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Topic: Nonvolatile memory

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	Nonvolatile BIOS memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers to the memory on a personal computer motherboard containing BIOS settings and sometimes the code used to initialize the computer and load the operating system.
		The nonvolatile memory was historically called CMOS RAM or just CMOS because it traditionally used a low-power CMOS memory chip (the Motorola MC146818, or one of its higher-capacity clones), which was powered by a small battery when the system power was off.
		The nonvolatile BIOS memory in modern computers is generally an EEPROM or Flash memory chip.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory (371 words)

	Infineon designs smallest nonvolatile flash memory chip
		The memory cell, measuring 20 nanometers or approximately 5,000 times thinner than a human hair, could lead to the availability of memory chips with a capacity of 32G bits, which is eight times the capacity of chips currently available on the market, Infineon said yesterday.
		Nonvolatile flash memory chips are becoming increasingly popular as mass storage media for devices such as digital cameras, camcorders and USB (Universal Serial Bus) sticks.
		The most advanced nonvolatile flash memory devices available today, according to Infineon, are able to permanently store one or two bits of information per memory cell without a supply of voltage.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2004/0,4814,98343,00.html (272 words)

	A Nonvolatile Memory Overview
		A nonvolatile memory (NVM) device is a MOS transistor that has a source, a drain, an access or a control gate, and a floating gate.
		Nonvolatile memory cells have some important functional characteristics, which are used to evaluate the performance of the cell.
		In nonvolatile memories, IPD is used to isolate the floating gate from other electrodes (control gate, source, drain, and the substrate) and hence, should be defect-free to prevent charge leakage from the floating gate.
	aplawrence.com /Makwana/nonvolmem.html (5158 words)

	NASA - Nonvolatile Molecular Memory
		Nonvolatile molecular memory is a very promising candidate to fill this need.
		Depending on whether electronic charges are stored in these molecules, the memory can be in either a "1" or "0" state, measured by the cell resistance.
		Alternative "beyond-silicon" memory technologies based on magnetic, ferroelectric, or phase-shift mechanisms would not be able to meet all the needs.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/ames/research/technology-onepagers/nonvolatile_memory.html (785 words)

	Embedded.com - Avoid corruption in nonvolatile memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The key to using nonvolatile memory effectively in an embedded system is to add layers of protection against corruption to the system, so the probability of a corrupting event occurring becomes negligibly small.
		Memory selection is influenced by a number of system constraints, but often more than one memory type can provide the needed density, access times, and cost.
		Nonvolatile memory usually corrupts with the address pins in the high or low state, and preferentially corrupt at the top and bottom of their address range.
	www.embedded.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=13100883 (3388 words)

	A+ Exam Cram 2: Memory > Conceptual Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Nonvolatile memory, because it is not volatile, stays the same without any need for electricity.
		Most memory began as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and the main changes have been to either speed up the memory to match the CPU, or to speed up the CPU to match the memory.
		Memory involves several basic concepts, the first of which is a grid or matrix.
	www.examcram2.com /articles/article.asp?p=30422 (583 words)

	INDUSTRYWEEK: LEADERSHIP IN MANUFACTURING -- Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, N. Mex.
		Memory devices such as hard-disk drives, optical disks, floppy disks, and Zip drives are, of course, nonvolatile but are also slow.
		Not only does this result in a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device that costs less and requires less power than flash, it appears the device can be hardened against radiation.
		Now under development are memory structures that are expected to meet or exceed the performance specifications of flash memory.
	www.industryweek.com /research/techandinn/articles.asp?ArticleID=488 (472 words)

	Nanotube nonvolatile addressable memory - Nanodot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The authors' memory array design has two perpendicular arrays of nanotubes, one array above the other, with a crossbar of memory devices formed by their intersections.
		Their calculated densities are set by the balance between the bending stiffness of the nanotubes and the strength of the attraction between them.
		This does seem like a good candidate for a molecular memory device, but as with all such proposed devices, assembly is the biggest hurdle.
	nanodot.org /article.pl?sid=00/08/02/2348242 (687 words)

	ITworld.com - Infineon designs smallest nonvolatile flash memory chip
		Scientists at German semiconductor manufacturer Infineon Technologies AG have developed what they claim to be the world's smallest nonvolatile flash memory cell.
		The new memory cell, measuring 20 nanometers or approximately 5,000 times thinner than a human hair, could lead to the availability of memory chips with a capacity of 32G bits, which is eight times the capacity of chips currently available on the market, Infineon said Thursday.
		Details about the new flash memory breakthrough were presented at the International Electron Devices Meeting of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. in San Francisco.
	www.itworld.com /Comp/1940/041216infineon/pfindex.html (276 words)

	Nonvolatile Memory and Storage - Portfolio of Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Both the nonvolatile memory and storage requirements will be forecast by capacity, form factor, and performance criteria in these Gaming applications.
		Both the nonvolatile memory and storage requirements will be forecast by capacity, form factor, and performance criteria in the MP3 player applications.
		Both the nonvolatile memory and storage requirements will be forecast by capacity, form factor, and performance criteria in the camera and camcorder applications.
	www.web-feetresearch.com /wfr.htm (1828 words)

	Using Nonvolatile Static RAMs - Maxim/Dallas
		Characteristics of the ideal nonvolatile RAM are: low power consumption, high performance, high reliability, high density, low cost, and the ability to be used in any semiconductor memory application.
		The other read/write capable memories listed in Table 1 provide the ability to frequently read and write data continuously over their entire lifetimes, in excess of 10 years, while EEPROM memory cells can rarely be rewritten more than 10,000 times.
		An EPROM is a nonvolatile memory which offers the ability to both program and erase the contents of the memory multiple times.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/540 (3097 words)

	EETimes.com - Intel finds allies for futuristic nonvolatile memory
		An OUM nonvolatile memory cell uses a horizontal strip of chalcogenide — a type of electrically conductive glass — connected to an electrode, forming a T shape.
		This principle of using differences in resistance is also being applied to another nascent nonvolatile memory known as magnetic RAM, which senses minute changes in the polarity of magnetic storage bits.
		Nonvolatile memory devices based on amorphous and crystalline technology have been the subject of study for more than 30 years, and had sparked the interest of Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in the company's early days.
	www.eetimes.com /story/OEG20011113S0073 (1070 words)

	What is Flash Memory?
		The ideal memory subsystem optimizes density, preserves critical material in a nonvolatile condition, is easy to program and re-program, can be read fast, and is cost-effective for the application.
		Some memory technologies meet one or more of these requirements very well, but offsetting limitations can prevent the product from becoming a genuine solution, especially in newer applications.
		Flash memory is a nonvolatile memory using NOR technology, which allows the user to electrically program and erase information.
	developer.intel.com /design/flash/articles/what.htm (1389 words)

	Processor Companion has 4-256 KB non-volatile FRAM memory., Ramtron International C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is a writeable nonvolatile memory block that can be locked by the user once the serial number is set.
		Memory - the processor companion family is provided with choices of 4Kb, 16Kb, 64Kb or 256Kb of nonvolatile FRAM memory.
		Ramtron develops and markets patented FRAM memories, a new generation of semiconductor memory that combines high-performance and low-power operation with the ability to store data in the absence of power.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/27684/772 (1296 words)

	Unified Memory Architecture (445) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The old magnetic core memories were nonvolatile, meaning they held the data after the power was shut off.
		In a competitive market of ever-smaller memories, they were replaced by volatile transistor-based memories for fast memory (which can not hold data after the power is shut off), and by technologies like mechanical disk drives for storage.
		The market for flash memory is the most rapidly growing of all the nonvolatile memory markets (sales totaled $5 billion in 1998).
	www.mdatechnology.net /techsearch.asp?articleid=445 (1313 words)

	Nonvolatile Molecular Memory Elements Based on Ambipolar Nanotube Field Effect Transistors
		Finally, we exploit a hysteresis phenomenon to create molecular memory cell based on a single CNFET that is stable on the scale of days at room temperature.
		Figure 3e shows the memory cell output as a function of time while a series of data bits is written.
		The CNFET-based memory is nonvolatile at room temperature, with bit storage times of at least 16 h.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?nalefd/2/i07/html/nl025584c.html (2808 words)

	Virage nonvolatile memory to be built in logic process
		TAIPEI, Taiwan — Memory designer Virage Logic Corp. is using a standard logic process to bring electrically alterable, nonvolatile memory with SRAM-like speed into the system-on-chip (SoC) arena, an advancement that will trim manufacturing costs without sacrificing on-chip performance, the company said.
		Virage (Fremont, Calif.) is rolling out the embedded memory called Novea RAM on Monday (Feb. 25), touting it as a viable low-density alternative to flash or other types of integrated nonvolatile memory.
		However, the drawback is that the design isn't as silicon efficient as higher-density nonvolatile memory, such as flash.
	www.us.design-reuse.com /news?id=2443&print=yes (764 words)

	Hitting their stride: Nonvolatile-memory upstarts draw near to established leaders - 1/20/2005 - EDN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The phenomenon is particularly acute with multilevel-cell flash memories that rely on a precise amount of stored charge on the floating gate to reference a particular 2-bit value combination.
		Technology and device architects are attempting to develop memories that not only exhibit the aforementioned features, but also achieve the key criteria of low cost per bit in its various manifestations (Table 1).
		One attribute that Intel's Komoto mentions is the ability "to eliminate the memory cell transistors, thereby eliminating the potential for transistor scaling issues at advanced lithographies and enabling 3-D array stacking." Komoto alludes to the ferroelectric polymer memory his company is evaluating, but he could have been describing XPC MRAM (see sidebar "Slow and steady").
	www.edn.com /article/CA495735.html?industryid=2284 (2996 words)

	Nonvolatile Memory Products
		FRAM products combine the nonvolatile data storage capability of ROM with the benefits of RAM, which include a high number of read and write cycles, high speed read and write cycles, and low power consumption.
		Multiple memory devices can reside on the 2-wire bus bu using the device select pins A0-A2 on selected parts.
		Nonvolatile Parallel High performance reads and writes with true nonvolatility without the battery.
	www.ramtron.com /doc/Products/nonvolatile/default.asp (211 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		wherein one of said memories is a nonvolatile memory and is capable of being specified a plurality of operations from said processing unit,
		wherein said nonvolatile memory operates an erase operation for erasing data stored therein, said erase operation is included in said operations specified from said processing unit, and said nonvolatile memory is capable of freeing said terminal thereof during said erase operation,
		wherein said nonvolatile memory repeats said erase operation when the threshold voltage movement of said memory cell to within said threshold voltage distribution is not yet completed, the erase operation of said nonvolatile memory ending when the threshold voltage of said memory cell is indicative of said erase level, and
	www.uspto.gov /web/patents/patog/week13/OG/html/1304-4/US07020028-20060328.html (504 words)

	MRAM Memory Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It allows a single memory solution to replace multiple memory options within one chip—helping to enable faster, lower power, more cost-effective solutions for next-generation wireless, as well as other memory-intensive products.
		Since MRAM combines nonvolatility, endurance, speed and density, it has the potential to function as a universal memory in many applications and eliminates the need to combine memories.
		In applications where the speed of microprocessors is limited by the bottleneck of data transfer between nonvolatile memory and processor chips, MRAM is designed to remove the bottleneck by placing the high-speed nonvolatile memory directly in communications with the microprocessor.
	www.freescale.com /webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?nodeId=0ST287482186253 (365 words)

	Wired News: PCs to Kick Rebooting Habit
		Researchers say the technology is for real and they have criticized memory makers for being slow to move to the new technology.
		He said that when it is produced in volume, thin film memory would be cost-competitive with RAM, and the chip size would be comparable to today's semiconductors.
		The University of Houston is far from alone in trying to develop memory that doesn't require PCs to reboot, according to MIT research scientist Jagedeesh Moodera.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,51936,00.html (755 words)

	21st IEEE NVSMW Feb 12th
		The 21st IEEE Nonvolatile Semiconductor Memory Workshop (NVSMW) will be held at the Hyatt Regency Hotel In Monterey, California from February 12 to 16, 2006.
		The NVSMW is a unique forum for both specialists in all aspects of nonvolatile memory microelectronics and novices wanting to gain a broader understanding of the field.
		The morning and afternoon technical sessions are organized in a manner to provide ample time for the informal exchange amongst presenters and attendees.
	www.ewh.ieee.org /soc/eds/nvsmw (143 words)

	Ovonyx and Nanochip Sign Licensing Agreement for High Density, Probe-Based Nonvolatile Memory
		Ovonyx memory technology uses a reversible phase-change memory process that has been previously commercialized worldwide in rewritable CD and DVD optical memory disks.
		The Ovonyx array-addressed semiconductor memory technology can potentially be used in stand-alone applications, such as Flash and DRAM replacements, as well as in embedded applications in many areas such as microcontrollers and reconfigurable MOS logic.
		Ovonyx is commercializing its array-addressed memory systems through joint development programs with a number of licensees including, BAE Systems, Intel Corporation, and ST Microelectronics.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/08-31-2004/0002241368&EDATE= (834 words)

	Infineon designs smallest nonvolatile flash memory chip \| InfoWorld \| News \| 2004-12-16 \| By John Blau, IDG News Service
		Scientists at German semiconductor manufacturer Infineon Technologies have developed what they claim to be the world's smallest nonvolatile flash memory cell.
		The new memory cell, measuring 20 nanometers or approximately 5,000 times thinner than a human hair, could lead to the availability of memory chips with a capacity of 32Gb, which is eight times the capacity of chips currently available on the market, Infineon said Thursday.
		Details about the new flash memory breakthrough were presented at the International Electron Devices Meeting of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in San Francisco.
	infoworld.com /article/04/12/16/HNinfineonflash_1.html?... (1115 words)

	Solid State Technology - STMicroelectronics opens technology center dedicated to nonvolatile memory technologies
		Located at the company's site in Agrate Brianza on the outskirts of Milan, the R2 center is dedicated to the development and advanced manufacturing of products based on deep submicron flash and other nonvolatile memory technologies and smartcards, areas where ST has a long tradition of achievement and is among the world leaders.
		The nonvolatile memory products that are being developed at R2 are of high strategic importance as they are key components of fast-growing applications such as mobile phones, automotive systems, and Set-Top Boxes and other advanced digital consumer products.
		R2 is ST's most advanced center for the development and early production of new generation flash and other nonvolatile memories, both stand-alone and embedded.
	sst.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Article_ID=93548&CFID=977677&CFTOKEN=58194746 (622 words)

	Ramtron Announces 1-Megabit FRAM Memory ! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The memory array is divided into eight uniform blocks, each of which can be individually write-protected under software control with no change to hardware or pin-out.
		All data written to the FRAM memory is immediately nonvolatile, without the delays often associated with older nonvolatile memory technologies.
		FRAM provides nonvolatile data retention comparable to that of other nonvolatile memory technologies, while eliminating the reliability concerns, functional disadvantages and system design complexities of battery-backed SRAM (BBSRAM).
	www.cdrinfo.com /Forum/tm.asp?m=105427 (770 words)

	Memory: Papers
		Historically, radiation hardened memories for space were fabricated at specialized foundries to achieve strategic levels of radiation hardness for both natural space and military applications.
		This material changes phases, reversibly and quickly, between an amorphous state that is dull in appearance and electrically high in resistance, and a polycrystalline state that is highly reflective and low in resistance.
		The successful results of an effort to create a memory cell that would allow for the production of a dense, low power, non-volatile memory is presented.
	klabs.org /richcontent/MemoryContent/mem_pages/mem_papers.htm (1675 words)

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