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Topic: Nordic Bronze Age

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	Bronze Age - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze.
		Although bronze artifacts were exhumed in historic site of Majiayao culture (3100 BC to 2700 BC), it is commonly accepted that China's bronze age began from around 2100 BC during the Xia dynasty.
		The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced in the centuries around 2000 B.C. when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Bronze_Age (2030 words)

	Iron Age - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Classically, the Iron Age is taken to begin with the Greek Dark Ages in the 12th century BC in Greece and the Ancient Near East, the 11th century BC in India and between the 8th (Central Europe) and 6th (Northern Europe) centuries BC in Europe.
		The Iron Age is usually taken to end with the onset of historical tradition during Hellenism and the Roman Empire, or the Early Middle Ages in the case of Northern Europe.
		The Iron Age in the Near East is believed to have begun with the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the late 2nd millennium BC (circa 1300 BC).
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Iron_Age (1712 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nordic Bronze Age
		The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate that began with a climate change in circa 2700 BC (comparable to that of present-day Mediterranean).
		Due to the climate change and the loss of population, the nordic countries are generally described as going through a cultural recession at the end of the Bronze Age, lasting for a thousand years until the rise of another advanced civilization in the so-called Viking Age.
		It is interesting to note that while the sun seems to have been worshipped as a male figure during the Bronze Age, later Scandinavian pagan beliefs pictured the sun as a goddess (Sunna in Norse religion), and the word for "Sun" is generally attested with feminine grammatical gender in the later Germanic languages.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age (1377 words)

	Flint implements for sale - Page 9
		Bronze Age Nordic dolerite axe-hammer, drilled for hafting, measuring 87 mm/3.5 ins.
		Bronze Age Nordic dolerite axe-hammer, drilled for hafting, measuring 96 mm/3.8 ins.
		Bronze Age Nordic basalt axe-hammer, drilled for hafting, measuring 96 mm/3.8 ins.
	www.ancientrelics.co.uk /FI_NEW_Page9.htm (212 words)

	Flint implements for sale - Page 8
		Bronze Age Nordic dark brown schist axe-hammer, drilled for hafting, measuring 90 mm/3.7 ins.
		Bronze Age Nordic mottled green and white schist axe-hammer, drilled for hafting, measuring 95 mm/3.8 ins.
		Bronze Age Nordic dolerite axe-hammer, drilled for hafting, measuring 112 mm/4.4 ins.
	www.ancientrelics.co.uk /FI_NEW_Page8.htm (274 words)

	Iron Age
		The term Iron Age refers to the period in a civilisation's development at which time iron working was the most sophisticated form of metalworking[?] achieved.
		In Sweden and partly in other nordic countries, the last part of the Iron Age (about 800 - 1100) is commonly called the Viking Age.
		In Britain, the Iron Age lasted from about the 5th century BC (although some believe it to have started significantly later, around 1st century BC) to the 4th century AD.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ir/Iron_age.html (179 words)

	[No title]
		And in cooperation with some Bronze Age specialists from the Danish National Museum she was able to try out some experiences, dancing in a copy of the clothes found on the "Egtved girl".
		The dancer discovered that the sun was reflected in the bronze disc of the belt in a particular way, when she performed her ritualistic belly dance(s).
		Dealing with the Bronze Age and the worshipping of the sun, it seems obvious that the consistent colour have to be of a golden, bronzelike character.
	www.nordicom.gu.se /mr/iceland/papers/sixteen/HDankert-elaboration.doc (1310 words)

	Nordic Bronze Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, ca 1800 BC - 600 BC, with sites that reached as far east as Estonia [1].
		Bronze age burial mound (Gårdstånga, Skåne in Sweden).
		Bronze lurs such as the lurs of Brudevaelte found in Denmark were probably used in Bronze Age rituals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age (1439 words)

	Dialogues with the Past, The Nordic Graduate School in Archaeology, PhD-projects Sweden
		The Nordic house urns are distributed in fact on a large area from the island of Gotland to southern Sweden, Denmark, eastern Germany and northern Poland.
		The aim of the project is to concentrate on the interactions between the Slavs and the inhabitants of Bornholm during the late Viking age and early middle ages.
		Age and sex distribution show that they are not the remains of a conquered army and it is important to understand who they were and why they were sacrificed.
	www.hf.uio.no /iakh/forskning/dialpast/projects_Sweden.htm (5682 words)

	Reginheim
		To make bronze the copper (90%) and tin (10%) were melted in ovens and mixed together, this created the alloy known as bronze, to create a bronze object the bronze had to be melted to at least 950° Celcius or 1742° Fahrenheit (the melting point of bronze) after which it was poured into a mould.
		Just like the Germans later did the Nordic Bronze Age people carried cloaks made of fur or wool over their normal clothing (both men and women), men also carried blouse-like garments and sometimes caps, women carried long or short skirts that sometimes had beautiful embroideries, shoes were made from a single piece of leather.
		During the beginning of the Bronze Age the dead were still buried in graves with small mounds built on top but eventually cremation became more popular and the dead were interred in urns, this may have been an influence from the Urnfield culture.
	www.geocities.com /reginheim/bronzeage.html (1432 words)

	The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization
		The earliest known central Asian bronze vessels (as opposed to bronze tools and weapons) have been discovered at Erlitou in north central China and are attributed to the Xia Dynasty (c.
		A Bronze Age culture known as the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex also thrived around 2000 BC in areas around today's northern Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and eastern Iran.
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis3.htm (1401 words)

	BronzeAge
		The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high-status megalithic burials at south-coastal centres such as the
		The oldest real bronze found in Egypt dates to the 4th dynasty and consists of 90% copper and 10% additional metals, which is about the best combination.
		The first bronze tools were not the result of a deliberate attempt at improving the metal, but of the natural mix of copper and other metals in the smelted ore, in Egypt mostly arsenic.
	kopperking.com /BronzeAge.aspx (1674 words)

	Bronze Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bronze Age is a period in the development of human societies when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze.
		The earliest known tin bronzes are from what is now Iran and Iraq and date to the late 4th millennium BC, but there are claims of an earlier appearance of tin bronze in Thailand in the 5th millennium BC.
		An Andean bronze bottle made by Chimú artisans from circa AD The Bronze Age in the Andes region of South America is thought to have begun at about 900 BC when Chavin artisans discovered how to alloy copper with tin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bronze_Age (2200 words)

	Rock engravings in the Baltic Sea Region
		But it was finally established that they belonged to the Nordic Bronze Age (1 800 - 500 BC) culture in 1860s when engraved swords typical of the Early Bronze Age (1800 - 1500 BC) were identified on one panel at Ekenberg close to Norrköping.
		From the Early Bronze Age, approximately 1.800 BC, and onwards boat images dominate the rock carvings in southern Sweden and Norway.
		Although the fights might have been rituals, analysis of wear of actual bronze weapons from contemporary burials, indicate that the weapons were used in actual fighting.
	www.rane-online.org /MenuHTML/info2b.html (869 words)

	Group 30:16
		30:16 · This sign structure is found on Nordic Bronze Age altars and in prehistoric Egypt.
		As a Bronze Age ideogram it was most probably a sun symbol.
		In August 12 1989 this structure was a crop circle in southern England (see "Crop circles" in Part III).
	www.symbols.com /old/encyclopedia/30/3016.html (104 words)

	Sword information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Early iron swords were not comparable to later steel blades; being brittle, they were even inferior to good bronze weapons, but the easier production, and the better availability of the raw material for the first time permitted the equipment of entire armies with metal weapons.
		The hilt is the collective term of the parts allowing the handling of the blade, consisting of the grip, the pommel, and in post-Viking Age swords usually a crossguard (called cruciform hilts).
		The longsword (and bastard sword) of the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Sword?redir=1 (3345 words)

	Bronze Age in Europe
		The Archaeology of the Yorkshire Wolds - Bronze Age
		Bronze age copper mining in the Austrian Alps, a contribution by Gert Goldenberg to the presentation "Montanarchäologie" at archaeologie-online.de
		Förderverein Bronzezeithaus Hahnenknoop e.V. A bronze age settlement at the Hahnenknooper Mühle (Rodenkirchen, county Wesermarsch) with a reconstruction of one of the houses (German)
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Crete/4162/ebronzenf.htm (4573 words)

	Sword, *Best Sellers at Collectibls On Sale
		Swords longer than 3 feet were very uncommon and not practical during the bronze age as this length exceeds the tensile strength of bronze.
		It was not until the development of stronger alloys such as steel, that longswords became practical for combat.
		Bronze Age swords with typical leaf-shaped blades first appear near the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and in Mesopotamia.
	www.collectibles-onsale.com /sword.htm (448 words)

	Bronze Age
		This is the eastern outpost of the Nordic Bronze Age culture.
		The central one of the many ancient monuments in Rebala is a remarkable Bronze Age burial site of 36 stone cist graves.
		It shows the remains of a fortified settlement from the late Bronze Age and is assumed to have been a place for water sacrifices in ancient times.
	www.bronzeage.net /page10.html (93 words)

	Denmark: History - K12 Academics
		The Nordic Bronze Age (1,800-600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings, including lurs and the Sun Chariot.
		Before the arrival of Danish settlers, who came from Scandinavia and spoke an early form of north Germanic, most of Jutland and part of the islands had been vacated or partly vacated by the earlier Jutes, the descendants of populations known to be there from sources in ancient history.
		Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark ruled over Danish India from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies (the United States Virgin Islands) from 1671 to 1917.
	www.k12academics.com /denmark_history.htm (948 words)

	Bronze Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		:''This article is about the archaeological era, for the era in Classical mythology see Ages of Man The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze.
		The Shang Dynasty of early China used Bronze vessels for rituals as well as farming implements and weapons.
		Another family of theories looks to the explosion of Thera, which occurred shortly before the end of the Bronze age.
	bronze-age.iqnaut.net (1389 words)

	Indo-European languages Summary
		The Maykop culture shows the earliest evidence of the early Bronze Age, and bronze weapons and artefacts enter Yamna territory.
		The Bronze Age reaches Central Europe with the Beaker culture, whose people probably use various Centum dialects.
		Redaction of the Rigveda and rise of the Vedic civilization in the Punjab.
	www.bookrags.com /Indo-European_languages (3141 words)

	The Nordic Bronze Age civilisation 2000-500 B.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 2005, the Nordic state television companies have co-produced and broadcasted a documentary (three episodes, each one hour), called "Stenristerna" - or 'Helleristerne' - the stone carvers.
		Reinterpretation indicates not only that the bronze age technology in Scandinavia was second in Europe only to Mycenae i Greece, but also that contact was particularly strong between Scandinavia and the eastern Mediterranean areas and with Greece, in particular, in addition to India, Africa, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Italy.
		Many Nordic rock carvings are older, but most correspond with that period as for instance those in the Oslofjord.
	arno.daastol.com /history/NordicBronzeAge.html (785 words)

	Homer in the Baltic
		Since bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, which in the North is only found in Cornwall, it's very likely that the mysterious Temese corresponds to the Thames, named "Tamesis" or "Tamensim" in ancient times.
		Incidentally, this is the same age as the arising of Aryan, Hyksos, Hittite and Cassite settlements in India, Egypt, Anatolia and Mesopotamia respectively.
		This heritage was immortalized by Homer's poems and Greek mythology, which on the one hand has a lot of similarities with the Nordic one, on the other seems to have lost the memory of the great migration from the North (this probably happened after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation, around the XII century B.C.).
	itis.volta.alessandria.it /episteme/ep2vinc2.htm (4676 words)

	Sun K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Its current age, determined using computer models of stellar evolution, and nucleocosmochronology, is thought to be about 4.57 billion years
		The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of about 25,000 to 28,000 light-years from the galactic centre, completing one revolution in about 225-250 million years.
		It returned to Earth in 2004 and is undergoing analysis, but it was damaged by crash-landing when its parachute failed to deploy on reentry to Earth's atmosphere.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/astronomy/sun.html (4130 words)

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