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Topic: Noncooperation Movement

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	Bringing Down a Dictator: From Dictatorship to Democracy \| PBS
		Noncooperation is divided into three sub-categories: (a) social noncooperation (16 methods), (b) economic noncooperation, including boycotts (26 methods) and strikes (23 methods), and (c) political noncooperation (38 methods).
		From the perspective of the movement, secrecy is not only rooted in fear but contributes to fear, which dampens the spirit of resistance and reduces the number of people who can participate in a given action.
		Mass noncooperation and defiance can so change social and political situations, especially power relationships, that the dictators' ability to control the economic, social, and political processes of government and the society is in fact taken away.
	www.pbs.org /weta/dictator/otpor/sharp/chapter5.html (2860 words)

	MSN Encarta - India
		Gandhi ended the noncooperation movement in 1922 after 22 Indian policemen were burned to death.
		Gandhi was jailed shortly after ending the noncooperation movement and remained in prison until 1924.
		The situation, however, was complicated by a nearly 20-year-old movement against the maharaja—a movement that was likely supported by a large majority of Muslims of the Kashmīr valley.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557562_13/India.html (3848 words)

	A FORCE MORE POWERFUL \| Nonviolent Strategies and Methods \| FAQ's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The nonviolent civic movement in South Africa employed boycotts and other sanctions to weaken the apartheid regime to the point of forcing negotiations on the country's political future.
		Nothing weakens a nonviolent movement more than the sporadic use of violence by people on its side of the barriers, because that discourages ordinary civilians from joining the ranks, and distracts the media and the public from the injustice or other grievances that the movement wants corrected.
		A nonviolent movement against Chinese occupation of Tibet has undertaken hunger strikes, boycotts and other protests inside that country, and the religious group Falun Gong continues to organize and act nonviolently against the government in Beijing.
	www.aforcemorepowerful.org /resources/nonViolentFaq.htm (1228 words)

	FACING DICTATORSHIPS REALISTICALLY
		A movement which has ignored this potential and failed to prepare to resist a coup d'état if and when it comes, may find that it faces a new dictatorship, potentially worse then the old ones, and one more difficult to resist.
		Parallel with the weakening of the power to the regime by noncooperation and disobedience is the mobilization of power capacity by the general population, which has previously been thought to be weak and helpless in face of the regime's organizational and repressive capacity.
		The combination of strong noncooperation and defiance and the building of independent institutions of civil society is likely in time to produce widespread supportive international action but one must not depend on that.
	www.hermanos.org /nonviolence/facing.html (2922 words)

	FACING DICTATORSHIPS REALISTICALLY
		A democracy movement may be tempted to make promises or to take actions which may sound good at the time, but which may in the long-run only help present or future dictators.
		Another temptation is to be content with a pattern of reaction to the dictators' initiatives, This condemns the movement to weakness and ineffectiveness, and to fail to seize the initiative with careful action based on a wise strategy which has been developed for that situation.
		A movement which has ignored this potential and failed to prepare to resist a coup d'itat if and when it comes, may find that it faces a new dictatorship, potentially worse then the old ones, and one more difficult to resist.
	www.fiu.edu /~fcf/realisticallyfacingtyrants.html (2922 words)

	The Nonviolent Action Handbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bail solidarity, noncooperation and other forms of resistance can be used to reaffirm our position that we are not criminals and that we are taking positive steps towards freeing the world from oppression.
		They may still noncooperate, however, by refusing to reveal an address, or by refusing to promise to return for trial, increasing the burden on the courts to quickly deal with the demonstrators and enhancing their solidarity and strength as people working together, filling the jails.
		For many who join in civil disobedience actions, noncooperation with the criminal justice system is important because it impedes their removal and prolongs their ability to accomplish their goals of stopping the violent business-as-usual of their targets.
	www.nisgua.org /G.A.P/nonviolent_action_handbook.htm (12485 words)

	International Center on Nonviolent Conflict \| FAQ
		Must the leaders of nonviolent movements be charismatic, such as Gandhi or the Rev. Dr.
		Gandhi called nonviolent action “the greatest and most activist force in the world.” When a nonviolent movement follows a strategy aimed at rousing the people and undermining their opponents’ pillars of support – especially the loyalty of the police and military – it has the potential to wield decisive power and achieve victory.
		Nothing weakens a nonviolent movement more than the sporadic use of violence by people on its side of the barriers, because that discourages civilians from joining the ranks, justifies repression, and distracts the media and the public from the injustices that the movement wants corrected.
	www.nonviolent-conflict.org /faq.shtml (1490 words)

	Bringing Down a Dictator: From Dictatorship to Democracy \| PBS
		If noncooperation is practiced by large parts of the population, the regime will be in serious trouble.
		Similarly, if the noncooperating persons and groups include those which have previously supplied specialized skills and knowledge, then the dictators will see their capacity to implement their will gravely weakened.
		While the institutional transformation of the society is taking place, the defiance and noncooperation movement may escalate.
	www.pbs.org /weta/dictator/otpor/sharp/chapter9.html (1849 words)

	Albert Einstein Institution - Publications - 155 Nonviolent Sanctions vol. 3, no. 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Issues of leadership, movement resources, methods of mobilization, strategies and tactics are among the primary areas of inquiry.
		Simon Kuissu of the Union des Populations du Cameroun is one of the leaders of the democracy movement in Cameroon.
		As the movement had been almost wiped out by French colonial power, it did not share power after the independence but kept the struggle against what used to be called "neo-colonialism." In 1982, during a secret congress, we opted for socialism.
	www.aeinstein.org /organizations.php3?action=printContentItem&orgid=88&typeID=16&itemID=168 (4387 words)

	HINDU REVIVALISM AND HINDUTVA MOVEMENT
		The Indian nationalist movement arose in the second half of the 19th century, basically to meet the challenge of foreign domination.
		His noncooperation movement did not prevent the riots; on the contrary, it aroused and created communal rioting.
		In the rising nationalist movement at the end of last century there are some examples proving that this kind of 'loose' vocabulary was accepted among different religious groups.
	www.abo.fi /comprel/temenos/temeno32/tamminen.htm (5997 words)

	[No title]
		In 1921, when the Noncooperation movement began, Gandhi was chosen as its supreme commander.
		After the collapse of the Noncooperation movement, the predominance of the Congress in national politics came to an end.
		Noncooperation failed, but it broke the spell of fear of British authority among the common people.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1001002/editoria.htm (5007 words)

	FROM DICTATORSHIP TO DEMOCRACY
		Noncooperation is divided into three sub-categories: (a) social noncooperation (16 methods), (b) economic noncooperation, including boycotts (26 methods) and strikes (23 methods), and © political noncooperation (38 methods).
		Once the general concept of noncooperation is grasped, people will be able to understand the relevance of future calls to practice noncooperation with the dictatorship.
		During the planning and implementation of political defiance and noncooperation, it is highly important to pay close attention to all of the dictators' main supporters and aides, including their inner clique, political party, police, and bureaucrats, but especially their army.
	www.hermanos.org /nonviolence/dictodem.html (20310 words)

	The Nonviolent Activist — July-August 2004
		Noncooperation was one of many tactics within a campaign with specific goals; it was a component of the constructive program as well.
		And within the peace movement, WRL and other groups that oppose all war and want radical change have had an even more difficult time with strategic thinking, as if the radical nature of the change we want stood in the way of identifying concrete, short-term, measurable goals that move us toward that change.
		The peace movement does more mobilizing than organizing (organizing vigils, demonstrations and educational forums is not the same as organizing a movement).
	www.warresisters.org /nva0704-1.htm (2465 words)

	Bangladesh Development of the Muslim League, 1906-20 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, ...
		In 1920 the Khilafat Movement was launched in response to the news of the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire (see Islam, ch.
		An agreement between the leaders of the movement and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi, 1869-1948), the leading figure in Congress, resulted in the joint advocacy of self-rule for India on the one hand and agitation for the protection of Islamic holy places and the restoration of the caliph of Turkey on the other hand.
		The Khilafat Movement lost its purpose when the postwar Turkish nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later known as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) abolished the sultanate, proclaimed Turkey a secular republic, abolished the religious office of the caliph, and sent the last of the Ottoman ruling family into exile.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/bangladesh/bangladesh_history_development_of_the_muslim_league_1906_20.html (736 words)

	Noncooperation Movement -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "Noncooperation Movement" when you join.
		A lawyer turned journalist, he was a comrade of Mahatma Gandhi in the earliest noncooperation movements for independence and was also president of the Congress Party (1934, 1939, and 1947).
		The term labor movement is often applied to any organization or association of wage earners who join together to advance their common interests.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9056065&query=noncooperation (938 words)

	Neue Seite 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Established with the encouragement of the British government and supported primarily by those Muslims who, for reasons of self-interest, loyalty to Great Britain, or Muslim nationalism, were hostile to the objectives of the Indian National Congress, the league succeeded in diverting significant numbers of the Indian Muslim youth and intelligentsia from the independence struggle.
		The nationalist movement, generally quiescent during the first two years of the war, resumed the campaign for fundamental political reforms in the fall of 1916.
		The noncooperation movement was often attended by violence, despite admonitions by Gandhi against the use of force.
	www.wddsjkruesemann.de /India/history.htm (8431 words)

	From Dictatorship to Democracy: Chapters 5 and 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The opposition is then always on the defensive, seeking to maintain limited liberties or bastions of freedom, at best slowing the advance of the dictatorial controls or causing certain problems for the regime's new policies.
		Devoting so much energy to short-term activities, these leaders often fail to explore several alternative courses of action which could guide the overall efforts so that the goal is constantly approached.
		It is also just possible that some democratic movements do not plan a comprehensive strategy to bring down the dictatorship, concentrating instead only on immediate issues, for another very good reason.
	www.creativeresistance.ca /toolkit/2002-sept05-from-dictatorship-to-democracy-chapt5-6.htm (5160 words)

	1920s. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		As more and more first-line (male) leaders were imprisoned, women took on additional responsibilities in running the nationalist struggle.
		In the Khilafat movement, for instance, the mother and wife of an Ali brother became the main spokespersons.
		Large sums were raised from women, who contributed their jewelry (often their main dowry goods); economic boycotts, because they focused on domestic goods, succeeded essentially because women decided to support them.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2435.html (314 words)

	The Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project, UCLA
		Likewise, the movement's spectacular advance over the previous two years was now slowed: at the 1921 convention, 480 divisions were chartered, whereas at the 1922 convention there were 230 divisions added.
		He also found renewed hope in the growth of India's noncooperation movement, which reached its height in 1921, as well as in the establishment of the Irish Free State in early 1922.
		Now Garvey requested and obtained approval to form a privy council of his appointees to replace most of the previously elected members of the UNIA Executive Council; thereafter, all the council members below the rank of fourth assistant president general, by far the majority, were to be appointees of the president general.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /africa/mgpp/intro04.asp (1916 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		He chose satya (“truth”) and ahimsa (“nonviolence,” or love) as the polar stars of his political movement; the former was the ancient Vedic concept of the real, embodying the very essence of existence itself, while the latter, according to Hindu (as well as Jaina) scripture, was the highest religion (dharma).
		In February 1922, on the eve of that final phase of boycott, word reached Gandhi that in Chauri Chaura, United Provinces, 22 Indian police were massacred in their police station by a mob of “satyagrahis,” who set fire to the station and prevented the trapped police from escaping immolation.
		Though Gandhian noncooperation remained the Congress' primary strategy, actual partial cooperation in the postwar reforms thus became the alternate tactic of those Congress leaders who were less orthodox-Hindu, or more secular-minded, in outlook.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=312 (862 words)

	Strategies from the Past: Boycott, Part 2
		This is inevitable because an effective boycott requires voluntary noncooperation on the part of the boycotters.
		If noncooperation is forced, fl marketeers merely skirt the restrictions and cash in on the higher profits brought by higher risk.
		Sharp explained that such boycott usually involves the “temporary suspension of normal political obedience, cooperation, and behavior.” A recent example of a political boycott was the widespread refusal to provide information to Census 2000.
	www.fff.org /freedom/1000e.asp (1186 words)

	Handbook for Nonviolent Action
		As a result, the feminist movement grew up in the late 60s, giving support and validation to women to achieve power over our lives, challenging sex role stereotypes and limitations, addressing economic disparities and violence towards women in its many forms, and providing a basic understanding that personal issues are rooted in political realities.
		Such a movement is helping men become conscious of their own pains and needs, recognize how they dominate others, and give support to each other.
		In movements which encompass people from a wide variety of political and religious backgrounds, prejudices that lead to negative attitudes towards lesbians and gay men remain unchallenged as long as we remain invisible.
	www.campusactivism.org /uploads/handbook.htm (18451 words)

	Strategic Nonviolence: Fearlessness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because noncooperation inevitably results in repression, we must nurture our fearlessness so we never let repression make us subservient to the demands of the opposition, their courts, or their police forces.
		This is because many activists will refuse to engage in risky actions of noncooperation unless they know other activists who they trust will provide sufficient support to make their sacrifice as effective as possible.
		However, some activists may be fearless enough to further increase their noncooperation with the courts and jails by doing such things as refusing to pay bail, conducting fasts or hunger strikes while in jail, refusing to accept probation, and refusing to pay fines.
	www.ca4a.org /literature/snv/fearless.html (3222 words)

	India Abroad : A History of Modern India: Freedom Movement in Disarray - 1922-27 @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mahatma Gandhi's incarceration for a period of six years from February 1922, following the withdrawal of the Noncooperation Movement led to a certain demoralization and disintegration within the nationalist ranks.
		Not only had this not happened, the whole movement was abruptly called off just as it was peaking, and there was a general sense of disillusionment with Gandhian strategy.
		The Nationalist movement went into a phase quiescence, of withdrawal from mass action.
	static.highbeam.com /i/indiaabroad/january241997/ahistoryofmodernindiafreedommovementindisarray1922/index.html (244 words)

	Midnapore - india news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Novel interpretations of two key moments--the Swadeshi Movement of 1903-1909 and Gandhi's Noncooperation Movement of 1920-1922--are the subject of Guha's second essay.
		He argues that these movements provided the terrain on which the nationalist elite engaged with the colonials in a (failed) "battle for hegemony" over who had the right to represent the people of India.
		Both the colonial regime and the nationalist elite took recourse to history in this "battle for hegemony." The appropriation and reappropriations of the Indian past, a theme that is variously touched upon in the first two essays, is the subject of the last chapter in the volume.
	www.midnapore.com /india_news_08-22-2003.html (447 words)

	This week in history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The general strike movement had been spearheaded by government workers seeking to replicate the gains made by sections of industrial workers during the fall of 1946.
		A visit by the Prince of Wales to India in December 1921 was the occasion for a serious confrontation between the British government and the Indian nationalist movement, which had declared a boycott of all the functions in connection with his visit.
		In December 1921 and January 1922 an estimated 30,000 people were sentenced to imprisonment in connection with the noncooperation movement.
	www.wsws.org /public_html/prioriss/iwb1-27/history.htm (839 words)

	Search Results for nonviolent - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Baptist minister and social activist who led the civil rights movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968.
		Movement for racial equality in the U.S. that, through nonviolent...
		Profile of this leader of Indian freedom movement and social activist.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=nonviolent&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (450 words)

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