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Topic: Nonrival good

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	Economic Principals
		A nonrival good, on the other hand, is characterized by the fact that that its use or consumption by one person or in one process doesn't reduce the amount of it that can be consumed by another.
		A nonrival good can be as simple as the time of day -- if I tell you what time it is, I don't lose track of it myself -- or as complicated as the design of the wristwatch I consult in order to tell you.
		Good questions, when a cholesterol-busting compound similar to Lipitor could be produced for a tiny fraction of the price and even introduced into the communal water supply, like fluoride, as a truly public good.
	www.economicprincipals.com /issues/06.11.12.html (1669 words)

	PRM 255 Market Failure and Externalities
		Examples of goods where excluding users is very costly include the ozone layer, the global climate system, the hydrological cycle, the biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, air quality, water quality, ocean fish, national defense, public health, radio broadcasts, and street lighting.
		It may be technically possible to exclude the additional users of some nonrival goods (e.g., library, zoo, park), but the benefits of their use will be foregone.
		For a public good, each unit of the good is being shared so we add up the price each individual is willing to pay for that unit across all the individuals sharing it.
	www.msu.edu /course/prm/255/market_failure.htm (3093 words)

	[No title]
		A nonrival good is one that can be used simultaneously by many people; its use by one application does not make it harder for other people to use the same nonrival good.
		However, nonrival goods can sometimes be made excludable: a good is said to be excludable if it is possible to prevent it use by others.
		Since a nonrival good by definition can be used by many people at once, it is clear that the creators of a nonrival good must either not care about profit, being motivated by other incentives, or the good will not be produced or marketed.
	www.ip-institute.org.uk /ipacreport4.doc (20917 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (NAS Colloquium) Science, Technology and the Economy (1996)
		It must be nonrival, meaning that one individual’s consumption of the good does not diminish the quantity available for others to use.
		Nonrival goods pose a distinct and more complicated set of economic problems that are not widely appreciated.
		For nonrival goods, in contrast, policy must be guided by the less specific “theory of the second best.” For these goods, it is impossible, even in principle, to approach an efficient market outcome.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/030905835X/html/64.html (1717 words)

	[No title]
		Public Goods Generally, public goods are considered goods that benefit all consumers, such as a city park.
		Nonrival Consumption Given a certain level of production, a good can be considered nonrival in consumption if one’s consumption of that good does not affect the quantity consumed by other individuals.
		Conversely, a good that is rival in consumption diminishes another’s use of that good if an individual benefits from it.
	www.csun.edu /~hceco008/c18e.doc (1982 words)

	Summary of Public Finance
		Most goods are private goods, meaning that for a given level of production of that good the more one person consumes the less is available for the others to consume.
		A nonrival good is one in which costs of providing the good to others once some have it is zero.
		For the pure public good each consumer is getting the same amount the marginal benefit of another unit of the public good and therefore the marginal social benefit is the sum of the marginal benefits of all the consumers.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/e132.htm (3099 words)

	Don Marti
		The private provision of public goods via dominant assurance contracts by Alexander Tabarrok.
		Why it's really good: The biggest transformation in software is the erasure of the line between "the business side" and "the technical side".
		But there's a good chance that we're in the middle of getting a whole speedloader-full of silver bullets if we consider the company as a whole, not just the development team.
	zgp.org /~dmarti (2575 words)

	CS-IP: Economics
		Because of the rival and exclusive nature of concrete goods, people have an incentive to produce some kinds of goods and trade them for other kinds of goods that they need, or to earn wages or money that they then trade for rival goods.
		Time and services are also rival goods; if you are, for instance, a network administrator, you trade your time and expertise (they are rival goods because you only have so much time to work) for money with which to buy the things you need.
		With nonrival goods, however, once the intellectual good (such as a song or book) is produced anyone can enjoy the benefit of it without necessarily paying for it.
	www.cs.duke.edu /courses/fall02/cps182s/cscopyright/Economics/Economics-Intro.htm (778 words)

	[No title]
		Because it is difficult to preclude anyone from using a pure public good, those who benefit from the good have an incentive to avoid paying for it—that is, to be free riders.
		Nonrivalry: a good is nonrival or indivisible when a unit of the good can be consumed by one individual without detracting, in the slightest, from the consumption opportunities still available to others from that same unit.
		Issues of the financing of public goods need to be considered in both parts of the provision process, since they may critically influence the actors' incentives to cooperate.
	www.undp.org /ods/worddocs/glossary.doc (969 words)

	[No title]
		False 15) A good which is nonrival and nonexcludable is termed a(n) social good.
		False 17) For a good to be nonrival, one person’s consumption of that good does not decrease another person’s consumption of that good.
		True 29) The economy’s marginal benefit curve for a public good is found by vertically summing the total benefit curves for all individuals.
	web.syr.edu /~agrodner/teaching/ecn101_fall2003/ch16questionstf.doc (546 words)

	Jc Waldron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A public good is nonrival in consumption and nonexcludable.
		When a good is nonrival in consumption it means that one person’s consumption of the good does not interfere with other’s consumption of that good.
		When the price of a good is zero then the quantity demanded of the good is too high, especially for a nonrenewable resource with no substitutes.
	home.wlu.edu /~caseyj/sustainable_development/jc.htm (1601 words)

	Harris 1/e Economics - Glossary
		nonexclusive good a good available to all users; one of the two characteristics of public goods.
		nonrival good a good whose use by one person does not limit its use by others; one of the two characteristics of public goods.
		public good(s) goods available to all (nonexclusive), whose use by one person does not reduce their availability to others (nonrival).
	college.hmco.com /economics/harris/environment/1e/students/glossary/ch05.html (580 words)

	Patent Prospector: Patent Economics: Part 3 - The Inventor's Dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A good is nonrival if one person's consumption (usage and enjoyment) of it does not lessen its consumption by others.
		The nature of public goods, namely non-rivalry and non-exclusivity, results in a lower level of production than would otherwise occur if the good could somehow be privatized.
		The major economic justification for the existence of government is to provide public goods which individual consumers would otherwise easily shirk paying their fair share for.
	www.patenthawk.com /blog/archives/2005/04/patent_economic_1.html (960 words)

	Foundations of Microeconomics Chapter 9 -- True/False Quiz 9.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A pure private good is nonrival and nonexcludable.
		The efficient quantity of a public good is the quantity that sets marginal benefit equal to marginal cost.
		The principle of minimum differentiation means that voters tend to have similar preferences for public goods.
	occawlonline.pearsoned.com /bookbind/pubbooks/bpmicro_awl/chapter9/truefalse1/deluxe-content.html (126 words)

	Ascription is an Anathema to any Enthusiasm » Blog Archive » Public Good (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Public Good (n.) Goods that are nonexcludable and nonrival.
		Club Good (n.) A good that is public for members of the club is otherwise private.
		Open Source (n.) A kind of source code, software or knowledge that is managed as a limited club good with the goal of maximizing the natural public good nature all information goods.
	enthusiasm.cozy.org /archives/2002/12/public-good (349 words)

	Principles of Microeconomics, 1st Canadian Edition \| Key Terms & Glossary
		A good that is difficult, or costly, to exclude nonpayers from consuming.
		A good or service that, to at least some degree, is both nonrival and nonexcludable.
		A good or service that, to a high degree, is both nonrival and nonexcludable.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0070889740/student_view0/chapter15/key_terms___glossary.html (221 words)

	Principles of Economics Chapter 22 -- Multiple Choice Quiz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Your best friend's marginal valuation of the first unit of a public good is $2; the second unit is worth $1.
		Your marginal valuation of the first unit of the same public good is $5; the second unit is worth $3.
		The marginal social benefit of the second unit of the public good is _____.
	occawlonline.pearsoned.com /bookbind/pubbooks/ruffin_awl/chapter22/multiple1 (163 words)

	Principles of Microeconomics, 1st Canadian Edition \| Cyberlecture
		Public goods are different from private goods because the public goods must be provided in the same quantity and quality for each person, whereas consumption of private goods is left up to the individual.
		The optimal quantity of a public good is where the demand and marginal cost are equal.
		Some public goods are provided by the private sector when revenues can be raised to cover the cost of producing the goods.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0070889740/student_view0/chapter15/cyberlecture.html (1078 words)

	DeaconEcon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		If people could be creative enough to provide a good or service that most in the country could afford, they would be well on their way to better economic status.
		Before there were good measures of income, you could tell the rich from the poor by their average height. Poor people were much shorter, on average, than rich people. This would hold at the national level as well, although you'd have to make some allowance from country to country due to genetic differences.
		Therefore is it nonrival as anyone can use it regardless of others consumption and is nonexcludeable as it is impossible to stop users from using it as it is readily available on the web for no charge.
	eh.net /deaconecon/archives/77-Turning-Wireless-Internet-Connections-into-a-Public-Good... (3504 words)

	A43 Chapter 12. GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
		A serious difficulty is in estimating the magnitudes of externalities so that appropriate amounts of subsidy can be provided or tax be levied; the government's best policy probably is to maintain stable macroeconomic policies that promote full employment and keep output at the maximum level permitted by the available resources and technology.
		A legal system that enforces contracts can help to eliminate many moral-hazard problems inherent in intertemporal transactions by letting signatories to contracts recover damages when the terms of the contracts are not met; formal property rights allow borrowers to pledge collateral, thereby mitigating the moral-hazard and asymmetric information problems that often plague intertemporal transactions.
		If there are benefits to distortions introduced into the formal market such as taxation to pay for public goods [or to offset distortions due to externalities], then an informal market that reduces the size of the formal market can be welfare-reducing.
	facweb.furman.edu /~dstanford/a43/a43mp12.htm (725 words)

	Cantillon's Paradise: Silly Neoclassicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		When the benefits of a public good are nonrival over a large group, private markets probably will not provide it.
		When public goods or externalities lead markets to generate an inefficient allocation of resources, government can intervene with an appropriate policy that will improve things.
		A good that is nonrival in consumption and has high exclusion costs creates problems for a market system.
	cantillonparadise.blogspot.com /2004/09/silly-neoclassicals.html (377 words)

	Dr. Revier, EC 320, Final Exam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A nonrival good is one which is consumed and enjoyed jointly by a number of people.
		One person's use and enjoyment of the good does not at all reduce the ability of anyone else to use and enjoy it.
		If the nonrival good were excludable (as cable TV is), a private producer could earn a profit by setting a price for the good and providing it to all those willing to pay this price.
	www.colostate.edu /Dept/Econ/courses/intro/320revier/akexf.html (591 words)

	Externalities and Public Goods
		However, the MSC curve shows the marginal social cost of producing the good, which equals its private costs plus the costs to other people (such as costs to people of breathing the polluted air caused by producing the good).
		It is prohibitively costly to provide a nonexcludable good only to people who pay for it and prevent or exclude other people from obtaining it.
		A public good is a nonrival and nonexcludable good.
	www.econ.rochester.edu /eco108/ch21/summ20.htm (956 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		AM16 \ A \\ Market Failure: Exclusive and Nonrival \ 2 \\ Goods produced under conditions of significant economies of scale relative to market demand and which are also exclusive and nonrival tend to be: (a) inefficiently provided by the marketplace because of overpricing and underproduction.
		AM16 \ A \ Pure Public Goods: Optimal Quantities \ 3 \\ Tax receipts are exactly adequate to pay for the optimal amount of a public good if: (a) people pay taxes equal to their marginal benefits from the public good times the number of units of the good.
		AM16\ D \A1641\ Demands for Public Goods \2\\ If there were 1000 households in Pretoria, on average each household would be willing and able to pay approximately ______ annually for the marginal benefits it enjoys from the seventh police officer hired.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/EC010/TB_Principles/MC1/M1-16.doc (3814 words)

	Congestible Goods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Some goods, like highways and national parks, are nonrival when few people are using them but become rival when heavily used.
		That's inefficient because they are giving up the benefits they would receive from using the good and (as long as it is uncongested) the marginal cost of letting them use it is zero.
		On one hand you might be tempted to treat it like a nonrival good.
	wilcoxen.cp.maxwell.syr.edu /pages/134.html?id=134&att= (426 words)

	The Reality-Based Community: Michael O'Hare on paying for music
		But the fact that there will be valid objections to any proposal doesn't mean that a new system wouldn't be an improvement over the current system of patent and copyright protection.
		The forgone consumers' surpluses from charging high prices for goods whose marginal cost of production is near zero are extremely high.
		Since such goods will make up an increasing share of economic activity as far into the future as one can see, getting a non-terrible set of solutions is a policy problem of the highest importance.
	www.markarkleiman.com /archives/paying_for_nonrival_goods_/2003/11/michael_ohare_on_paying_for_music.php (558 words)

	Gottheil SG Government Spending
		Nonexclusive means that no one can be excluded from consuming the good, and nonrival means that any person's consumption of that good does not diminish the good for others.
		By contrast, milk is not a public good because the owner can exclude others from consuming it, and when one consumes it, it is not available for someone else to drink.
		To the extent that government spending moves resources away from the provision of private goods to the provision of public goods, resource allocation is affected.
	www.swlearning.com /economics/gottheil/government_spending.html (1485 words)

	[No title]
		Two consumers, A and B. is sufficient for it to be efficient to supply the good.
		Yet, if also, then it is Pareto-improving for the good to be supplied.óL!¨#Private Provision of a Public Good?¨øSuppose and.
		A and B may try to free-ride on each other, causing no good to be supplied.ó$¨ Solutions¨ÀPublic provision of the good (collect taxes to finance it).
	in3.dem.ist.utl.pt /master/05micro/pres7_2.pps (449 words)

	Lecture: May 7
		Often this is a matter of degree--up to a point, for instance, a highway is a nonrival good.
		--these are goods it's hard to charge money for so people will tend to get them whether they pay for them or not.
		A highway is a nonexcludable good unless it is a toll road.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~folbre/econ103/Lectures/lect5_7.htm (1005 words)

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