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Topic: Nonstandard dialects

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	Dialect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dialects can be distinguished from: sociolects, which are varieties of a language spoken by a certain social class; standard languages, which are standardized for public performance (e.g.
		A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is not the beneficiary of institutional support.
		A dialect continuum is a network of dialects in which geographically adjacent dialects are mutually comprehensible, but with comprehensibility steadily decreasing as distance between the dialects increases.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dialects (1958 words)

	Nonstandard dialect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Like any dialect, a nonstandard dialect has its own vocabulary and an internally consistent grammar and syntax; and it may be spoken using a variety of accents.
		Describing a dialect as "nonstandard" is not to imply that the dialect is incorrect or inferior.
		As a border-case, a nonstandard dialect may even have its own written form, although it's then to be assumed that the orthography is unstable and/or unsanctioned, and that it is not orderly supported by governmental or educational institutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nonstandard_dialect (181 words)

	'A' Level English Language - Linguistics, Lancaster University
		"Dialect" on the other hand is defined as a "subordinate variety of a language with non-standard vocabulary, pronunciation, or idioms." (Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1982), or "a form of a language that is considered inferior." (Collins Concise English Dictionary 1985) or "a peculiar manner of speaking." (Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary 1972).
		Nonstandard varieties of language are often termed dialects, implying that they have less status and prestige.
		But historically, standard languages are just dialects which have acquired a special status, and nonstandard dialects were just language varieties which lay far from the centres of power.
	www.ling.lancs.ac.uk /alevel/q2.htm (324 words)

	The Population
		Eleven percent of the total sample population stated that the cause of non-Standard dialects is that dialectical speakers "are not as intelligent" as those with Standard dialects.
		It is important to note that dialect education refers to using a non-standard dialect as a tool to teach students who speak the same dialect, and not teaching students the dialect.
		Though our data may not solve the debate of whether or not dialect education is beneficial to speakers of non-standard dialects of English, we have shown that likewise, many college students are uncertain as to whether using dialect education as a tool is advantageous to dialect speakers.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~genel/linguistics/ling55proj.htm (5028 words)

	CSA - Discovery Guides
		Dialects: Language varieties distinctive of geographically or socially defined groups due to their pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and style; usually mutually intelligible to other dialects of that language.
		Nonstandard Dialects: Language varieties that deviate from a commonly accepted language norm.
		Standard Dialects: Any varieties of a language that have gained general acceptance as models to be emulated by all speakers of that language within a particular geographic region, political entity, or social class or group; usually identical to the literary language, and usually the result of language standardization.
	www.csa.com /discoveryguides/ebonics/gloss_f.php (684 words)

	Incorporating Dialect Study into the Language Arts Class. ERIC Digest.
		Dialect diversity seems to pique practically everyone's natural curiosity, and this inherent interest can be seized upon to help language come alive for students.
		Furthermore, vernacular dialect speakers, as a by-product of their study of dialects, may apply knowledge about dialect structures to various educational skills, such as composing and editing.
		For example, students may conduct a small dialect survey with community members (parents, grandparents, and friends from different areas) in which a questionnaire about particular dialect forms is constructed, and data are gathered, collated, and analyzed by the class.
	www.ericdigests.org /pre-9215/arts.htm (1605 words)

	"The Shibboleth Schema" by Hopper (html)"The Shibboleth Schema" by Hopper (html)
		The life of a dialect and language is dictated by the population that preserves it through use.
		This was reflected twenty years ago in scholarship that referred to nonstandard dialects of English as ‘substandard’, and in uses of the tem ‘language deficit’.
		Shibboleth schemas increase perceived magnitude of dialect differences Evidence is emerging that researchers and policy-makers alike have (perhaps due to the shibboleth schema) overestimated, the size and importance to communication of intergroup dialect differences.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c036001e/hopper.html (4489 words)

	LILT:Dialect, Standard English, and the Child at Home and in School
		Dialectal variation concerns the way in which features of the language used by a speaker, such as features of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation, relate to features of his/her background, that is, where he/she comes from, regionally or socially.
		Moreover, these nonstandard dialects are not ‘ungrammatical’, since they have their own clear and consistent grammatical rules, which happen to be different from those of Standard English.
		There is no linguistic basis for this view as the city dialects are dialectal varieties with a history, a location and a range of language features, just as the rural dialects are, although on the whole they are rather less divergent from Standard English in vocabulary and grammar.
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /SESLL/EngLang/LILT/PosPapers/paper2.htm (2483 words)

	dialects
		Dialects are NOT deviant or corrupt forms of a language but different language systems that operate according to their own rules and patterns.
		Reality: Dialects are not necessarily positively or negatively valued; their social values are derived strictly from the social position of their speech community.
		While vernacular dialects are determined by actual usage patterns of speakers, the judgment of listeners is essential in determining social unacceptability.
	www.westga.edu /~dnewton/engl2000/dialects.html (1243 words)

	Trudgill: Standard English
		It would of course be possible to argue that their philosophical vocabulary is not an integral part of their native nonstandard Swiss German dialects and that the professors are "switching" or that these words are being "borrowed" from Standard German and being subjected, as loan words often are, to phonological integration into the local dialect.
		Standard English is a dialect which is spoken as their native variety, at least in Britain, by about 12%-15% of the population, and this small percentage does not just constitute a random cross-section of the population.
		Many nonstandard dialects have the same form for all persons, such as I be, you be, he be, we be, they be, and I were, you were, he were, we were, they were.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/dick/SEtrudgill.htm (4182 words)

	Linguistics
		Dialect plays a large role in William Dean Howell’s A Hazard of New Fortunes, but that should be no surprise since Howells believed that dialect was essential for making literature a slice of life.
		Since scholars of Howell often see his use of dialect to be one of his few shortcomings, this paper fills a gap in dialect scholarship since it argues that through dialect Howells makes his most progressive statements in the novel.
		Students less often examine dialects found particularly in their immediate popular cultures, such as that found in rap music, or the socially-constructed language of political correctness.
	www.uiowa.edu /~mmla/abstracts2004/linguistics.htm (656 words)

	ED275792 1986-10-00 Teaching Writing to Linguistically Diverse Students. ERIC Digest, Number 32.
		Thus, teachers of nonstandard English speaking students must recognize that their students' linguistic differences rarely indicate true linguistic incompetence, and realize that students' home language practices are fundamental to how they see themselves and the world.
		Nonstandard English speaking students should be encouraged to bring their distinctive linguistic traditions into the classroom.
		Nonstandard English speaking students need only to learn which features of their own dialects are stigmatized and how to replace them in their writing with the comparable standard form.
	www.thememoryhole.org /edu/eric/ed275792.html (1476 words)

	The Decline of Yorkshire Dialect
		Wakelin (1994) goes on to say that dialect is best preserved within rural areas, particularly among the older generation, although it is still subject to erosion 'especially as it is passed down to the new generations'.
		Conversely, use of nonstandard forms such as I were or he knowed are seen to be bad English and thus devalued (although, strangely, the use of nonstandard vocabulary such as noolies (marbles) or goodies (sweets) is not perceived in the same way).
		Furthermore nonstandard forms of syntax and morphology are considered to be grammatical corruptions (Cheshire and Milroy, 1993 14-15).
	www.yorksj.ac.uk /dialect/Decline.htm (980 words)

	Athabaskan language and the schools - Recommended Instructional Strategies
		For example, there is probably no dialect of spoken American English where one cannot use the phrase "kind of" as in "it's kind of cold here." In written English, however, one should use the word "rather" to express the same idea.
		It must be admitted that the variety chosen as standard was chosen because it was the dialect of the dominant social and economic class; this is a usual process in the development of national languages and has occurred all over the world.
		Nonstandard vocabulary and syntax, however, can interfere with understanding and carry over directly into writing, so these should be stressed in teaching standard English.
	www.alaskool.org /LANGUAGE/Athabaskan/recommended.htm (3580 words)

	Heather S
		The resistance to nonstandard dialect usage is also present throughout the generations; 88% of those who are 55 and above were very bothered by such usages, whereas 76% of those the ages of 35-55 were.
		Further supporting the idea that nearly all classes of people react negatively to the use of nonstandard dialects is the data that explains the responses of the respondents according to profession.
		The strength and negativity with which respondents reacted to the use of nonstandard dialects compared to every other kind of "error" seems to indicate that something else is indeed going on.
	cla.calpoly.edu:16080 /~jrubba/390/survey/390.Mcintosh.html (1400 words)

	Contextual Factors in Second Language Acquisition. ERIC Digest.
		"Dialect and register." Learners may need to learn a dialect and a formal register in school that are different from those they encounter in their daily lives.
		"Language status." Consideration of dialects and registers of a language and of the relationships between two languages includes the relative prestige of different languages and dialects and of the cultures and ethnic groups associated with them.
		If their ways of talking outside of school are valued when used in appropriate contexts, students are more likely to be open to learning a new language or dialect, knowing that the new discourses will expand their communicative repertoires rather than displace their familiar ways of communicating.
	www.ericdigests.org /2001-2/language.html (1623 words)

	CHAPTER ONE
		Students quickly drop nonstandard dialects because they don’t want to appear as if they aren’t “cool” or “withit” to their peers.
		Students are sometimes reluctant to drop nonstandard dialects in favor of standard English because the nonstandard dialect is the language of the home.
		Students are sometimes reluctant to drop nonstandard dialects in favor of standard English for fear of alienating peers.
	arapaho.nsuok.edu /~careyka/ch3.htm (3525 words)

	Ebonics: American Shibboleth
		nonstandard dialects of English distributed by region, ethnicity and social class that are used for everyday communication in informal contexts and referred to as
		From the dialectal perspective, AAVE is originally a form of the Southern dialect of American English, which diverged due to slavery and social isolation.
		This is true because standard dialects are artificial constructs, the result of long planning and compromise to establish an agreed upon language system that, while intended to be generally representative of the language system shared by all, usually does not directly reflect the language spoken by any particular group.
	www.csa.com /discoveryguides/ebonics/overview.php (4089 words)

	Ebonics
		It discusses the rationale, methodology, and interpretation of focus group research among nonnative English speaking populations and the U.S.-born populations inhibited by poor education or differential linguistic patters.
		The purpose of the paper is to help educators understand Black English and celebrate this dialect in class while facilitating the acquisition of Standard English.
		It holds that Ebonics is a dialect of English with its own set of rules, and is not inferior to Standard English but merely different.
	www.indiana.edu /~reading/ieo/bibs/ebonics.html (2195 words)

	Standard and Nonstandard Dialects: Principles for Language and Reading Instruction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Focusing on the social variation of language, this paper provides an overview of basic sociolinguistic concepts deemed to be necessary information for teachers involved in the language and literacy development of children who speak nonstandard dialects.
		The first section of the paper discusses three things that teachers must understand about dialects: (1) all varieties of language are rule-governed systems--even nonstandard dialects have rules and patterns that are systematic; (2) all dialects have the capacity for the functional expression of meaning; and (3) language variation extends beyond the characteristics of dialects.
		Some general principles and implications for instruction are outlined in the remainder of the paper within the categories of language assessment, standard English in the language arts, and reading performance.
	www.eric.ed.gov /sitemap/html_0900000b80109874.html (207 words)

	GrammarCheck
		A dialect is a regional variation, spoken or written, of a standard language.
		While dialect serves a useful purpose in uniting common speakers with similar backgrounds and shared interests, it is wise to reserve its usage for situations where nonstandard language is acceptable.
		While nonstandard dialects are not "wrong" in themselves, when used out of context, the speaker/writer may be perceived as using incorrect speech or he or she may not be clearly understood by the intended audience.
	www.grammarcheck.com /archives/01-09-2001.htm (1081 words)

	There is no subjunctive mood in English. \| Antimoon Forum
		The words that matter here are "generally" and "in most dialects", which mean that there are dialects to which such does not apply, even though such may apply to a large portion of dialects.
		In many cases, as what prescriptivists would prescribe would often differ not too insignificantly from said dialects, to support prescriptivism would be to essentially say that such dialects "should" be replaced by some arbitrary "standard", and would not just be an attack on said dialects, but also on local identity and culture by extension.
		And of course, this applies to anyone speaks some dialect which is not just easily described as falling under some "standard", and especially if said dialect is tied to some outside identity, my dialect included (which is actually part of why I am very vehement about this).
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t2616-60.htm (1757 words)

	The Language Guy: Proper English
		It can't be a good thing for a dialect to fail to give its speakers a form to use when they wish to say "I negative-be-form going" to an intimate or in a causal gathering of people where informal English is the norm.
		In this dialect, speakers mark elements that are in the scope of negation with a semantically redundant negative marker.
		Arguably, the nonstandard dialect wins again for it is more iconic to mark when a word is in the scope of the negative (is part of what is being negated) with a negative morpheme than with some other morpheme with no inherent relationship to negation.
	thelanguageguy.blogspot.com /2005/04/proper-english.html (2743 words)

	Cross-Cultural Communication - Culture, Communication and Language
		These dialects, all of which are legitimate, are associated with educational, economic, social and historical conditions.
		In literate, economically developed societies, the dialect spoken by those with the most formal education, the highest socioeconomic status and the greatest degree of political power tends to acquire the greatest social prestige.
		At the other end of the social spectrum, so called nonstandard dialects are generally spoken by the "have nots:" the powerless, the less educated, the less economically well off and the less socially prominent.
	www.maec.org /cross/4.html (1434 words)

	East Asian Languages and Chinese Characters
		These so-called Chinese dialects have less in common than the Romance languages of Europe, meaning that speakers of nonstandard Chinese (some 30 percent of the Han population) are not reading their own language or even a common language, but what is to them a Mandarin-based second language written in Chinese characters.
		Since the focus of standard Sinitic (although not the nonstandard Chinese "dialects") is clearly more on morphemes than on words, Chinese characters, which represent morphemes, are regarded by many as the most appropriate way to write the language.
		The goal of this chapter has been to assess the appropriateness of Chinese characters to East Asian languages by examining claims to the effect that the characters accommodate idiosyncratic features of these languages better than other types of writing and hence are worth using despite their many shortcomings.
	www.pinyin.info /readings/texts/east_asian_languages.html (11996 words)

	February 4, 1997
		Everybody speaks some dialect, and all of those dialects are nonstandard.
		Which nonstandard dialects are looked down upon and which are admired is a matter not of logic but of fashion.
		Presidents Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter all spoke nonstandard English (four different varieties); President Clinton's dialect is nonstandard, even when he is "performing" with roughly standard syntax.
	adrr.com /lingua/5.htm (1027 words)

	ERIC Minibib
		Discussion focuses on suggestions for using the natural occurrence of multiple dialects in both school and community as a means to teach about the nature of language and dialects in society, increase language awareness, and learn standard English as a second dialect.
		The questions raised and addressed focus on ways in which dialect differences affect 1) language tests and testing, 2) the view that standard English forms are ``correct" norms to be upheld, 3) bias/fairness in language test items and non-language-related testing, and 4) educators' knowledge about testing.
		However, dialect study, as language study in its own right, introduces dialects as resources for learning about language and culture, thereby serving to: 1) challenge popular myths about dialects; 2) offer new perspectives on the nature of language; and 3) encourage the use of critical thinking skills.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/aave/node2.html (896 words)

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