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Topic: Nonaligned Movement

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	Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
		While the organization was intended to be as close an alliance as NATO or the Warsaw Pact, it has little cohesion and many of its members were induced to or unable to resist aligning with one or another of the great powers.
		The 1970 meeting in Lusaka was attended by fifty-four nations and was one of the most important with the movement forming a permanent organization to foster economic and political ties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nonaligned_Movement (605 words)

	Cold War (1962-1991) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The rise of the Nonaligned Movement, OPEC, the OAU, and the Arab League
		The diplomatic policy of nonalignment regarded the Cold War as a tragic and frustrating facet of international affairs, obstructing the overriding task of consolidating fledgling regimes and their all-out attack of economic backwardness, poverty, and disease.
		The " Solidarity " movement formed in the GdaÅsk shipyards in 1980 rapidly gained ground; the Communists were ousted in Poland in 1989.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cold_War:Part_3 (4521 words)

	Encyclopedia: Cold War:Part 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Perhaps the most famous Third World conclave was the Bandung Conference of African and Asian nations in 1955 to discuss mutual interests and strategy, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Non_Aligned Movement in 1961.
		The international image of the Soviet Union suffered considerably, especially among Western student movements inspired by the " New Left " and non_Aligned Movement states.
		The " Solidarity " movement formed in the Gdansk shipyards in 1980 rapidly gained ground; the Communists were ousted in Poland in 1989.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cold-War:Part-3 (4408 words)

	WPJ Winter 2003/04 - India's Foreign Policy Grows Up by Sumit Ganguly
		They were reluctant to criticize the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan, allowed Cuba to become a member of the nonaligned movement, even though it was firmly in Moscow’s embrace, and were unwilling to admit that the Soviet military presence in Eastern Europe posed a real threat to the West.
		As one of the principal exponents of the nonaligned movement, India portrayed itself as a champion of the world’s poor and dispossessed.
		Movement on the Kashmir issue, however, remains acutely dependent on the willingness of Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf’s government to end its support of the Kashmiri insurgents.
	www.worldpolicy.org /journal/articles/wpj03-4/ganguly.html (3253 words)

	Indonesia Foreign Policy
		At the Nonaligned Movement's thirtieth anniversary meeting in Accra, Ghana, in September 1991, Indonesia finally won its coveted role as chair of the movement and host of the September 1992 Jakarta summit.
		Whereas the Nonaligned Movement had a "special commitment" to the eradication of colonialism, racism, and apartheid as well as a duty to prevent the UN from being dominated by any one country, the Group of Seventy-seven fostered economic cooperation among its members.
		As chairman of the Nonaligned Movement, Suharto brought the Jakarta Message to the 1992 session of the UN General Assembly.
	www.country-studies.com /indonesia/foreign-policy.html (1115 words)

	AllRefer.com - Nonaligned Movement (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia
		Nonaligned Movement, organized movement of nations that attempted to form a third world force through a policy of nonalignment with the United States and Soviet Union.
		Yugoslavia, India, and Indonesia were instrumental in founding (1961) the movement, which grew out of the Bandung Conference (1955).
		Its members, mainly from Asia, Africa, and Latin America and representing more than half the world's people, include true neutrals and many nations that were in fact aligned with one of the superpowers during the cold war.
	www.1upinfo.com /encyclopedia/N/Nonalign.html (236 words)

	Yugoslavia - Nonalignment
		Castro's election as chairman of the Nonaligned Movement in 1979 was considered a defeat for Tito.
		In the 1980s, the main Yugoslav role in the Nonaligned Movement was using the provisions of the Helsinki Accords of 1975 to lobby for easing the Cold War tensions that flared in Europe, and mediating conflicts between Third World nations such as Iraq and Iran.
		The credibility of the movement decreased in the 1980s because of Castro's influence, and by 1990 the disappearance of monolithic communism from Eastern Europe had changed the entire definition of nonalignment.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-14914.html (623 words)

	2. The Rise and End of the Cold War. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The precursor of the more formal nonaligned movement was the Bandung Conference in 1955, which was attended by representatives of 29 states.
		During the 1960s the nonaligned forces were important on the global political scene, because they emphasized the diversification of power.
		Large student demonstrations in 1986 and 1987 were suppressed, and then a movement for democratic reform erupted in the spring of 1989 with huge demonstrations in a number of cities.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2637.html (2313 words)

	PMag v01n9p08 -- The Independent Peace Movements in Eastern Europe
		The resurgence of the nonaligned West German peace movement, with its strong support for the withdrawal of foreign troops and missiles from West Germany, for the dissolution of NATO and the creation of a neutral state, has helped to spark the birth of its East German counterpart.
		This was seen as already evolving: The peace movement was becoming a "survival movement in which ecological, emancipatory, and social questions are jointly considered." Despite their continuing persecution, GDR independent peace activists remain firm in their rejection of NATO weapons deployment measures.
		The rapid growth of the independent peace movement across the USSR is an important indication of its success since its founding on June 4, 1982 by 11 Moscow academics, artists, and physicians.
	www.peacemagazine.org /archive/v01n9p08.htm (5650 words)

	Friends Of India.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In consonance with the spirit of the movement, India has always sought close bilateral relations and cooperation at all levels with countries of both the Western and Socialist blocs, as well as with other nonaligned nations.
		The relevance of nonalignment has not diminished in the post USSR era, but the movement has had to redefine its perspective in the context of increasing polarity between the affluent, developed nations of the North, and the economically developing nations of the South.
		The main thrust of the movement now is to assert the independence of the South against the hegemony of the North, and to resist the interventionist political pressures of aid conditionalities.
	www.friendsofindia.net /today.shtml (415 words)

	U.S. Officials Meet on Bolstering U.N. Effort
		The plea, issued today by the South African chairman of the nonaligned movement, was calculated to slow a U.S. diplomatic campaign to ratchet up pressure for possible military action against Iraq on the eve of a debate Thursday on the fate of Iraq.
		Diplomats said the nonaligned movement is divided over the best course of action in Iraq, but that its members share a growing sense of frustration that the five permanent members of the Security Council -- the United States, France, Russia, Britain and China -- have shut out the rest of the U.N. membership of negotiations.
		Kumalo said the nonaligned movement is opposed to any unilateral military action against Iraq, citing concern that an open-ended mandate allowing the United States to attack Iraq would erode the U.N. charter.
	www.iraqfoundation.org /news/2002/joct/16_un.html (951 words)

	India & Disarmament
		It was natural for these nonaligned countries to come together, not to form another bloc but to raise the voices of the exploited millions through a moral and political movement.
		Nonalignment is not vague, not negative, not neutral.
		The limited economic viability, indeed the very survival of many of the nonaligned, especially those with small populations, is threatened through artificial barriers In trade, technology transfer and access to resources.
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/Disarmament/disarm13.htm (1059 words)

	BANDUNG FIFTY YEARS ON - Amir Taheri - Benador Associates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Six years later, the nonaligned movement was born with 77 members, reaching a peak with over 120 members toward the end of the 20th century.
		Unlike the Brussels conference that represented a people-based movement, however, Bandung was a gathering of largely undemocratic states dominated by charismatic autocrats.
		Over time the nonaligned movement became a stage on which despots of all description sought a measure of undeserved legitimacy.
	www.benadorassociates.com /article/14131 (1254 words)

	Arms Control Association:
		Clearly, however, on the whole, members of the Nonaligned Movement may themselves hold the key to rapidly obtaining legally binding negative security assurances for the vast majority of their members.
		Although this particular statement by a Nonaligned Movement state discounts the worth of negative security assurance provided via the NWFZs, Paragraph 80 of the roughly contemporaneous Official Document of the XIII Summit of the Nonaligned Movement (April 9, 2000) appears indirectly to support this approach.
		Of the 112 relevant members of the Nonaligned Movement, 89 are parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention and 85 are parties to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.
	www.armscontrol.org /ACT/2005_04/Spector_Ohlde.asp (3986 words)

	Annual meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Nonaligned Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Annual meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Nonaligned Movement - statement by Mr.
		I would urge the Movement to examine very carefully the implications of all of these developments, and to forge a common position on them.
		Nevertheless, this is a danger that we need to guard against, and I would urge, Madam President, that the traditions of the Movement, developed over the years, and maintained with good cause, be nurtured and protected.
	www.un.int /india/ind100.htm (630 words)

	MSN Encarta - Nehru
		Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889-1964), Indian nationalist leader and statesman who was the first prime minister of independent India (1947-1964) and a leader of the Nonaligned Movement during the Cold War.
		At the Bandung Conference of nonaligned Asian and African nations in 1955, Nehru championed India-China friendship and backed the efforts of the People's Republic of China to gain membership in the United Nations.
		Despite his policy of nonalignment, Nehru requested equipment assistance from the American military during this crisis, and it was granted through the offices of Ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith and President John F. Kennedy.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577072/Nehru_Jawaharlal.html (1352 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Asia / China-Japan row may overshadow summit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although neither China nor Japan became a member of the nonaligned movement, representatives of both nations participated in the original Bandung meeting and their leaders have been invited to the commemorative summit.
		The original Asian-African format was later expanded, giving rise to the nonaligned movement that sought to steer a middle course between the power blocs led by the United States and the former Soviet Union.
		Foreign ministers were here to prepare the summit meeting later this week to commemorate the golden jubilee of the birth of the nonaligned movement in Bandung, 150 kilometers (90 miles) southwest of Jakarta, in 1955.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2005/04/20/china_japan_row_may_overshadow_summit (655 words)

	The Fidel Castro I knew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		From 1979 to 1983, when Cuba was the chairman of the Nonaligned Movement (NAM), Havana was my second home and I had innumerable occasions to listen to Castro in public meetings and private conversations.
		He was determined to establish his credentials as his own man, whose mission was only the unity of the nonaligned movement.
		While his comrades tried in the conference rooms to declare nonaligned movement the natural ally of the Soviet Union, Castro chaired meetings, large and small, with total impartiality, dedication and patience.
	www.rediff.com /news/2005/may/31tps.htm (1196 words)

	Foreign relations of Ghana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ghana is active in the United Nations and many of its specialized agencies, the World Trade Organization, the Nonaligned Movement, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), and the Economic Community of West African States.
		Generally, it follows the consensus of the Nonaligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests.
		Ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under UN auspices in Lebanon, Afghanistan, Rwanda, the Balkans, and Pakistan, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in Liberia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana (172 words)

	Indonesia - FOREIGN POLICY
		Indonesia's full reemergence on the world stage was signalled in April 1985 when it hosted a gathering of eighty nations to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung and to reaffirm the relevance of the Bandung principles (see Independence: The First Phases, 1950-65, ch.
		At meetings of the Group of Fifteen (see Glossary) in Caracas, Venezuela, and the OIC in Dakar, Senegal, as well as bilateral meetings in Latin America and Africa, he began the effort of shifting the Nonaligned Movement agenda from its traditional concerns to the economic and social issues confronting the developing world.
		At the same time, however, Indonesia rejected suggestions that the Nonaligned Movement and the Group of Seventy-seven (see Glossary) should be merged because the goals of the two groups differed.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-6320.html (1090 words)

	IPCS - Terrorism
		The intention was to avoid taking precipitate action to upset the fragile unity of the Nonaligned Movement; it was and remains a disparate group of countries with little in common.
		T he principle unifying the Movement was its desire to steer clear of Cold War rivalries between the two superpowers, acquiring some leverage thereby as a balancing force.
		Laying stress at this stage on the democracy norm, which is irrelevant to the purposes of the Nonaligned Movement, would further weaken it, whilst interrogating its traditional catholicity and habit of tolerance towards member-states.
	www.ipcs.org /Terrorism_articles2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=625&status=article&mod=a (678 words)

	Kokkalis Program
		For a short time, at the very beginning of the war, there was also a resistance movement which included members of the royal army who had not surrendered and which was led by colonel Draza Mihajlovic.
		However, partly because of its pronounced anti-communism, and partly because of the lack of a clear-cut strategy and goal, the latter movement soon began to collaborate with the occupying forces and turned, more or less overtly, into their allies in the fight against Tito's partisans whose success grew as they expanded the liberated territories.
		Tito played a significant role in the development of the nonaligned movement, which contributed considerably, during the Cold War, to defusing the tensions between the East and the West, and until Tito's death, that is, until the beginning of radical changes on the international scene, Yugoslavia played a leading role in the movement.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /kokkalis/mesicspeech.html (2826 words)

	Committee Debates The Future Of Multilateralism
		The traditional Nonaligned Movement draft on nuclear disarmament was adopted by a vote of 91-49 with 19 abstentions.
		This issue of tactical, or "sub-strategic," arms was the subject of an NAC resolution calling on the United States and Russia "to formalize their presidential nuclear initiatives [of 1991 and 1992] into legal instruments and to initiate negotiations on further effectively verifiable reductions of their nonstrategic nuclear weapons.
		One by the Nonaligned Movement drew 11 negative votes and 44 abstentions, with 100 positive votes.
	www.unwire.org /unwire/20021104/30114_story.asp (776 words)

	The Official Website Of The State Of Kuwait (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is worth mentioning that the non-alignment movement came into existence after the African and Asian nations became aware of the dangers that threatened their interests, political structure and independence due to the military struggle among the major countries.
		The founders of the movement, during their meeting in Yugoslavia, adopted the basic ideas that were stressed during that conference to be the root of the non-alignment movement.
		At this meeting, the reactions of the movement’s member states are coordinated concerning the basic issues that were raised in the United Nations and preparations are made for the ministerial conferences that are held from time to time.
	www.kuwait.kw /diwan/emain/Story_Of_Kuwait/Independence/Kuwait__World/non_alliance.html (632 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - nonaligned
		Nonaligned Movement (NAM), loose association of countries that, during the Cold War, had no formal commitment to either of the two power blocs in...
		Map of Nonaligned Movement (map of member countries)
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	encarta.msn.com /nonaligned.html (110 words)

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