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Topic: Nonionizing radiation

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	Appendix A: Radiation
		For example, cosmic radiation; radon in air; potassium in food and water; and uranium, thorium, and radium in the earth's crust are all sources of radiation.
		Radiation, or radiant energy, is energy in the form of waves or particles moving through space.
		Radiation is an important tool of diagnostic medicine and treatment and is the main source of exposure to the public from human-made radiation.
	www.ornl.gov /sci/env_rpt/aser95/appa.htm (2448 words)

	Radiation and Health
		Radiation is produced by x-ray equipment and by particle accelerators used in research and medicine.
		When radiation is absorbed by living tissue, the type of radiation, in addition to the absorbed dose, is important in determining the degree of damage that may occur.
		Because of the potential for harm from exposure to radiation, radiation protection programs are designed to protect both workers and the general public, their descendants and the environment, while still allowing society to benefit from the many valuable uses of radiation.
	www.health.state.ny.us /nysdoh/radon/radhlthb.htm (4082 words)

	EPA - Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation (EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Understanding Radiation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons, is referred to as "non-ionizing radiation." Examples of this kind of radiation are sound waves, visible light, and microwaves.
		This is the type of radiation that people usually think of as 'radiation.' We take advantage of its properties to generate electric power, to kill cancer cells, and in many manufacturing processes.
		X-ray and gamma ray radiation, which are at the upper end of magnetic radiation have very high frequency --in the range of 100 billion billion Hertz--and very short wavelengths--1 million millionth of a meter.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/ionize_nonionize.htm (527 words)

	WAC 296-62-09005: Nonionizing radiation.
		These standards refer to levels of nonionizing radiation and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects.
		There are nonionizing radiations which produce physiological responses from short intense exposure and the PELs for these radiations are more appropriately based on this particular hazard.
		Nonionizing radiations with this type of hazard are best controlled by a ceiling value which is a maximum level of exposure which shall not be exceeded.
	apps.leg.wa.gov /wac/default.aspx?cite=296-62-09005 (1677 words)

	Nonionizing radiation (from poison) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Nonionizing radiation includes ultraviolet light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio frequencies, all of which are electromagnetic waves.
		Radiation is the movement, or propagation, of energy from one place to another.
		Radiation may be applied to the body by implanting radioactive substances into the tumors or by exposing the body to external sources of ionizing radiation.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-28150?tocId=28150 (766 words)

	WIPP Information Site - EHC
		Radiation is energy in the form of photons or high-speed atomic particles (ionizing) or electromagnetic waves (nonionizing).
		Because individual human exposures to radiation are usually small, the millirem (one one-thousandth of a rem) is generally used to express the doses humans receive.
		The nature and extent of damage caused by ionizing radiation depend on a number of factors, including the amount of exposure, the frequency of exposure, and the penetrating power of the radiation to which an individual is exposed.
	www.nsc.org /ehc/wipp/radiate.htm (927 words)

	Paradigm Consulting Group, Inc. Nonionizing Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nonionizing radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and as such is subdivided into region according to Figure 1:
		Nonionizing radiation is the wavelengths between ultraviolet and radio on the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Evaluation for the various types of nonionizing radiation are performed with various types of direct reading meters and dosimeters.
	www.paradigmlink.com /non.shtml (792 words)

	1910.97 Nonionizing radiation.
		(i) The term electromagnetic radiation is restricted to that portion of the spectrum commonly defined as the radio frequency region, which for the purpose of this specification shall include the microwave frequency region.
		Radiation level which should not be exceeded without careful consideration of the reasons for doing so.
		This section applies to all radiations originating from radio stations, radar equipment, and other possible sources of electromagnetic radiation such as used for communication, radio navigation, and industrial and scientific purposes.
	www.setonresourcecenter.com /CFR/29CFR/1910046.htm (456 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Nuclear Radiation Exposure : Article by Laurie Pemberton, DO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Radiation is the term used to describe energy in the form of light or particles, the latter referred to as photons.
		Radiation effect in humans depends on whether or not the material has ionizing and nonionizing radiation.
		Nonionizing radiation refers to all forms of the electromagnetic spectrum, with the exception of x-rays and gamma rays.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic934.htm (4018 words)

	SDV Nuclear Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Radiation from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive materials, including radon (except as a decay product of source material or special nuclear material); and global fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices.
		Radiation emitted or reflected in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Radiation in a system that was not produced as a result of the action of another radiation on that system.
	glossary.dataenabled.com /sdvglossary_radiation.html (1332 words)

	Sutro Tower EIR 3. Environmental Setting and Impacts
		Nonionizing waves are further categorized as visible light and infrared radiation, radiofrequency radiation (RFR), and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields.
		In essence, ionizing radiation absorbed by a molecule yields enough energy to expel an electron from the molecule (ionize it), leaving it positively charged and thus enhancing the interactions of the molecule with its neighbors.
		Nonionizing radiation consists of various forms of electric and magnetic fields.
	www.sutro.org /Pages/eir3.html (725 words)

	Solar Radiation
		Solar radiation is partially depleted and attenuated as it traverses the atmospheric layers, preventing a substantial portion of it from reaching the earth's surface.
		The solar radiation is reflected and scattered primarily by clouds (moisture and ice particles), particulate matter (dust, smoke, haze, and smog), and various gases.
		Solar radiation is unevenly distributed throughout the world because of such variables as solar altitude, which is associated with latitude and season, and atmospheric conditions, which are determined by cloud coverage and degree of pollution.
	almashriq.hiof.no /lebanon/600/610/614/solar-water/idrc/01-09.html (2737 words)

	Radiation sickness
		Radiation sickness is illness and symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to radiation.
		Nonionizing radiation comes in the form of light, radio waves, microwaves and radar.
		Ionizing radiation is radiation that produces immediate chemical effects (ionization) on human tissue.
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/000026.htm (489 words)

	AllRefer Health - Radiation Sickness (Radiation Poisoning)
		The degree of illness (acute radiation sickness) is dependent on the dose and the rate of exposure.
		Total body exposure of 400 roentgens causes radiation sickness and death in half the individuals.
		The severity of symptoms and illness depends on the type and amount of radiation, the duration of the exposure, and the body areas exposed.
	health.allrefer.com /health/radiation-sickness-info.html (603 words)

	Nonionizing radiation (from occupational disease) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Nonionizing forms of radiation include electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency, infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet ranges.
		Exposure to radiation in the radio frequency range occurs in the telecommunications industry and in the use of microwaves.
		More results on "Nonionizing radiation (from occupational disease)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-14287?tocId=14287 (782 words)

	Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Examples of nonionizing radiation are microwaves and visible light.
		An example of an acute dose is the radiation received by an individual from a medical x-ray (radiograph).
		The risk estimates used to predict the health effects of radiation exposures are based on epidemiological studies of well-defined populations, such as the Japanese survivors of the atomic bombings of 1945.
	www.uvm.edu /~radsafe/newsletter/biological.effects.50.html (612 words)

	Mission 2004: Team Ten
		The level of nonionizing radiation in space may vary over a long term mission from low levels to fatally high levels.
		Nonionizing radiation poses much less of a threat to astronauts.
		Generally the effects of nonionizing radiation in space are virtually harmless.
	web.mit.edu /12.000/www/finalpresentation/environment/radgrav.html (604 words)

	Fort Carson Safety Regulations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends that occupational radiation exposure of women of reproductive capacity be received gradually in small increments so that it would be unlikely for an unborn child to receive more than.5 rem in the first two months when a woman may not be aware that she is pregnant.
		Qualified scientists have recommended that the radiation dose to the unborn as a result of occupational exposure of the expectant mother should not exceed.5 rem during the entire pregnancy, because of possible effects on the development of the unborn child and an increased risk of childhood leukemia and cancer.
		Radiant energy may be ionizing (such as X-rays) or nonionizing (such as ultraviolet, visible light, or infrared).
	www.carson.army.mil /safety/FC385_2.html (14506 words)

	Safety and Health Topics: Non-Ionizing Radiation
		Non-ionizing radiation is described as a series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light.
		Non-ionizing radiation is found in a wide range of occupational settings and can pose a considerable health risk to potentially exposed workers if not properly controlled.
		Ultraviolet radiation (UV) has a high photon energy range and is particularly hazardous because there are usually no immediate symptoms of excessive exposure.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/radiation_nonionizing (386 words)

	ZOO 317 Lecture 22 - ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS
		Radiation is well established as a cause of most forms of cancer, due to enhancement of the rate of somatic mutations.
		A genetically significant dose of radiation is the amount that reaches the gonads multiplied by the probability of subsequent reproduction.
		The amount of radiation that produces mutations equal in number to the spontaneous rate is called the doubling dose, estimated to be approximately 400 rem.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/gene/L22.htm (1160 words)

	Epidemiologic Evidence Relevant to Radar (Microwave) Effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is widely recognized that radiation exposures such as X-rays, gamma radiation, and ingestion of radioisotopes can produce increases in the incidence of cancer in man and animals, although there is disagreement about dose-response relationships.
		For women exposed to short-wave radiation, 22.3% lost their baby prior to the 7th week of pregnancy, whereas the figure for unexposed women was 24.4%.
		It is conventional wisdom to assume that nonionizing radiation cannot produce such changes, but there is evidence that this view is incorrect.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1997/Suppl-6/goldsmith-full.html (6764 words)

	Radiation Control Guide Chapter 3
		All devices and apparatus capable of producing ionizing and nonionizing radiation in potentially hazardous quantities must be approved by the Radiation Control Office.
		If radiation producing devices other than those which were included in the initial proposal and approval are requested, an amendment to the proposal must be submitted to the Radiation Control Officer describing the additional device, how, why and where it will be used.
		Since approval for the procurement and use of a radiation producing device was initially given for the original working area and proposed research under the supervision of the approved Principal Investigator, devices shall not be transferred from one area to another or to another individual without approval of the Radiation Control Office.
	www.ehs.ufl.edu /Rad/RCGuide/rcg3.htm (1849 words)

	Non-Ionizing Radiation White Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		All frequency bands of nonionizing radiation are open for consideration, including ultraviolet (UV), visible frequencies, infrared (IR), radiofrequency (RF) radiation (including microwaves and millimeter waves), and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields.
		Yet technology is changing very rapidly in many areas of nonionizing radiation, and further consideration of the next generation of research objectives for control of exposures and hazards for this topic is now in order.
		One of these issues is the aspect of RF radiation exposure of workers who build and maintain RF transmitting towers for both telecommunications and media broadcast stations.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/ctwpnira.html (2036 words)

	Nonionizing Radiation
		The wavelength of the radiation and the length of the exposure determine the type and extent of the damage.
		UV radiation is emitted when excited atoms make transitions from a higher to a lower energy state, thus releasing photons with energies in the UV range.
		Examples of sources of UV radiation are mercury vapor lamps, fluorescent lights, germicidal lamps, fl light lamps, plasma torches, open arcs (such as those used in arc welding) and sunlamps used in the tanning salon industry.
	www.arra.state.az.us /Nonion.htm (2543 words)

	Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors
		Most people think of ionizing radiation when they hear the word “radiation.” Radiation is one of several ways energy is transferred.
		If the energy is great enough to create ions, then the radiation is capable of causing damage to biological material and causing other health effects, such as radiation sickness, genetic defects, and cancer.
		RF radiation levels used in these applications are safe for the general public; there are some precautions that occupational workers need to observe, particularly while working near transmitting antennas.
	www.crcpd.org /Links/Prescreened_Links/Nonionizing.asp (636 words)

	Looking Fit 07/2000: LOOKING FIT's Indoor Tanning Regulatory Conference
		One of the presentations at the conference was "Does the Non in Nonionizing Radiation Mean Non-problem?" by Robert Watkins.
		Watkins, Chairperson for Nonionizing Radiation for the CRCPD and Radiation Scientist of the Radiation Control Program, Department of Public Health, Boston, discussed the many challenges involved in working with nonionizing radiation.
		Another challenge with radiation is the level of knowledge both state and federal regulators have regarding lasers, cell phones, indoor tanning and other nonionizing subjects.
	www.lookingfit.com /articles/071feat1.html (711 words)

	Nonionizing Radiation: Self-Inspection Checklist
		The regulations cited apply only to private employers and their employees, unless adopted by a State agency and applied to other groups such as public employees.
		If you suspect or know that nonionizing radiation sources exist, first obtain competent assistance in measuring field strengths, and then complete the following checklist.
		Examples of nonionizing radiation include ultraviolet, visible, microwave, infrared, and radiofrequency radiation.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/docs/2004-101/chklists/r1n55r~1.htm (254 words)

	WAC 296-78-725: Nonionizing radiation.
		Proof of qualification of the laser equipment operator shall be available and in possession of operator at all times.
		(2) Employees, when working in areas in which a potentially hazardous exposure (see WAC 296-62-09005(4)) to direct or reflected laser radiation exists, shall be provided with antilaser eye protection devices specified in WAC 296-62-09005, general occupational health standards.
		(12) Employees shall not be exposed to radio frequency/microwave radiation in excess of the permissible exposure limits specified in WAC 296-62-09005.
	apps.leg.wa.gov /wac/default.aspx?cite=296-78-725 (380 words)

	MSN Encarta - Alternative Medicine
		Specific mind-body interventions include meditation, hypnosis, art therapy, biofeedback, and mental healing.
		Bioelectromagnetic applications, the second field of alternative medicine, make use of the body’s response to nonthermal, nonionizing radiation.
		Current uses involve bone repair, nerve stimulation, wound healing, treatment of osteoarthritis, and immune system stimulation.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580696/Alternative_Medicine.html (1280 words)

	Nonionizing Radiation and HIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If, by definition, individual photons are not capable of ionizing (i.e., knocking off electrons thus creating a charged moiety) they should have little effect on molecules within the cell.
		Excessive heat (IR radiation) may not ionize, but can do damage.
		And the same of is true of high doses of other "non-ionizing" radiations (e.g., radio waves, etc.) 2) HIV, like a number of viruses, can be inactive for prolonged periods.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/bio99/bio99235.htm (220 words)

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