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Topic: Nonlethal

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	Nonlethal Weapons
		Nonlethal weapons cannot be thought of in a "business as usual" sense or, for that matter, solely as a new type of force multiplier.
		For example, a pilot, blinded by a laser unable to safely land his or her aircraft or a patient dies because the power to an incubator or iron long in a hospital is cut off due to the destruction of a power plant.
		Nonlethal technology, when coupled with traditional forms of lethal weaponry, allow for the application of short- term incapacitation, long-term incapacitation, and deadly force against the physical and mental/perceptual attributes of human targets and the hardware and software attributes of machine targets.
	www.angelfire.com /or/mctrl/nonlethal.html (13090 words)

	[No title]
		Nonlethal capabilities are employed with the intent to compel or deter adversaries by acting on human capabilities or materiel while minimizing fatalities and damage to equipment or facilities.
		Nonlethal Not made to cause death; not intentionally deadly; a term used broadly to describe capabilities which affect targets, temporarily or permanently, without intentionally causing death to personnel or without unnecessary destruction or environmental damage.
		Nonlethal Weapons Nonlethal weapons are discriminate weapons that are explicitly designed and employed so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel, while minimizing fatalities and undesired damage to property and the environment.
	www.tradoc.army.mil /tpubs/pams/p525-73.doc (5610 words)

	nonlethal weapons
		Nonlethal weapons have applications across the whole spectrum of the use of force, including close arrest situations in which police must subdue a violent suspect, neighborhood domestic disputes, counter-terrorism and antidrug operations, military operations in urban terrain, peacekeeping activities, and conventional war.
		Nonlethality can be used to deter or pre-empt conflict, separate belligerents and allow for a "cooling-off period," encourage negotiation, protect noncombatants, facilitate disaster relief and humanitarian assistance operations, enhance the effectiveness of lethal weapons and other instruments of national power, and reduce risks to U.S. forces.
		Nonlethal weapons, the officer said, demonstrate a reverence for life, a proof of civility and restraint, and a commitment to the use of minimal force.
	forum.ra.utk.edu /1999summer/nonlethal.htm (3920 words)

	New Applications of Nonlethal and Less Lethal Technology
		This chapter on Nonlethal and Less Lethal Technology must therefore consider the nature of the benefits and costs affected by this set of technological options, their reality and readiness, and the degree to which special mechanisms might be needed to create and utilize these capabilities.
		Among the nonlethal or less-lethal weapons that are closest to field use are darts the size of common steel phonograph needles, equipped with tiny tail fins and bearing a load of systemic anesthetic such as fentanyl, which has a particularly large ratio between lethal dose and effective dose.
		The defense against some weapons (lethal or nonlethal) is so simple that their effectiveness would be lost if they were once used or if information about them leaked to begin with-- for instance, as a result of the training of US troops with countermeasures to these weapons.
	www.fas.org /rlg/940000-nonlethal.htm (7091 words)

	Nonlethal Technology and Air Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although nonlethal weapons have been used sporadically throughout history, the concept of nonlethality as a new category of warfare is in its infancy.
		The possibility of "fighting" a nonlethal war and forcing a belligerent to change his decision to go to war is attainable only if civilian and military leaders seriously consider the development of a strategy of nonlethal warfare and the collateral challenge of applying it to achieve victory.
		Nonlethal warfare is the force multiplier necessary to fill the gap caused by downsizing; at the same time, it provides us with a method for strategically paralyzing an enemy system.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/mitchkla.html (4644 words)

	Defense Horizons No. 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nonlethal weapons offer a precision, accuracy, and effective duration that can help save military and civilian lives, break the cycle of violence by offering a more graduated response, and even prevent violence from occurring if the opportunity for early or preclusionary engagement arises.
		Because nonlethal capabilities are a fairly new concept to domestic and international publics, military and civilian decisionmakers must be educated about them.
		Nonlethal capabilities generally are designed to minimize injury and do not run afoul of this proscription.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/DefHor/DH9/DH09.htm (3804 words)

	NONLETHAL CONCEPTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The driving factor behind the development of nonlethal concepts is the increasing emphasis on limiting casualties on both sides of a conflict.
		Nonlethal concepts, at least in terms of Air Force applications, do not appear to be a departure from the normal evolution of air power.
		Though many nonlethal concepts are still in the development and early demonstration stages, intelligence systems specialists and communication engineers need to make sure that when they design information paths in the future, they consider all frictional impediments to the successful support of nonlethal concepts.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj94/dil.html (3103 words)

	Injury and Death :: d20srd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Instead, when your nonlethal damage equals your current hit points, you’re staggered, and when it exceeds your current hit points, you fall unconscious.
		It doesn’t matter whether the nonlethal damage equals or exceeds your current hit points because the nonlethal damage has gone up or because your current hit points have gone down.
		You can use a weapon that deals nonlethal damage, including an unarmed strike, to deal lethal damage instead, but you take a -4 penalty on your attack roll.
	www.d20srd.org /srd/combat/injuryandDeath.htm (1489 words)

	Nonlethal weapons pushed by research group / Peace activists decry timing of report's release
		The U.S. military needs to hasten funding and development of nonlethal weapons, including chemicals that could be used to calm or control crowds who might threaten U.S. bases abroad, according to a report by the National Research Council.
		Gases and other "nonlethal weapons are an additional way to provide greater security for military bases and protect our forces," said Miriam E. John, vice president of Sandia National Laboratories's California branch in Livermore.
		Although the report doesn't recommend a specific amount of increased spending for R&D on nonlethal weapons, John said the military should consider doubling the amount -- especially on higher-tech weapons such as the calming or smelly gases.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/11/05/MN117122.DTL&type=printable (607 words)

	MOAA: Alternative Arsenal
		While there have been advances in the development of nonlethal weapons, concerns remain that the ready availability of these technologies may, instead of saving lives, actually lower the threshold of military action, resulting in the inadvertent loss of life.
		One example of the use of nonlethal weapons resulting in casualties was demonstrated last fall when Russian troops pumped an opiate derivative into a Moscow theater where Chechen rebels held more than 850 civilians hostage.
		While the incapacitating gas was intended as a nonlethal weapon, more than 200 of the hostages, including elderly, young, and immune-compromised individuals, perished from the gas.
	www.moaa.org /magazine/April2003/f_alternative.asp (2202 words)

	'Nonlethal' guns causing alarm
		The term nonlethal weapon is used for a class of devices designed to neutralize but not to kill their target.
		A Boston police officer who is familiar with tactics and nonlethal weapons and who spoke on condition he not be identified, said grenadiers are trained to fire the so-called pepper balls at the chests of people because that allows a cloud of pepper spray to rise into the targets' faces.
		He said the pepper-spray-filled plastic balls are less accurate than some other nonlethal weapons and that the rounds sometimes curve in flight.
	www.infowars.com /print/ps/nonlethal.htm (769 words)

	Non-Lethal Weapons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nonlethal weapons are valuable for crowd control, minimizing infrastructure damage, sparing the lives of noncombatants, and reducing the long-term environmental impact of conventional weapons.
		The success of nonlethal weapons depends as much on its effects on bystanders as targets, so analysts at the U.S. Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate are studying how to get the desired effect on a crowd in a complex urban environment.
		Declares that nonlethal weapons seem to be the ideal solution to many of the difficult problems confronting U.S. military forces in a wide variety of engagements throughout the world.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/soft/nonlethal.htm (6222 words)

	DefenseLINK News: DoD Harnesses Technology in Search for Nonlethal Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One nonlethal tool under development, he said, is an "active-denial" microwave- like device that can be directed at a distance to heat up the moisture in a person's skin, causing an uncomfortable temperature increase that's envisioned to dissuade mob attacks.
		Another nonlethal system under development, Shaffer continued, is super-slick matting that can be placed around a building to help prevent terrorists from using trucks to breach security perimeters.
		Having nonlethal options, Shaffer pointed out, would have been useful when the destroyer USS Cole was attacked in port in Aden, Yemen, on Oct. 12, 2000, by terrorists in a bomb-laden boat.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jan2004/n01222004_200401222.html (548 words)

	Non-Lethal Weapons: Terms and References
		We have followed this Western definition of nonlethal weapons in this paper, but have also included what would be considered non-Western forms of weaponry.
		It is the opinion of the editor (and most of the contributors to this paper) that when nonlethal weapons are ready for wide-scale application, this will signal a development as significant in magnitude as the emergence of gunpowder based firearms during the European Renaissance.
		Nonlethal technology, when coupled with traditional forms of lethal weaponry, allow for the application of short-term incapacitation, long-term incapacitation, and deadly force against the physical and mental/perceptual attributes of human targets and the hardware and software attributes of machine targets.
	www.zarc.com /english/non-lethal_weapons/nlt-usaf.html (12288 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 1996
		Prior to the 1990s, nonlethal crowd-control tools available to the Army and Marine Corps were the old standbys: bayonets and rifle butts, concertina wire, chemical riot agents, water cannons, and rubber bullets.
		In promoting nonlethal technologies--thereby implying that they will increase our ability to conduct operations other than war--we are missing the point.
		The solution to confronting anarchy in the world is not to produce more nonlethal technology; it is to set clear policy goals and objectives and to marshal the resolve to attain them.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/96autumn/stanton.htm (2400 words)

	C.A.H.R.A. Nonlethal Weapons - A Global Issue
		Nonlethal weapons were discussed as part of the U.S. arsenal and there were questions about issues of proliferation and problems of countermeasures.
		As a result of the world-wide declassification and use of electromagnetic nonlethal weapons in the 1990s, the problems and strategies are being discussed openly by experts.
		Nonlethal weapons will not replace lethal power but most international countries believe that it will be a significant addition to their arsenals.
	www.raven1.net /welshnlw.htm (5147 words)

	Setting Our Weapons to Stun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nonlethal weapons: "...weapons whose intent is to nonlethally overwhelm an enemy's lethal force by destroying the aggressive capability of his weapons and temporarily neutralizing his soldiers".
		Nonlethality requires...the fielding of usable systems that conserve life and are environmentally friendly and fiscally responsible.
		Our "nonlethal" capabilities today are as crude as the wheel-lock musket to the M-16; the Sopwith Camel to the F-117; the Mercury space capsule to the Space Shuttle; the 8018 computer chip to the 200 MHz Pentium processor--notice the pace at which technology now advances.
	www.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE97/Gordon97.htm (6734 words)

	village voice > news > Tech Wars in Meat Space by Erik Baard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Police in the future may be armed with energy beams that inflict a burning sensation on skin without causing permanent damage, or even painlessly and temporarily immobilize a rioting demonstrator.
		On the other hand, the perception that they are 'nonlethal' results in their indiscriminate or improper use to a far greater degree than such use of traditional firearms."
		The term "nonlethal" is a goal, not a guarantee, because these weapons can be deadly if used carelessly.
	www.villagevoice.com /issues/0131/baard.php (1736 words)

	The fuzzy ethics of nonlethal weapons \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Defense officials would like to be able to use nonlethal chemicals to take the fight out of Iraqi soldiers who may be holed up in caves or buildings or mixed in with innocent civilians.
		Also, "nonlethal" weapons can kill people, as Russia found out when it used a gaseous opiate to knock out Chechen hostage takers in Moscow and killed more than 120 hostages in the process.
		The US experience in Somalia in 1993, when a failed peacekeeping mission saw 29 American servicemen (and hundreds of Somalis) killed in violent urban combat, is a case in point.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/0214/p02s01-usmi.html (848 words)

	Metro/Regional News - Invisible beam tops list of nonlethal weapons - sacbee.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is among the most potent of a new generation of futuristic, "less-than-lethal" weapons being developed by the Defense Department - tools that could dramatically alter the way police control riots and soldiers fight wars.
		Other nonlethal devices undergoing tests include "superlubricants" that could make a road or runway too slippery for car or airplane tires to gain traction; directed sound waves to drive people away from an area; and nets able to stop cars.
		once this kind of technology is available and there's a perception that it's safe and nonlethal, it seems like a natural device to be used in interrogations.
	www.sacbee.com /content/news/story/9499345p-10423294c.html (1132 words)

	Mind Justice - 2005 Update (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Note: In general and for this paper, mind control, electromagnetic weapons, nonlethal weapons, psychotronic weapons, information weapons, neuroweapons, nonthermal bioeffects weapons are or include weapons which target the human brain and body, usually with electromagnetic radiation or magnetic signals.
		The fifty year history of nonthermal bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation and it's growing significance for neuroscience and nonlethal weapons is a key factor for uncovering evidence of mind control weapons.
		To reduce barriers between the Joint Nonlethal Weapons Directorate and what are said to be 'large programs' in psychological warfare, information warfare, and nonlethal weapons with strategic potential, a so-called insight program was established.
	www.mindjustice.org /2005update.htm (12063 words)

	Lack of Nonlethal Weapons Capabilities Hindering U.S. Efforts in Postwar Iraq; Experts Urge Department of Defense to ...
		These are the central findings of the Council-sponsored Independent Task Force on Nonlethal Weapons and Capabilities, led by Graham T. Allison, Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, and General P.X. Kelley, USMC (Ret.), former Commandant of the Marine Corps.
		Advance the development of concepts such as the advanced tactical laser— which shows promise for use against equipment— along with the advent of nonlethal payloads that home in on a laser spot.
		Leader of a NATO study that is developing means to assess nonlethal weapon effectiveness across the spectrum of military operations.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=6794 (1631 words)

	NEER - The Nonlethal Environmental Evaluation & Remediation Center
		The National Environmental Evaluation and Remediation Consortium created the Nonlethal Environmental Evaluation and Remediation Center in 2001.
		Congress has approved funding for the establishment of the NEER Center to determine the environmental impact of emerging technologies related to nonlethal weapons (NLWs).
		The nonlethal weapons research and assessment program is sponsored by the joint nonlethal weapons directorate of the Department of Defense.
	www.engg.ksu.edu /NEER/nonlethal (111 words)

	Nonlethal Weapons [Free Republic]
		The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the US Government.
		When mixed with an emulsifier such as mineral, vegetable, soy oil or water, it may be sprayed from a variety of dispensers and used as an irritant for safely controlling violent persons or vicious animals and/or restoration and maintenance of order.
		Nonlethals make it easier for our military to go to places no one wants them.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b442abc152a.htm (3618 words)

	More links on secret government, mind control, nonlethal weapons, etc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is from July 1997, and is titled ``Wonder Weapons: The Pentagon's quest for nonlethal arms is amazing.
		Remember, you do not get a bit of due process, you cannot face your accuser or hear the charges against you, and the audience for this farce may well be too stupid or caught up in voyeurism to understand what is really going on.
		(More info on the HAARP project, and its relation to nonlethal weapons, can be found on several other web sites.) In this chapter, Manning and Begich present some startling excerpts from government publications.
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~alb/misc/moreMindLinks.html (3420 words)

	TIME.com: Beyond the Rubber Bullet -- Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Shine that light on a human target, and you have a wireless taser that can paralyze targets as far away as 2 km.
		Even their supporters agree that "nonlethal weapons" is a dangerous misnomer and that any of these devices has the potential to injure and kill.
		Such research is illegal under international law and could open up terrifying scenarios for abuse.
	www.time.com /time/nation/article/0,8599,322588,00.html (1044 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Report Calls for Development of Nonlethal Weapons
		The U.S. military should place a higher priority on developing and deploying so-called nonlethal weapons, the private National Research Council (NRC) concluded in an unclassified November report to the Pentagon.
		Types of nonlethal weapons vary widely but can include chemical calmatives and malodorants intended to control or disperse crowds.
		The report, which was delivered to the Navy’s Office of Naval Research and the Department of Defense’s Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD), raised concerns among some arms control analysts that efforts to develop nonlethal weapons might violate the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2002_12/chemweapons_dec02.asp (334 words)

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