Essential Features 9 cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, ablative, temporal, and vocative. Non-verbal features: A language spoken by tree-like sentient creatures; a strict system of non-verbal signs is an integral part of the language. Consonant gradation based on the grade distinctions is one of the central features of the language. www.cc.jyu.fi /~tojan/alang/alang2.htm

Etruscan Grammar: Summary That there is a difference made between pronominal and nominal inflections (the nouns and adjectives, which will be treated here), is a further typical feature of inflecting languages: the nominative and accusative forms of the Etruscan words "mother" and "father" are ati and apa, whereas "I" is called mi and "me" mini. Matching the prepositions of other languages, only postpositions are found in Etruscan (d). Etruscan is an inflecting language; which means that there can be more than one marker (= ending) to design a case, and that the same marker can occur for more than one case. www.etruskisch.de /pgs/gr.htm

Conlang Profiles at Langmaker.com Languages create all sorts of monstrosities (like English strengths, a CCCVCCC syllable, where /ng/ and /th/ are each single consonants). Pagmitlang is taken from the Hiligaynon language and means "Pronunciation", which I found fitting as Pagmitlang reflects my pronunciation of English. Furbish phonotactics are similar to many Polynesian and African languages, which likewise allow only open syllables with simple consonant initials. langmaker.com

Distributed Morphology Bibliography Alexiadou, A. 'An ergative pattern in the syntax of nominative-accusative languages.' Paper presented at the 29th meeting of the North Eastern Linguistics Society, University of Delaware. 1996.' The syntax and morphology of Class Marker suppression in Spanish.' In Grammatical Theory and Romance Languages, ed. 'Licensing in the non-lexicalist lexicon: nominalizations, vocabulary items and the Encyclopaedia.' In MITWPL 32: Papers from the UPenn/MIT Roundtable on Argument Structure and Aspect, ed. www.ling.upenn.edu /~rnoyer/dm/bib.html

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