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	Nomonhan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nomonhan is a small village near the border between Mongolia and Manchuria, China south of the Chinese city of Manzhouli.
		In the summer of 1939 it was the location of the Nomonhan Incident, as it is termed in Japan, or the Battle of Khalkhin Gol as it is known in Russia and (Outer) Mongolia.
		The Japanese maintained that the border between the two states was the Halha River (also known as the Halhin Gol, or in Russian as the Khalkhin Gol), while the Mongolians and their Russian allies maintained that it ran some 16 kilometres/10 miles east of the river, just east of Nomonhan village.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nomonhan (235 words)

	Battle of Khalkhin Gol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Khalkhin Gol, sometimes spelled Halhin Gol or Khalkin Gol and alternately known as the Nomonhan Incident (after a nearby village) in Japan, was the decisive engagement of the undeclared Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939), or Japanese-Soviet War.
		It should not be confused with the conflict in 1945 when the USSR declared war in support of the other Allies of World War II and launched Operation August Storm.
		The incident began on 11 May 1939, when a Mongolian cavalry unit of some 70-90 men entered the disputed area in search of grazing for their horses, and encountered Manchukuoan cavalry who drove them out of the disputed territory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Halhin_Gol (1150 words)

	Combined Arms Research Library
		Here an overview of the Nomonhan campaign is provided, but the theme is small unit tactics and the focus is the battalion, the microcosm, not the division or the army.
		To paraphrase the official Japanese history of Nomonhan, clearly a Japanese lack of firepower was the main reason for the emphasis on spiritual training, but contributing to the intangible factors was an absolute faith in night combat, especially a night attack that culminated in handto-band combat with the enemy.
		Their difficulties were characteristic of what all Japanese infantrymen at Nomonhan encountered or indeed of the peculiar hazards of night combat.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/drea2/drea2.asp (18184 words)

	When Did World War Two Start ? - - - by Todd (Thresher)
		The Russians, owing to superior Tanks, camouflage skills, and an extreme lapse in Japanese Intelligence (imagine the US Navy Knowing about Midway but doing nothing and that's the gist), started their attack on the 20th of August 1939.
		Of the 60000 Japanese soldiers at Nomonhan, 45000 were killed.
		With nothing to fear from the Japanese, the commander at Nomonhan, General Georgi Zhukov, was able to transfer 1700 tanks, 3 cavalry divisions, 15 rifle divisions, and 1500 aircraft to the defense of Moscow.
	www.fortunecity.com /business/lauder/1644/ww2/nomo001.html (1500 words)

	Nomonhan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Nomonhan Incident 7 5 0190 Mission to Mongolia to collect remains of Nomonhan soldiers
		in the hostilities near the village of Nomonhan on the border between northwestern Manchuria...
		The battle of Nomonhan became a gigantic struggle between Russian mass technology and blind...
	hallencyclopedia.com /Nomonhan (515 words)

	Scenario Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The terrain surrounding Nomonhan was a low and undulating plain, somewhat marshy and interrupted by sand hills and the Halha River.
		It was a land of extreme climate; the summer temperature rose to 40 degrees while the winter temperature fell to -30 degrees Celsius.
		The Japanese Kwantung Army (stationed in Manchukuo) claimed the Halha River as international boundary, while the Soviets and Mongolians claimed the border to be 15 miles to the east, near Nomonhan.
	www.wargamer.com /toaw/display-notes.asp?ID=1282 (542 words)

	Early Polikarpov I-16 Variants, Part IV
		The initial encounters between the Ki.27 and the I-16 during the Nomonhan incident were almost a re-run of the first encounters with the CR.32 over Spain.
		During the initial pahases of the Nomonhan incident the Soviets suffered in encounters with the Ki-27 and many I-16s were lost.
		While at the beginning of the fighting at Nomonhan the loss to victory ratio was 1:4 in favor of the Japanese by the end of the conflict this had changed to 1:10 against them.
	www.brushfirewars.org /aircraft/polikarpov_i-16/polikarpov_i-16_4.htm (3224 words)

	Re: Nomonhan- Also called the Forgotten War
		However the Russians lost a bunch of Aircraft to AA fire as they used their airforce to support their troops both at Nomonhan and against the Germans.
		As Dan mentions a reasonable estimate of actual kill ratio > in Nomonhan combats is something like 3:2 or 2:1 in favor of the Japanese, > but the Soviet claims vs. Japanese losses side of the equation is what's > most relevant to the Korean air war.
		In Nomonhan > both sides exaggerated ridiculously; JAAF claimed 1100-1300 against revised > modern estimate of 208 losses for the Soviets.
	www.korean-war.com /Archives/2002/03/msg00176.html (1334 words)

	Annotated Pacific War Bibliography: Part IV, Showa and Post Pacific War Periods: The Imperial Army
		This work's title refers to the Soviet-Japanese conflict along the Khalkin Gol River in 1939 near the village of Nomonhan A complete history is provided of the KA and its important role vis-à-vis Japan's quest for natural resources and stability in China.
		Perhaps most importantly Nomonhan documents the increasing independence of the KA, which had a malign and profound influence on the events leading to war.
		Too, Nomonhan illustrates historically the failure of the Japanese to perhaps learn the more fundamental tactical and operational lessons of modern war in the climactic disaster along the Khalkin Gol River.
	www.microworks.net /pacific/library/jk_biblio4a.htm (1079 words)

	Military History Online
		Boasting the most extensive use of tanks and aircraft since World War I, Nomonhan or Khalkin Gol, as it was called by the Soviets, impacted World War II in areas far beyond the immediate scope of the battlefield.
		Nomonhan was the culmination of nearly fifty years of Russo – Japanese rivalry in the Far East.
		As with Nomonhan however, other actions overshadowed the battle and its significance was lost in the rush of events following the death of President Roosevelt 12 April, the surrender of Germany 08 May and the detonation of atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /wwii/articles/nomonhanokinawa.aspx (4916 words)

	Japan at War: top-scoring JAAF aces
		And note that most JAAF high scorers fought in the Nomonhan border war with Russia in 1939, which compares interestingly with the huge scores attributed to Finnish Brewsters in their 1941-44 border war on the Russian's western front.
		M/Sgt Bunji Yoshiyama - 1916 - Nomonhan - kia 15 Sep 39 - 20 vics
		W/O Riichi Ito - 1910 - Nomonhan - 16 vics
	www.warbirdforum.com /aces15.htm (834 words)

	BookkooB : Nomonhan - John Colvin : Compare Book Prices
		The undeclared Kalkhin Gol war, or "Nomonhan Incident", between Japan and the USSR in 1939 is one of those tantalising subjects which we know to be important, but on which it is difficult to find out much in detail, though there are limited references to it in many books on the period.
		One is aware that this massive but short-duratiion conflict, which involved large-scale air and armour deployments as well as ground troops, was the key factor in diverting Japanese aggression southwards from then onwards, thus abandoning a half-century of north westwards expansion.
		The incident occurred at a critical juncture for the Soviet forces as well, reeling as they were from the impact of the purges of their senior commanders.
	www.bookkoob.co.uk /book/070437112X.htm (645 words)

	Re: Nomonhan- Also called the Forgotten War
		As Dan mentions a reasonable estimate of actual kill ratio in Nomonhan combats is something like 3:2 or 2:1 in favor of the Japanese, but the Soviet claims vs. Japanese losses side of the equation is what's most relevant to the Korean air war.
		The most common total for Soviet claims seems to be 660, (for example Stepanov "Air Warfare in the Khalkin Gol", or Pages of Russian Military History), though other estimates have appeared, (589 in Bergstrom/Mikhailov "Black Cross Red Star").
		In Nomonhan both sides exaggerated ridiculously; JAAF claimed 1100-1300 against revised modern estimate of 208 losses for the Soviets.
	www.korean-war.com /Archives/2002/03/msg00174.html (1031 words)

	Amazon.ca: Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Nomonhan should have ended the superiority complex of the japanee military.
		Nomonhan is a fascinitating story of two imperial countries facing off for months of brutal fighting in which thousands perished and yet neither country declared war oin the other.
		This 'Nomonhan' is written mostly from the Japanese point of view, thats its only downside.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0804711607 (537 words)

	Japan at War: Fighting the Russians at Nomonhan
		Nomonhan appears to be a village west of the Holsten river (NS at that point) just before it crossed the Soviet claimed boundary (NW-SE at that point).
		On the Russian side, Soviet AF officer A. Vorozheikin says the loss ratio was 4 Russ to 1 Jap in May but improved to 1:3 in June, 1:4 in July, and 1:10 in August.
		Says it was replaced at Nomonhan by the retractable-gear I-153 Chaika fighter-bomber, much more powerful than the I-15.
	www.warbirdforum.com /nomonhan.htm (1889 words)

	Japan at War: Fighting the Russians at Nomonhan (cont'd)
		Many Soviet memoirs grudgingly admit that Japanese tactics and logistics at Nomonhan were superior in many ways and better adapted to local conditions.
		After Nomonhan bloodletting the "mutual support" doctrine was finally abandoned but meanwhile the Soviets had produced so many biplanes that they simply could not replace them before the next war began.
		I'd like to clarify this statements: the main Soviet fighter of Nomonhan conflict was monoplane I-16, which was known in USSR as 'Ishachok' (i.e.
	www.warbirdforum.com /nomon2.htm (1989 words)

	Military History Online - Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War
		The conflict at Nomonhan grew out of the running conflict between Russia and Japan over influence in China and Mongolia, especially Manchuria, the northeastern-most part of China.
		A detachment of troops was sent into the disputed Nomonhan region between Manchuria and Mongolia to map the area.
		The desperate courage and suicidal bravery the Japanese infantrymen showed in the fighting at Nomonhan was to be seen again at Guadalcanal and Iwo Jima.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /20thcentury/articles/nomonhan.aspx (3751 words)

	Abebooks Search Results - Nomonhan
		It includes not only the aces of both world wars, but also of the Spanish Civil War, the Sino-Japanese War, the Nomonhan Incident of 1939, and also aces of the jet age - from Korea and Vietnam, from the clashes between India and Pakistan, and the Six-Day and Yom Kippur Wars.
		In addition to the wealth of photographs, twelve specially commissioned paintings record some of the most memorable combats of these aces.
		Quote from rear cover "This book is dedicated to the Soviet-Mongolian forces operation in the Halha river region (the Nomonhan Incident) against Japanese aggressors,who encroached on the territory of the Mongolian People's Republic.
	www.abebooks.co.uk /search/sortby/3/kn/Nomonhan (1326 words)

	The Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945
		The Japanese Kwangtung Army faced severe shortages in all areas and was in the middle of the redeployment of her defensive forces when the Soviets attacked.
		Japan's lack of armor and anti-tank weapons, failure to correctly estimate the size of the Soviet force build-up and predict the Russian avenues of approach were all reminiscent of her defeat at Nomonhan in 1939.
		The deception techniques and offensive combined-arms tactics begun by General Zhukov at Nomonhan and refined by Marshal Vasilevsky in the Far East offer a case study in which modern Soviet Army tactics can be studied.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm (5500 words)

	Maps Of Japan In 1939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 Published: 01 November, 1990 Author: Alvin D...
		Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 von Alvin D. Coox US-Preisempfehlung*: $50.00...
		Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 by Alvin D. Coox - 0804718350 :...
	www.aapjapan.com /maps-of-japan-in-1939.html (180 words)

	New Statesman - Book Reviews - Forgotten war
		The little-known series of battles along the border of Manchukuo and Outer Mongolia referred to as Nomonhan, however, is one of the exceptions.
		During the withdrawal to Nomonhan on 31 August, two corporals held the arms of the Japanese commander, General Komatsubara, to prevent him from shooting himself.
		It is still an exaggeration to call the subsequent Japanese actions in the Pacific "the wind that raged out of Nomonhan", but the strength of Colvin's narrative here gives that secret war of 1939 a distinctive importance and poignancy of its own, regardless.
	www.newstatesman.com /199906210047.htm (716 words)

	World History Database of Battle Nomonhan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Victory over Japan at Nomonhan means that Russia does not have to fight a 2 front war
		Attacks the Japanese in what began as a series of border skirmishes in May
		Destroys the IJA forces in & around Nomonhan, 45000 Japanese soldiers were killed
	www.badley.info /history/Battle-Nomonhan.event.html (187 words)

	Storm of Steel - Russians and Japanese
		From Nomonhan to the Halha is designed to supplement the Storm of Steel set, and contain a number of rules and tables that will help any gamers wanting to refight the battles between Soviet and Japanese Forces during the Nomonhan Incident in the summer of 1939.
		In the summer of 1939 a series of now oft-forgotten battles was fought between Soviet and Japanese troops in the border areas between Manchuria and Mongolia.
		It was afterwards known as the Nomonhan incident, which does not sound all that serious.
	www.freewargamesrules.co.uk /Rules/World_War_2/halha.html (1341 words)

	Type 98 20 mm AA Machine Cannon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		About 80% of IJA light AA guns were Type 98.
		It entered service in 1938 and first saw combat in Nomonhan.
		It was used until the end of the Second World War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_98_20_mm_AA_Machine_Cannon (201 words)

	Soviet biplane fighter aces
		In the Nomonhan conflict Geibo flew totally 30 missions (alternatively he flew as many as 82 sorties and was engaged in combat on 18 occasions) and claimed 3 victories (alternatively he claimed 3 victories both individual and shared).
		He was awarded his first Lenin Order for the fighting at Nomonhan and he was also awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his service in the East.
		Geibo ended the war with 7 biplane victories (3 of them claimed in the Nomonhan conflict) and a total of 12 (both individual and shared).
	surfcity.kund.dalnet.se /soviet_geibo.htm (1852 words)

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