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Topic: Nonbelligerence

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	Preemptive war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the Finnish government had declared its intention to remain outside of the war, even its army was mobilized and preparing for both defense and offense.
		Finland's parliament had confirmed the status of nonbelligerence, but Soviet action contributed to further conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland in the Continuation War.
		Some commentators have pointed out that the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor could be regarded as a preemptive attack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pre-emptive_strike (816 words)

	Direction: Warfare in the Old Testament: An Argument for Peacemaking in the New Millennium
		The nonbelligerence ethic asserts that there are boundaries between the domain of the God and the people of this God.
		Even if we were to agree that the nonbelligerent paradigm governed early Israelite ideology, later biblical narratives leave no doubt that Israel became a military kingdom.
		Less wealthy, less accessible to invaders, less aware of a need to expand the economic base, and more intent on devoting all of their resources to pioneering in the land, nonbelligerents tended to come from the economically, geographically, and socially marginalized.
	www.directionjournal.org /article?987 (3938 words)

	Column: 16 April 2001 - Peace and Nonbelligerence
		Rather, it is as much for a psychological independence, for freedom from the mentality of the victimized nation, and it is a battle that ultimately Sharon must lose if Israel itself is to win.
		There can be no peace - there cannot even be any kind of trust in an Israeli desire for "nonbelligerence" - if the government of Prime Minister Sharon does not grant his neighboring countries the kind of respect for their territorial integrity that Israel has habitually demanded of them.
		(And Israel's neighbors, to be sure, must do the same.) Israel must not just say that it desires peace or "nonbelligerence," it must act as though it does; it must stop viewing itself as the victim, and claiming a victim's right to retribution.
	www.thetruthasiseeit.com /Archive/2001/2001_04_16.html (833 words)

	James P Hogan - The Gentle Giants of Ganymede - Samples - Chapter 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		After the failure of the various governments to reach agreement as to where the aliens should be received if they accepted the invitation, the parliament of U.S. Europe had voted to go it alone and make their own preparations anyway.
		The place they selected was an area of open country on the Swiss shore of Lake Geneva, where it was hoped the climate would prove agreeable to the Ganymean constitution; also, the tradition of nonbelligerence would add an appropriate note.
		About halfway between the city of Geneva and Lausanne, they fenced off an area roughly a mile square on the edge of the lake, and inside erected a village of chalets designed for Ganymean comfort, with high ceilings and doorways, strong beds, and tinted windows.
	www.jamesphogan.com /books/gentle/sample3.shtml (1446 words)

	Preemptive war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		One hypothetical example of a preemptive war would be an attack staged against enemy troops, massed at a state's border, that were preparing to invade.
		Finland's army was mobilized and prepared for both defense and offensive, its government had declared its intention to remain outside of the war, and its parliament was assembled to confirm the status of nonbelligerence when attacked.
		The following Continuation War led to a three year long Finnish occupation of Russian Karelia.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/p/pr/preemptive_war.html (301 words)

	The Dead Volcano — www.greenwood.com
		The Soviets and Americans gradually improved their relationship and stabilized Cold War competition, including nuclear rivalry, but they had more than 40 years to practice and no immediate territorial disputes.
		As Cimbala makes clear, it cannot be assumed that the Soviet-American nonbelligerence of the Cold War is transferable into a multipolar, post-Cold War international system marked by spreading weapons and trigger-sensitive control systems.
		This provocative analysis will be of interest to all scholars, students, and policy makers involved with defense, security, and foreign policy studies.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/C7387.aspx (534 words)

	JFK LINK - rmn150960_atlantic
		But conducting the negotiations we must remember the rules and who we are dealing with, and we must not make the errors that would lead to an illusory peace, but that in the end would lead to surrender or to war in the process.
		So, on this whole policy of diplomacy, we must have firmness and nonbelligerence and we must have diplomacy in which the President does not answer insult with insult, but maintains the dignity of the Office of the President of the United States.
		Up to this point I have deliberately touched on only those things that will hold the line: strength that deters an aggressor; diplomatic policy that will see that war does not break out.
	www.jfklink.com /speeches/rmn/sept60/rmn150960_atlantic.html (2893 words)

	Axis History Factbook: 250. Infanterie-Division (División Azul)
		After the war he would however rise to higher positions, including Minister of the Army (15 July 1951) and finally vice President of the government (10 July 1962).
		In Oct 1943 Spain changed its status in the war from nonbelligerence to neutrality, disbanding the Blue Divison (which received its name from the blue shirts worn by the FET).
		Some volunteers, amounting to three battalions, were allowed to remain on the Eastern front as the Légion Azul (Blue Legion) which was finally disbanded 15 Mar 1944.
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=3849 (594 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		...A declaration of nonbelligerency, even a peace treaty, on the other hand, is nothing more than a piece of paper with words on it...
		Under the Security Council Resolutions, the Israelis can hold and administer the territories until peace is achieved...
		...As for the Golan Heights, if Assad will not agree to a peace agreement but just to nonbelligerency, then there will be no peace with Syria...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V95I6P4-1.htm (15798 words)

	EGYPTS RECORD
		After nearly 21 years we can safely say that what we have with Egypt is a nonbelligerency pact that is certainly an improvement over the periodic shooting wars of the previous 30 years, but certainly not peace.
		Once Egypt got back all of the Sinai, it adamantly refused to honor any of the clauses for gradual normalization of relations between our two peoples, which alone could guarantee that mere military nonbelligerence would grow into a true peace.
		What we and our Military Intelligence do know, however, is that because of America's rebuilding and modernization of the Egyptian armed forces, an Egypt that fosters continued hostility to Israel is potentially a much greater danger to us than it was in 1979
	www.unitedjerusalem.com /EGYPTS_RECORD/egypts_record.asp (545 words)

	USNews.com: The Man of The Moment
		But disengagement will be complicated because of the intertwining of these two peoples in such a small place.
		Nevertheless, what is needed is an agreement that would involve a strategic Israeli withdrawal from most of the territory, in return for a protracted truce and, ultimately, the kind of nonbelligerence that Israel agreed to with Egypt in 1975.
		This would give the Palestinians a more viable, contiguous area, one that could be recognized and run as a truly independent state.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/opinion/articles/010402/archive_002113_2.htm (624 words)

	Highlights for April 26
		During the Spanish Civil War, the German military tests its powerful new air force--the Luftwaffe--on the Basque town of Guernica in northern Spain.
		Although the independence-minded Basque region opposed General Francisco Franco's Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War, Guernica itself was a small rural city of only 5,000 inhabitants that declared nonbelligerence in the conflict.
		With Franco's approval, the cutting-edge German aircraft began their unprovoked attack at 4:30 p.m., the busiest hour of the market day in Guernica.
	twotrees.www.50megs.com /attic/history/04/26h.html (1237 words)

	course readings
		Israel's best chance for peace was King 'Abdullah of Jordan, but in 1950 Palestinian and Arab opposition forced him to abandon a secretly negotiated nonbelligerency agreement.
		Under U.S. mediation, Israel and Lebanon reached a nonbelligerence agreement in May 1983, and Israeli troops withdrew from the Beirut area.
		An ailing Begin, devastated by his wife's death and the war's outcome, resigned in September and retreated into a reclusive retirement, dying in 1992.
	www.electricprint.com /edu4/classes/readings/judaism2.htm (14558 words)

	The Institute for International Mediation and Conflict Resolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		China, of course, has veto power on the UN Security Council.
		Some have suggested that we seek an accommodation, perhaps a formal accord promising nonbelligerence.
		Others have proposed allowing Iran to develop a slow, incremental civilian nuclear research program in exchange for intrusive, verifiable International Atomic Energy Agency inspections.
	www.iimcr.org /index.cfm?pageID=2&articleID=3762 (770 words)

	Peace is not our main interest, said Ben-Gurion
		The talks Israeli representatives held with King Abdullah of Jordan once almost led to peace, and another time almost led to a nonbelligerence treaty.
		The Israeli media was optimistic, as usual: “A nonbelligerence treaty and a commercial economic agreement are about to be signed between Israel and Jordan,” Ha’aretz announced in its headline of March 5,1950.
		Even previously, some in Israel had toyed with the idea of setting up a Palestinian state on the West Bank, led by the refugee leaders.
	www.labournet.net /world/0101/israel3.html (2227 words)

	Centerfield: Democratization In Egypt?
		That said, one can develop principles for restricting democracy promotion aside from narrow self-interest that could develop the force of moral authority.
		I would propose two: respect for minority rights and nonbelligerence towards neighbors.
		These two principles would either exclude Islamists from taking power or restrict their actions, but demonstrate restrictions on our willingness to meddle in other's internal affairs.
	www.centristcoalition.com /blog/archives/001785.html (2101 words)

	Young Ciano: ZoomInfo Business People Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Although he had repeatedly advocated the Italo-German alliance, Ciano became wary of Adolf Hitler when Germany invaded Poland (September 1939) without first consulting Italy, in direct violation of an agreement given to Ciano in May by the German foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop.
		At first Ciano persuaded Mussolini to adopt a policy of nonbelligerence, but, when France fell, he urged entry into the war.
		After several Axis defeats in 1942, Ciano became one of many Fascist proponents of a separate peace with the Allies.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Ciano_Young_75163528.htm (476 words)

	History of Egypt and Sudan (The Med 2.0) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This being the first remark made by a high-post government official since the new government was sworn in last June concerning the ever tiresome issue of the Egypto-Sudanese nonbelligerence; it has triggered a lot of debate within the boarders of the Kingdom.
		It is obvious that the Prime Minister deliberately refused to state the government’s stand on this issue, probably waiting to observe how the Egypto-Sudanese populace will act and more importantly how the Crown will respond.
		The Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan has declared its nonbelligerence in 1928, which required an amendment of the constitution.
	s3.invisionfree.com /The_Med/ar/t496.htm (8418 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		The reason was because the Quraysh were in a state of war with the new ummah in Madinah, and because the Quraish had appropriated the wealth of the companions who were forced to flee Makkah because of their faith in Islam and suffer merciless persecution at the hand of Makkans.
		Furthermore, there was no treaty of nonbelligerence between the two parties.
		Undoubtedly, the Muslims had every right to seize the contents of the caravan.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_75.html (1948 words)

	MIFTAH.ORG--"Bush should be swayed by strength of Palestinian case" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Two other U.N. Security Council resolutions call for Israeli withdrawal from the territories seized in the 1967 war, in return for security guarantees from.
		Jordan and Egypt have since signed peace treaties with Israel with strict international enforcement to ensure nonbelligerence.
		Syria and Lebanon have offered to do the same in return for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
	www.miftah.org /PrinterF.cfm?DocId=729 (664 words)

	How to Get Out of Iraq
		It makes no sense whatsoever for other countries to commit money and security forces to Iraq as long as the United States continues to condone Israeli policy toward the Palestinians and pursues a hostile policy toward Iran and Syria.
		At a minimum, this means a shift in American policy toward nonbelligerence toward Iran and Syria, a commitment to a clear timetable for a Palestinian state and a commitment to a true no-weapons-of-mass-destruction zone in the Middle East, which means a commitment to confront Israel over its possession of nuclear weapons.
		The third and final element would need to be a quick turnover of true sovereignty to the Iraqi people, however ill prepared they may now seem for this task.
	www.thenation.com /doc/20040524/forum/11 (1047 words)

	The Arab Sentiment
		The "peace" treaty with Egypt is merely a nonbelligerency pact that is an improvement over the periodic shooting wars of the previous 30 years, but certainly not peace.
		Once Egypt got back all of the Sinai, it adamantly refused to honor any of the clauses for gradual normalization of relations, which alone could guarantee that mere military nonbelligerence would grow into a true peace.
		However, because of America's rebuilding and modernization of the Egyptian armed forces, an Egypt that fosters continued hostility towards Israel is a much greater danger than it was in 1979.
	amichai.com /war/opinion/arab.htm (2966 words)

	Teepen: Small point is snagging N. Korea nuke talks
		It says it would scrap its nuclear program in exchange for direct negotiations with Washington that would yield a mutual non-aggression pact and U.S. recognition of the North Korean regime.
		The United States indicates it would be willing to see North Korea recognized and is willing to reassure North Korea of Washington's nonbelligerence — but only in the context of the stalled six-nation negotiations.
		In other words, all that stands between freeing the Korean peninsula of nuclear weapons — and perhaps even more importantly, turning off a potential spigot of nuclear-technology spread to other dubious capitals — is an argument about whether the deal would be in a two-nation or a six-party context.
	www.palmbeachpost.com /news/content/shared/news/nation/stories/0215_TEEPEN_COLUMN.html (568 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Toward a New Approach -- May 7, 1956 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This, Conant told Adenauer gravely, should be regarded as a major statement of U.S. policy.
		Even before Conant underscored the point, the West had begun to sense that the U.S. was in the midst of a serious updating of its foreign policies, designed to meet the new Russian approach and to deal with a world relaxed by Russian displays of nonbelligerence, trade negotiation and foreign economic aid.
		The generalized NATO proposal, which Dulles will discuss broadly in Paris this week with the NATO ministers' council (see FOREIGN NEWS), was one instance—and a symbolic one.
	time-proxy.yaga.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,937280,00.html (531 words)

	Chicago Jewish News -- Jewish Chicago's Hometown Newspaper - Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In Jordan, the other Arab state to sign a peace treaty with Israel, journalists and academics who have contact with Israeli counterparts are fllisted, forced from their jobs and made to apologize.
		While those peace treaties certainly have led to a state of nonbelligerence, they are a far cry from what the Western world understands as "normal" relations.
		Second, the initiative in fact abandons the land-for-peace signposts -- U.N. Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 -- that have guided previous peace efforts.
	www.chicagojewishnews.com /archives_articles.jsp?id=16559 (1109 words)

	Hillel Sponsors Faculty Speaker Series
		Lukacs believes the positive relationship between Jordan and Israel has had an important impact on the Middle Eastern peace process.
		He points out that, unlike the Egyptian-Israeli treaty, the Jordanian-Israeli treaty did more than establish a state of nonbelligerence between the two countries; it also addressed trade, environmental, security, transportation, and communication issues.
		Lukacs believes this treaty may serve as a model for a comprehensive peace between Israel and its neighbors.
	www.gmu.edu /news/gazette/9703/hillel.html (644 words)

	Fallout from U.S. weapons policy - Minnesota Daily
		For years the United States has refused to participate in direct talks with North Korea.
		In this view, Kim Jong Il's threats of building a nuclear arsenal on the Korean peninsula is intended to force the United States to provide the North Koreans with a nonbelligerence pledge.
		Whether the gamble pays off remains to be seen.
	www.mndaily.com /articles/2003/02/26/5053 (442 words)

	Index Ci-Cl
		Although he had repeatedly advocated the Italo-German alliance, Ciano became wary of Adolf Hitler when Germany invaded Poland (1939) without first consulting Italy.
		At first Ciano persuaded Mussolini to adopt a policy of nonbelligerence, but, when France fell in 1940, he urged entry into the war.
		After several Axis defeats in 1942, he became one of many Fascist proponents of a separate peace with the Allies.
	www.rulers.org /indexc3.html (8250 words)

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