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Topic: Nonproliferation

	lamonitor.com: The Online News Source for Los Alamos
		Pete Domenici told a nonproliferation conference Wednesday that the combination of terrorism and the spread of nuclear technology demanded new ideas.
		Nonproliferation is no longer only about nuclear warheads, Domenici noted, and it is not just about countries.
		Domenici said the priority now given to nonproliferation was reflected in the President's budget proposal.
	www.lamonitor.com /articles/2005/02/24/headline_news/news01.txt (598 words)

	Missile Defense and Nonproliferation
		This strategy must include strengthening nonproliferation measures (prevention), more robust counterproliferation capabilities (protection), and a new concept for deterring contemporary threats, relying more on defenses and less on offensive nuclear forces.
		Our nonproliferation efforts seek to prevent or slow the spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and their missile delivery systems.
		Support formal treaties such as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) that set the international "rules of the road" on possession, deployment or transfer of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.
	www.state.gov /t/np/rls/fs/2001/4932.htm (735 words)

	E-Notes: Pre-9/11 Non-Proliferation - FPRI
		Where before September 11 nonproliferation experts focused on what the security implications might be if country X acquired weapon Y and what should be done to delay or deter that weapon’s acquisition or deployment, now the number one topic is what must be done to defend against a state or terrorist actually using such weapons.
		Where previous administrations measured nonproliferation progress in terms of what new understandings or agreements had been reached, this administration is more interested in encouraging adherence to existing agreements that they deem to be important.
		Prior to September 11, nonproliferation debates over the future of nuclear power and the sharing of strategic weapons command and control information were dominated by legal and commercial calculations.
	www.fpri.org /enotes/americawar.20020125.sokolski.post911nonproliferation.html (1927 words)

	U.S. Nonproliferation Policy After Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Instead, Ireland's original call for a nuclear nonproliferation treaty was premised on the fear that the further spread of nuclear weapons to additional states would make nuclear disarmament and reductions less likely and accidental or catalytic wars—ones instigated by smaller powers to draw the superpowers to their defense—more probable.
		Nonproliferation policy is so complex, like the U.S. Tax Code, it is burdened by a long history, hobbled by conflicting interests, and almost impossible to simplify.
		The legitimacy and wide adherence to nonproliferation treaties represents a great source of strength that the United States and other forces of civilization should use adeptly to strengthen enforcement of the norms and laws that the vast majority consider vital to civilization.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/intlrel/hfa87494.000/hfa87494_0.htm (18354 words)

	JINSA Online -- China's Proliferation - Testimony to the Senate by Dr. Bates Gill, Oct. 1997
		It is encouraging to note that nonproliferation issues have been taken up as high priorities by both sides in the negotiations preparing for the summit, as well as among concerned leaders in Congress and within the broader nonproliferation community in this country.
		Second, promising Chinese nonproliferation policies and activities seem to result when the threat or use of penalties is combined with positive incentives on the part of the United States.
		Increasing consultative dialogue with our allies and other countries who have high nonproliferation standards to also engage and exert influence on China with regard to nonproliferation, and to limit activities of proliferation concern in their relations with China.
	www.jinsa.org /articles/view.html?documentid=377 (3417 words)

	Saving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Agreement by David Krieger
		North Korea’s recent announcement that it has manufactured nuclear weapons highlights the precarious nature of the global nonproliferation regime and particularly the failure of the Bush administration’s approach to the problem.
		At the center of the nonproliferation regime is the 1970 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
		If we are going to prevent a breakdown of the nonproliferation regime, the United States is going to have to lead by example rather than by force.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/2005/03/00_krieger_saving-nuclear-agreement.htm (713 words)

	NTI: Databases
		The nonproliferation databases compiled by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies are the most comprehensive open source data resources in the world on nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and missile proliferation developments.
		The Inventory is designed to identify the full range of actual and potential international organizations and other nonproliferation regimes, and their existing institutional ties, inter-relationships, and overlapping areas of responsibility.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /e_research/e7_databases.html (598 words)

	Bureau of Nonproliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		One of the highest foreign policy and national security priorities of the United States is preventing the spread of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.
		The Bureau of Nonproliferation gives a new emphasis to a broad range of efforts to curb proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and advanced conventional weapons.
		The Nonproliferation Bureau leads U.S. efforts to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) and their missile delivery systems; to secure nuclear materials in the states of the former Soviet Union; and to promote nuclear safety and the protection of nuclear materials worldwide.
	www.state.gov /t/np (301 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Bush's Nuclear Revolution: A Regime Change in Nonproliferation - George Perkovich
		This regime was established by the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, signed in 1968 and extended indefinitely in 1995.
		Shaped largely by the two superpowers, the NPT posited that the world would be more secure if proliferation did not extend beyond the five states (the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China) that at the time possessed nuclear weapons.
		They had to offer other incentives as well: a pledge not to use their weapons to threaten non-possessors, help in acquiring and using civilian nuclear technology for states that renounced nuclear weapons and accepted international monitoring, and the enhanced security of knowing that the treaty would also help keep one's neighbors from acquiring nuclear weapons.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /20030301facomment10334-p0/george-perkovich/bush-s-nuclear-revolution-a-regime-change-in-nonproliferation.html (1015 words)

	The Nonproliferation Jihad
		Nonproliferation is tacitly assumed to further the cause of peace.
		In political matters, when large quantities of propaganda are distributed that simply assert that a policy is good without producing any evidence, one’s BS detectors should be shrieking.
		US nonproliferation policy has been to increase pressure among non-nuclear powers for development of biological and chemical weapons.
	www.strike-the-root.com /51/walker/walker2.html (1335 words)

	Monterey Institute of International Studies
		The Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) at the Monterey Institute is the only organization in the world dedicated exclusively to graduate education and research in the field of nonproliferation.
		The Certificate in Nonproliferation Studies provides focused, professionally oriented training in the technologies and domestic and international politics related to the spread of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and the means for their control.
		She was awarded a Presidential Management Internship, which included rotational assignments at the Department of the Navy, the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Office of the Department of Defense, and the State Department, which led to a full-time position as the Specialist for Nuclear Issues at the CTR office.
	www.miis.edu /gsips-progs-certnps.html (430 words)

	91023: Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy Issues in the 104th Congress
		The nuclear nonproliferation regime is the combined international effort to contain further spread of nuclear weapons.
		Export controls are a key component of nonproliferation policy, but their value is questioned by high-tech industries that argue that such controls put an unfair burden on U.S. companies and therefore harm the U.S. economy.
		There are inherent tensions between nonproliferation, on one hand, and efforts to boost exports of certain high-tech goods or improve relations with certain countries on the other.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/crs/91-023.htm (4439 words)

	Doomed to Fail
		The intermingling of nonproliferation and regime change policies was doomed to fail.
		The end of America's meaningful role as a promoter of global nonproliferation can be traced to decisions made in the 1990s regarding regime change in Saddam Hussein's Iraq.
		The nail in the coffin of U.S. nonproliferation efforts came when the Bush administration willfully misstated the extent of the Iraqi WMD programs in order to justify its invasion of Iraq.
	www.commondreams.org /views05/0222-28.htm (911 words)

	Representative Marty Meehan - Issues: Campaign Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		We need a director of nonproliferation within the White House who is given full budget authority over the nation's nonproliferation programs and tasked with designing and implementing a strategic plan for addressing the threat of weapons of mass destruction.
		Currently, nonproliferation efforts are executed by the Departments of Energy, Defense and State.
		While they all have had success, they are not guided by an overall plan or supported by a single individual who has the ability to ensure that the programs are meeting the President's objectives.
	www.house.gov /meehan/issues-weapons-nonpro.html (683 words)

	Careers in Arms Control & Nonproliferation
		Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation - An independent, nonprofit research and education organization based in Washington, DC, that examines national security issues with a specific focus on threats to US security from weapons of mass destruction.
		Nonproliferation and Arms Control Technology Working Group - this group is run by the State Dept, the Dept of Energy, and the Defense Dept.
		Nonproliferation Graduate Program - For graduate students; the program offers 12-14 month, full time internships at the DOE's NNSA Office of Defense and Nuclear Nonproliferation.
	www.geocities.com /alien_kisses/careers.html (2435 words)

	: The EU and the NPT: Testing the New European Nonproliferation Strategy
		As a consequence, the WMD nonproliferation regimes were deprived of the leadership of the major international player.
		While it may be considered a breakthrough for the EU to contemplate the use of force to address proliferation, it is important to note that this is conditioned on the exhaustion of all other possible means, and on its conformity with international law.
		In the case of the nonproliferation clause, these conditions have been defined as an agreement by the parties to cooperate and to contribute to countering the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery through full compliance with and national implementation of their existing international treaty obligations.
	www.acronym.org.uk /dd/dd78/78cp.htm (5375 words)

	Nonproliferation Politics
		It is against this backdrop of highly politicized nonproliferation policies that we must judge recent US moves regarding Iran, India and the two Koreas.
		The widespread perception that the United States and its allies often engage in discriminatory nonproliferation practices-- whereby some states are exposed to harsh punishment for NPT infractions while others get by with a slap on the wrist--is given added credibility by recent disclosures concerning South Korea and India.
		Pervasive suspicions of a US double standard on nonproliferation were fueled by another recent disclosure: that the White House has decided to relax its restrictions on the transfer of sophisticated nuclear and space technology to India, a member of the nuclear club and a burgeoning missile power.
	www.thenation.com /doc/20041011/klare (1610 words)

	Bush's New Nuclear Weapon Plan: A Shot at Nonproliferation
		He'll want to talk war on terrorism, and the heads of state might be more interested in his ideas about targeting nuclear weapons in their neighborhood.
		The point of this declaration was to encourage non-nuclear states to sign and abide by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT).
		The Bush administration's new weapon plan is a shot against the nations he has rhetorically targeted but also a strike against governments and diplomats that take nuclear nonproliferation seriously.
	www.thenation.com /capitalgames/index.mhtml?bid=3&pid=27 (1270 words)

	> energy.gov : Speeches : "Nuclear Nonproliferation: New Challenges and New Solutions" 47th General IAEA ...
		Today, as some states are seeking to acquire nuclear weapons, we must uphold our great responsibility to ensure full compliance with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. With cooperation and strong leadership, we can combat the threat of nuclear proliferation and advance safety and security for people throughout the world.
		Russia’s Minister of Atomic Energy Alexander Rumyantsev and I have overseen efforts to reduce potential threats from undersecured nuclear materials in that country, to shut down reactors in Russia that still produce plutonium that could be used in nuclear weapons, and on many other fronts.
		Such efforts are making the world more secure. But the nonproliferation regime is now facing serious challenges from a few rogue states seeking the capability to attain weapons of mass destruction, and from those states that facilitate such activity or often appear indifferent to it.
	www.energy.gov /engine/content.do?BT_CODE=PR_SPEECHES&TT_CODE=PRESSRELEASE&PUBLIC_ID=14140 (1369 words)

	China Must Enforce Its Nonproliferation Policies, Rademaker Says - US Department of State
		It follows naturally that the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their means of delivery, and related technology is a key element of our maturing relationship with China.
		Until China's nonproliferation policies and practices fully meet international standards, the United States will continue to encourage China at high levels and through diplomatic channels to move its policies in the right direction, while using sanctions to deter further proliferant activities by Chinese entities.
		But, while China's nonproliferation record is gradually developing in a positive direction and the United States will continue to take proactive measures to encourage that development, I believe that I have made clear today that China still poses many proliferation challenges.
	usinfo.state.gov /eap/Archive/2005/Mar/14-967898.html (2982 words)

	Nonproliferation Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Nonproliferation Issues is a weekly compendium of security documents and timely analyses.
		It is a valuable resource tool that supports the nonproliferation efforts of governments, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, educational institutions, and commercial defense organizations.
		Nonproliferation Issues is compiled by FirstWatch International's expert research team, and is a product of daily open-source monitoring of emerging international security threats and global nonproliferation efforts.
	www.firstwatchint.org /NI.html (126 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Debt for Nonproliferation: The Next Step in Threat Reduction
		Debt restructuring and reduction, whereby the terms of a loan are changed or part of a loan is forgiven, are common tools used by creditors for a variety of purposes.
		More specifically, the DNRA states that new nonproliferation funding streams—such as debt reductions and exchanges—are needed and that the burden will have to be shared by Russia, the United States, and other debt-holding governments.
		Debt for nonproliferation could greatly enhance the funds available for proliferation prevention through broader multilateral participation and public-private partnerships, assist Russia in reducing its external debt without hard-currency transfers, and help expedite weapons-complex downsizing in Russia to the benefit of all parties.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2002_01-02/fullerjanfeb02.asp (3509 words)

	Nuclear Nonproliferation
		One by one these hopes were refuted, as Russia, Britain, France, and China acquired the atomic bomb and later the much more destructive thermonuclear bomb, assisted by espionage, the knowledge that the devices were possible, and direct U.S. release of information.
		U.S. companies must obtain export licenses from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to engage in trade in nuclear technology or materials, and there must be a bilateral agreement with the government of the importing nation, under the terms of the 1954 Atomic Energy Act.
		The 1978 Nuclear Nonproliferation Act strengthened the provisions to require full IAEA inspections of all nuclear facilities before importation is approved.
	md1adm.csa.com /discoveryguides/prolif/overview.php (3445 words)

	A Nuclear Nonproliferation Strategy for the 21st Century - Center for American Progress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		As the leaders of the G8 gather for their annual summit, we urge a greater international focus on – and a stronger commitment to – addressing nuclear proliferation.
		Just as the fight against terrorism calls for the marshalling of all elements of our military, political and economic arsenals, so does the fight against nuclear proliferation demand cooperation among the United States, Europe and beyond.
		It also requires nuclear-weapon states to demonstrate their commitment to strengthening nonproliferation norms – if they want nations with nuclear aspirations to follow suit.
	www.americanprogress.org /site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=86402 (286 words)

	The Bush Administration and Nonproliferation: A New Strategy Emerges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Our recent nonproliferation focus with Pakistan is to work with the government to eliminate once and for all the network of Abdul Qadeer Khan, the so-called ''father'' of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.
		The front lines in our nonproliferation strategy need to extend beyond the immediate states of concern to the trade routes and entities that are engaged in supplying the countries of greatest proliferation concern.
		In support of this ''forward'' policy of nonproliferation, we are employing a number of tools to thwart and counter countries' weapons of mass destruction and missile programs, including sanctions, interdiction, and credible export controls.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/intlrel/hfa92866.000/hfa92866_0.htm (17409 words)

	The Challenges Facing Nonproliferation - Council on Foreign Relations
		We have realized that the system, what we call the nonproliferation regime, which we built in 1970, is eroding in terms of legitimacy.
		Ideally, I’d like to see the nonproliferation regime treated the way as we treat genocide, you know, that whether you are in or out of the treaty, you are banned from developing weapons— nuclear weapons or weapon of mass destruction.
		And we were just talking here over breakfast that essentially this, in some ways, is arguably the largest single challenge to the integrity of the nonproliferation regime that exists.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=7032 (8978 words)

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