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Topic: Nonexcludable good

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	Economics 504 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A public good is a good that is nonexcludable and nonrivalous.
		A nonexcludable good is a good for which it is impossible or extremely cosfly to exclude nonpayers from consumption.
		A nonrivalous good is a good for which availability is unaffected by an individual's consumption.
	www.nd.edu /~cwilber/econ504/504book/outln6a.html (170 words)

	Homework 6
		(5) (A) A good that is nonrivalrous in consumption and excludable – a hamburger.
		(B) A good that is nonrivalrous in consumption and excludable – an opera being staged in a theater.
		(C) A good that is rivalrous in consumption and nonexcludable – fish in the ocean.
	www-agecon.ag.ohio-state.edu /class/aede200/southgate/hw_6.htm (539 words)

	PRM 255 Market Failure and Externalities
		When excluding users of a good is difficult, the good is often referred to as a high exclusion cost good or a nonexcludable good.
		Examples of goods where excluding users is very costly include the ozone layer, the global climate system, the hydrological cycle, the biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, air quality, water quality, ocean fish, national defense, public health, radio broadcasts, and street lighting.
		For a public good, each unit of the good is being shared so we add up the price each individual is willing to pay for that unit across all the individuals sharing it.
	www.msu.edu /course/prm/255/market_failure.htm (3093 words)

	Agtrade.org - Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A market for a good or service in which the decisions of at least one of the buyers have an impact on the market price.
		A good is rival if one person's consumption of that good reduces the quantity available for consumption by someone else.
		A good is nonexcludable if it is not possible to prevent someone from consuming that good once it has been made available to the public.
	www.agtrade.org /glossary_search.cfm?letter=o (468 words)

	Summary of Public Finance
		Most goods are private goods, meaning that for a given level of production of that good the more one person consumes the less is available for the others to consume.
		It may be necessary to have the decision about whether or not to produce a nonrival, nonexcludable good (a pure public good) to be made in the public sector but clearly decisions about excludable goods, whether they are rival or nonrival, can be made in the private sector.
		For the pure public good each consumer is getting the same amount the marginal benefit of another unit of the public good and therefore the marginal social benefit is the sum of the marginal benefits of all the consumers.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/e132.htm (3099 words)

	NOEMA > IDEAS
		Goods are "nonexcludable" when it becomes impractical to stop everyone from making use of the item, once one person can.
		Even as content becomes a public good, content creators (or at least the publishing and recording industries that claim to represent them) have been led to believe that encryption can protect their revenue streams.
		Pure public goods have been funded by various means for the last several hundred years, so there should hopefully be some insights by now into how the makers of pure public goods can be compensated for creating their works.
	www.noemalab.org /sections/ideas/ideas_articles/kohn_steal_this_essay.html (3865 words)

	LibertyGuide.com - Economics, Ecology, and Exchange: Free Market Environmentalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nonexcludability means that the seller of a good is unable to prevent nonpayers from consuming the good (or that it is inefficient to do so because the marginal cost of exclusion exceeds the marginal benefit).
		One good that has this quality is a movie theater: any number of patrons may enjoy a movie (up to the theater's capacity) without detracting from the enjoyment of other viewers and without imposing any additional costs upon the owner.
		The living room of a student apartment is a good example of a commons: no one living in the apartment can be prevented from using it, but its use by one individual does often detract from the enjoyment of other users.
	www.theihs.org /libertyguide/hsr/hsr.php/22.html (4795 words)

	Is Education a Public Good?
		Contrary to common misconceptions, public goods are not "goods provided by the public" (read: by the government).
		Public goods are sometimes supplied by the private sector and private goods - by the public sector.
		It seems that rivalry and nonrivalry are supposed to reflect this "element of variability" and hint at a continuum of goods that ranges from wholly rival to wholly nonrival ones.
	samvak.tripod.com /publicgoods.html (1458 words)

	Lecture- Dec. 4
		Nonexcludable goods--these are goods it's hard to charge money for so people will tend to get them whether they pay for them or not.
		A highway is a nonexcludable good unless it is a toll road.
		Peace is a nonexcludable good, as is war.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~folbre/econ103/2002fall/lect12_04.htm (539 words)

	The Free Rider Problem
		Olson notes that very many politically provided goods, such as highways and public safety, roughly have the qualities of Samuelson's public goods and therefore face the problem of freeriding that undercuts supply of the goods.
		Note that the supply of such goods by the state overcomes the freerider problem because voters can vote on whether everyone is required to pay toward the provision, as in the case of national defense.
		Note that, as mentioned earlier, the election of a candidate is a good whose provision is a step function of the number of votes.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/free-rider (5546 words)

	Legal Theory Lexicon: 03/01/2004 - 03/31/2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The phrase "public good" or "public goods" shall be used to refer to the economists’ idea of good that meets the criteria of nonrivalrousness and nonexcludability.
		We could use the phrase "public good" to refer to the public interest or to public resources, but for the purposes of this post, let's stipulate that "public good" shall be reserved for the economic sense of the phrase.
		One is the idea of a "club good." A club good is a good where the utility of each individual's consumption of the good is a function of the number of others who consume the good.
	legaltheorylexicon.blogspot.com /2004_03_01_legaltheorylexicon_archive.html (5642 words)

	ECON 2106 -- Test 3 Sample Questions
		Furthermore, the information in the question implies that potential consumers of private good X would be willing to pay more for the good than what it costs to produce it (it is only by paying their own money for the good that they can get access to it).
		This is because the characteristics of a public good create an incentive for an individual to "free ride" by not paying for such a good himself, while hoping to be able to benefit from whatever quantities of the good are purchased (using the payments made by others).
		In this case, each of the 300 people might know that it would be good thing if public good Y were somehow paid for, but each person also knows that his or her best personal outcome would be if he or she paid nothing, but others paid enough for Y to be funded.
	www.terry.uga.edu /~gtrandel/econ2106/questions/05st3q.htm (8536 words)

	Externalities and Public Goods
		The rationale is to bring the price of the good close to the social cost: taxing the good and raising its price if their is an external cost and and subsidizing the good and lowering its price if their is external benefit.
		By contrast, a good is excludable if it is possible, or not prohibitively costly, to exclude someone from obtaining the benefits of the good once it has been produced.
		In fact, many goods that are nonrivalrous in consumption are also excludable, and many goods that are excludable are nonrivalrous.
	www.whcbridge.com /ec1300.html (2157 words)

	DanKohn.com: December 2002 Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		However, if lighthouses are supposed to be a public good, it’s quite confusing that a number of them in the 18th century were privately owned.
		Public goods are regularly used as an example of when government intervention is necessary, because private suppliers will provide too few (in the case of lighthouses) or too many (in the case of commons grazing).
		Property is generally defined by economists as goods that are rival (e.g., if I take your car, you don’t have one) and excludable (e.g., you can lock your door to keep me out of your home).
	www.dankohn.com /archives/2002_12.html (8456 words)

	Principles of Microeconomics, 1st Canadian Edition \| Key Terms & Glossary
		A good that is difficult, or costly, to exclude nonpayers from consuming.
		A good or service that, to at least some degree, is both nonrival and nonexcludable.
		A good or service that, to a high degree, is both nonrival and nonexcludable.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0070889740/student_view0/chapter15/key_terms___glossary.html (221 words)

	[No title]
		In economics, “public good” does not mean a good provided to the public, but rather has a special meaning: public goods are goods which are nonexcludable and nonrivalrous.
		A good is nonexcludable if it is not possible to exclude people from enjoying its benefits even if they do not pay for it.
		Any good which has positive externalities will tend to be underprovided by the market, and that is true of public goods also.
	www.rasmusen.org /g202/Government.Failure.doc (3987 words)

	Ascription is an Anathema to any Enthusiasm » Blog Archive » Public Good
		Public Good (n.) Goods that are nonexcludable and nonrival.
		Club Good (n.) A good that is public for members of the club is otherwise private.
		Open Source (n.) A kind of source code, software or knowledge that is managed as a limited club good with the goal of maximizing the natural public good nature all information goods.
	enthusiasm.cozy.org /archives/000072.html (349 words)

	MyDD :: Is Education a Public Good?
		Nonrivalry - the cost of extending the service or providing the good to another person is (close to) zero.
		Nonexcludability - it is impossible to exclude anyone from enjoying the benefits of a public good, or from defraying its costs (positive and negative externalities).
		Externalities - public goods impose costs or benefits on others - individuals or firms - outside the marketplace and their effects are only partially reflected in prices and the market transactions.
	www.mydd.com /story/2005/3/11/10525/7010 (1810 words)

	Weimer and Vining Chapter 5
		private good is rivalrous in consumption and excludable in ownership and use.
		The market can provide congested toll goods efficiently if the marginal cost of producing the good is priced at the marginal cost of all users.
		pure public good is a nonrivalrous and nonexcludable good.
	www.fsu.edu /~spap/class/questions/W&V5.htm (1363 words)

	Markets for Information Goods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nonrivalness is a property of the good itself: the same amount of defense, lighthouse services and TV broadcasts are available to everyone in the region served by the very nature of the good.
		Innovations that are embodied in physical goods can be bought and sold for a listed price on the open market, so there is no uncertainty about the cost of incorporating a new innovation into a product.
		That is, a license to an information good that can be shared, resold, archived, etc. will be worth more than one that cannot; however, sharing, resale, and archiving all potentially reduce the final demand for the information goods.
	www.sims.berkeley.edu /~hal/Papers/japan/japan.html (5592 words)

	Hasten down the wire
		Because digital information is a nonrival, nonexcludable good, there goes the business model and acceptable “shrinkage rates” that have served media conglomerates well for more than 100 years.
		His point is that digitally distributed content is what economists call a nonexcludable (no one can stop its flow), non-rival (we can all use it without anyone else having to give it up) good.
		Mark Bernstein knows more about hypertext than just about anyone other than Ted Nelson, and his work has always interested me. What’s better is that he’s a programmer and understands what kind of tools writers need to hone their craft.
	www.farces.com /index.php/hasten/2001/10 (1134 words)

	ECON 2106H -- Test 3 Sample Questions
		This is because part of the cost of producing the good is external, in the sense that it affects parties other the producers and consumers of the good.
		A good has the characteristics of a "public good," if (a) any unit of the good can be simultaneously "consumed" by all people, and (b) it is "impossible" (or very difficult) to prevent a person who didn't pay for the good from consuming it.
		For a country to be able to produce more units of Good X, it must reduce its production of Good Y. Measure the cost of producing one more unit of X by determining the drop in production of Y that must occur to make this possible.
	www.terry.uga.edu /~gtrandel/econ2106h/questions/05st3q.htm (9736 words)

	Public Goods
		Public Goods: nonrivalrous in consumption, two people can enjoy the good at the same time (national defense, public park, bridge); nonexcludable if it is physically or legally impractical for one person to maintain exclusive use over the good (fishing)
		Private Goods: goods that are rivalrous and excludable; government intervention in these goods is not warranted on the basis of a public goods argument; (shoes, clothes, food, walkman, etc.).
		Post-experience Goods: goods for which it is difficult for consumers to determine quality even after they have begun consumption; grounds for government regulation
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rjohnson/UndergradPolicyAnalysis/Market_Failures.htm (712 words)

	Battles Over Bits (Autumn Quarter 2005-2006)
		A public good is one that is non-rival in consumption, meaning that one person's consumption of the good does not preclude or interfere with someone else's.
		A public good may have the additional property of being nonexcludable, meaning that it is either difficult or impossible for the producer of the good to select who can and who cannot consume it.
		Public goods (or quasi-public goods) can arise through government choice, as when a government builds a free highway system, or when a portion of spectrum is unlicensed.
	www.stanford.edu /class/symbsys209 (2484 words)

	Anarchist Theory FAQ Version 5.2
		After all, intelligent, informed voting is a public good; everyone benefits if the electorate reaches wise political judgments, but there is no personal, material incentive to "invest" in political information, since the same result will (almost certainly) happen whether you inform yourself or not.
		Under governmental institutions, he explains, good law is a public good and bad law is a private good.
		In contrast, under anarcho-capitalist institutions, good law is a private good and bad law is a public good.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/anarfaq.htm (17216 words)

	DanKohn.com: Steal This Essay 1: Content Is a Pure Public Good (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		What there may not be is enough revenue to support the publishers of that content in addition to the authors, which helps explain why the RIAA is so eager to thwart digital distribution.
		When an ecosystem undergoes severe environmental changes, certain organisms that were previously essential – like the cyanobacteria that originally converted carbon dioxide to oxygen, or the record companies’ AandR men – may recede to minor ecological niches.
		This weblog is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
	www.dankohn.com /archives/000283.html (1277 words)

	Economics 504 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This chapter introduces the concept of a public good and contends that the establishment and enforcement of a system of property rights is a public good.
		What a public good is and why the existence of public goods leads to a role for government.
		That property fights provision is a public good.
	www.nd.edu /~cwilber/econ504/504book/6intro.html (317 words)

	Hasten down the wire
		Like public broadcasting or a lighthouse, it’s a pure public good in that everyone can use it and no one can force you to pay for using it.
		Moreover, ARTS and FARCES internet is a nonrival good: you can use it (mostly) all you want without reducing the content available to the next user.
		Finally it’s a nonexcludable good in the sense that anyone that finds the publication can use it.
	www.farces.com /index.php/toward_a_sustainable_independent_publication (302 words)

	1
		[A] the use of a good by one individual does not preclude its use by others at the same time.
		Public radio is an example of a good that is
		[A] It is possible for more than one person to use the good at the same time.
	www.econ.wayne.edu /bbekdac/sample8.htm (1498 words)

	Public-Good Provision with Many Participants
		For a nonexcludable public good with benefit and cost functions independent of the number of participants, this paper studies second-best allocations under Bayesian interim incentive compatibility and interim individual rationality.
		As the number of participants becomes large, second-best provision levels converge in distribution to first-best levels if the latter are bounded.
		In contrast, for an excludable public good, the ratio of second-best to first-best levels is bounded away from zero.
	ideas.repec.org /a/bla/restud/v70y2003i3p589-614.html (324 words)

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