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Topic: Nordic War

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Sweden and the Great Nordic War

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	Seven-Year War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seven-Year War was the conflict from 1592 to 1598 on the Korean peninsula, following two successive Japanese invasions of Korea.
		Hideyoshi considered himself the victor in the war, and was enraged to find out that he was to be installed as a tribute-bearing vassal.
		Farmlands were devastated, irrigation dikes were destroyed, villages and towns were burned down, the population was first plundered and then dispersed, and tens of thousands of skilled workers (celadon ware makers, craftsmen, artisans, etc) were either killed during the war or kidnapped to Japan as captives to help Japanese develop their crafts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seven-Year_War (2067 words)

	History of the Nordic Region
		To a large extent, the early history of the Nordic region is a chronicle of struggles for power, wars and rivalry between neighbouring countries.
		But in the past the Nordic countries have on many occasions displayed a willingness to co-operate, though it is impossible to state the exact date on which Nordic co-operation commenced.
		The Nordic Council of Ministers was formed following the adoption of amendments to the Helsinki Treaty, which stipulated that the Council of Ministers was to serve as the official joint co-operation body for the Nordic governments.
	www.norden.org /web/1-1-fakta/uk/1-1-4-nordens_hist.asp?lang=6 (1590 words)

	liber paganum, part H
		While one of the Titanes, she threw in her lot with the Olympians in the war, and was therefore invested with powers in heaven, on earth and in the underworld by Zeus.
		Hel (Nordic) Goddess of the realm of the dead bearing her name, which is divided into nine parts and is on the world of Niflheimr.
		He is well-connected to Ares because he forges the weapons of war; a smith extraordinaire, he is a teacher of crafts and arts to humans and as such is celebrated together with Athene; in Athens, his statues were usually next to those of Athene.
	homepage.mac.com /dykow/libpagan/h.html (6873 words)

	Finland and the Nordic countries
		Nordic co-operation will comprise three main areas instead of the previous seven committees: 1) co-operation in the Nordic countries, 2) the Nordic countries and Europe/EU/EEA and 3) the Nordic countries and the former Soviet Union (primarily the Baltic States and northwestern Russia).
		The Nordic countries seek to lobby for their interests in negotiations on EU questions at both the governmental and parliamentary level and to influence the agenda.
		In Nordic co-operation there are two main levels: 1) the interparliamentary Nordic Council with 87 members and (2) the Nordic ministerial council formed by the governments of the countries and under which there is an extensive secretariat and civil servant committees.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/nordic.html (2740 words)

	The Nordic Countries and the Cold War, 1945-91 (DRAFT) - Nordic Council / Nordic Council of Ministers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Nordics were reluctant Cold Warriors and tried, with varying degrees of success, to assume some sort of a "bridgebuilding" function in the Cold War.
		Within the Nordic context, most participants at the Reykjavik conference seemed to agree that Soviet policy vis-à-vis the Nordic countries was determined by a mixture of Realpolitik and ideology.
		The negative position of the Soviets towards Nordic Social Democracy in the early Cold War was stressed at the conference.
	www.norden.org /niv_eng/cold_war.htm (5247 words)

	Det sikkerhetspolitiske bibliotek nr. 4/98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Nordic contributors were closely involved in the Palme Commission which popularised the concept of common security at the height of the New Cold War (Common Security, 1982) and both Finland and Sweden were engaged in the creation and development of the CSCE during the 1970s and 1980s.
		The Nordic states stressed the need to develop the aspects of international society which exists when a group of states ´conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with each other, and share in the working of common institutions´ (Bull, 1977, p.13).
		Nordic spokesmen have also insisted on the difference between ´soft´ non-military issues and the ´hard´ military aspects of security and have been behind the introduction of a number of institutions - such as the OSCE and the Council of Baltic Sea States - into the Baltic Sea area that deal with the former type.
	www.atlanterhavskomiteen.no /publikasjoner/sp/98/4-98.htm (10826 words)

	Nordic FAQ - 3 of 7 - DENMARK
		And to end the war between the Franks and the Danes a hostage was sent to Charlemagne in Aachen.
		A consequence of the disastrous war was that the monarchy was made hereditary in 1660, and royal Autocracy was introduced in 1661.
		In 1326, after a war between Denmark and Holstein, the underage Duke of Jutland was made king of Denmark, and his guardian Count Gerhard of Holstein was entfeofed with the Duchy as an inheritable fief.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part3_DENMARK (11687 words)

	liber paganum, part W
		Wali (Nordic) Son of Loki, who after his father's misdemeanour in the case of Hoedr and Baldr was turned into a wolf, to tear out the guts of his own brother Narfi -- which were used to bind Loki.
		Walkyrja (Nordic) [pl.n.] The shield-maids of Odhin are deities of the battle, sometimes participating in the fights and determining who is going to die.
		Woer (Nordic) Goddess of (marital) fidelity, punisher of adultery.
	homepage.mac.com /dykow/libpagan/w.html (941 words)

	www.georama.gr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The beginning of the end for the Swedish Great Power period was the outbreak of the Great Nordic War in 1700.
		This was made possible by a favourable political and economic development in the Nordic countries.
		When the war was over Sweden was in a very favourable situation.
	www.georama.gr /eng/junior/countries/eec/sweden.html (548 words)

	The Nordic Reservoir - Scandinavia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Such wars were a feature of early Scandinavian life, caused partially by the geographic isolation of the communities and the individualistic nature of the people themselves.
		A series of wars and minor conquests saw Sweden steadily expand its territorial size: the Reval district of Estonia voluntarily put itself under Swedish protection in 1561; and in 1582, all of Estonia was added to the Swedish crown after a local Baltic war with Poland.
		A war with Russia which ended in 1617, saw Gustav II obtain for Sweden the lands of eastern Karelia and Ingria; a war with Poland from 1621 to 1629, saw Sweden annex all of Livonia and in 1630, Gustav entered the Christian Thirty Year's War on the side of the Protestants in Germany.
	www.stormfront.org /whitehistory/hwr24.htm (5055 words)

	[No title]
		Thus wars were no more fought for the issue of what master to serve, but for something many men were deeply concerned about, religion, to be able to live the right way or not.
		The wars of the late 17th and 18th century were mostly alliances of states against a single state, either a power believed to aim at establishing hegemony, or a weak empire to be partitioned.
		Sweden, a nation with, despite it's size, including Finland, early in the 17th century had hardly a million inhabitants, proved superior on the battlefield because their army was better trained, their artillery could fire three shots in the time their enemies fired one.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/period/absolut/diplwar.html (623 words)

	Nielsen, Finn Sivert: Building anthropology: A historical sketch of the formative years of anthropology in the Nordic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Everywhere in the Nordic area, anthropology was museum based, research the prerogative of curators and professors, teaching unsystematic, and students rare.
		In the Nordic countries, there is a traditional disciplinary division between ethnology and ethnography, where ethnographers (later anthropologists) studied exotic cultures, and ethnologists were concerned with traditional cultures in Europe, particularly in the Nordic countries themselves.
		Each of the Nordic countries has a fairly small population base, and though this is not necessarily a handicap, it seems clear that even today, concerted regional cooperation might make Nordic anthropology a far more potent force.
	www.anthrobase.com /Txt/N/Nielsen_F_S_06.htm (5916 words)

	hvadskete.htm
		The frigate HOLSTEEN is taken by the English in the Bengal Sea in 1808.
		The most bloody battle in the War of the Union, where the Swedish peasant army is almost annihilated by the Danish army commanded by Otto Krumpen.
		The outbreak from Copenhagen 1658 (The Carl Gustav Wars).
	www.geocities.com /armdury/Hvornaar.html (5053 words)

	A HISTORICAL NOTE
		Despite the increasing privileges of the nobility the absolutist tendencies of the age made themselves felt, and in 1660 1664 Frederik III, with the aid of the commons and clergy, established hereditary monarchy and absolutist rule, which was to survive in Denmark until the nineteenth century.
		B ut in those times war was considered very much part of the natural order and a legitimate means of national aggrandizement.
		The struggle between Denmark and Sweden had at first been successful for Denmark, but after losing two wars in the middle of the century Denmark had to cede her easternmost provinces on the western and southern coasts of what is now Sweden.
	www.uib.no /neolatin/HistNote.html (1685 words)

	Danish history (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Due to the expensive but failed wars almost all rights to taxes and custom fees are given in pawn to the creditors of the realm (mainly the Counts of Holstein).
		To avoid a war on the southern border, and to regain the rich Slesvig region, Queen Margrete I (the daughter of Valdemar IV) unites the Danish Duchy of Slesvig with the German County of Holstein by giving Slesvig as a fief to the Counts of Holstein.
		In the "war of Scania" and later in the "Great Northern War", Denmark tries to conquer back the territory lost in 1658 but without success, due to pressure from the great powers of Europe.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq33.html (3509 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Nordic non-war community is seen as constructed one, i.e.
		The focus is on identities — with the Nordic one running in parallel to the national ones — and special attention is devoted to the role of securitization and de-securitization in the process of constructing the Nordic ‘self’.
		The approach does not compel the Nordic case to be purported as exemplary in its modernity, and it also keeps a certain distance to most other approaches used previously as in some of its features Nordic co-operation seems to be heading towards increasing securitization in the post-Cold War period.
	www.helsinki.fi /norden/crossroads/joenniemi.html (287 words)

	Swedish History - Constant War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In the early 16th century, Sweden struggled in a war against Denmark, though, this was not an ordinary war.
		Even if this war is known as a religious war between Catholics and Protestants the direct cause for the Swedish intervention was the growing influence of the German Emperor and his forces in northern Germany.
		The outbreak of the Great Nordic War in 1700 was the beginning of the end for Sweden as a great power.
	www.utb.boras.se /uk/se/projekt/history/articles/greatpow/greatpo4.htm (680 words)

	THE NORDIC DIMENSION IN THE EVOLVING EUROPEAN SECURITY STRUCTURE AND THE ROLE OF NORWAY
		In a CESDP perspective it is also interesting to note that the Nordic countries have jointly proposed to establish military cooperation among themselves, aimed at enhancing their capacity to conduct crisis-management operations of the Petersberg type, the most important one being the so-called ‘Nordic Coordination Arrangement for Military Peace Support’ or NORDCAPS.
		Having noted a split in the Nordic subregion between Finland and Sweden on the one hand, and Denmark on the other, a country which due to the Edinburgh compromise of 1992 has disassociated itself from the CESDP, the task now is to investigate the Norwegian case.
		But the reality is that the more the other Nordic countries define their security and defence policies in an EU perspective, and the more the EU becomes the core element of the new European security and defence order, the more difficult it will become to cooperate with Denmark in the sphere of security and defence.
	www.iss-eu.org /occasion/occ22.html (16744 words)

	Timetable
		11th of June 1536: In the Danish Civil War, a peasant army is massacred by Christian the III´s soldiers, at the Battle at Oxnebjerg.
		War between Denmark and Sweden breaks out, when Sweden wants to break Denmarks monopoly of the trade to Russia.
		The Great Nordic War breaks out, when Swedish troops land at Sjaeland.
	home5.inet.tele.dk /gla/timetab/timetab.html (1074 words)

	Jorgen Lundqvist: Northern Dimension
		Today the Nordic Council and the idea of Nordic cooperation has to take into account the facts of life that three of its member states also are a part of a wider Union with legislative and political ambitions, while Norway and Iceland stay outside.
		The Nordic dimension emanating from the Nordic council and the Common strategy of the European Union on Russia adopted by the European Union both have their advantages of being firmly tied to an institutional framework while the Northern Dimension is not - yet.
		1907, stipulates that states at war do not have the right to establish facilities or stations for radio or telegraphic transmission on the soil of a neutral state to serve as a means of communication with their armed forces at sea or on land.
	www.edc.spb.ru /publications/lun.htmle (4923 words)

	Êóëüòóðíàÿ êàðòà Åâðîïû: Peep Pillak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		As a result of the War of Independence, Estonia became an independent state which was fixed in the Peace Treaty signed by the Soviet Russia and the Republic of Estonia on February 2, 1920.
		In 1941, after the war between Germany and the Soviet Union had broken out, Estonia was occupied by Germany, and in 1944 until Estonia re-established its independence in 1991, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union (Soviet military units stayed on the territory of Estonia until August 1994).
		After the World War II when Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union, there was formed the massive exile community of Estonians, who have developed in the countries of their abode (Sweden, Germany, the United States, Canada, Australia, et al) national activities that are of vital significance in the continuity of Estonian state and culture.
	www.libfl.ru /restitution/conf/pillak.html (2860 words)

	German nationalist youth groups: Wandervogel contrast with other groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		An out growth of the strong thread of idealizing the Nordic roots of Germany and volk culture was an anti-semetic sentiment.
		While the Hitler Youth had the Nordic and volk culture of Wandervogel, the Hitler Youth in many ways were the antithesis of the Wanderogel.
		The Nordic folklore, especially pheons to Nordic war heros and legends became a mainstay of the Hitler Youth.
	histclo.hispeed.com /youth/youth/org/nat/ger/wander-yo.htm (1717 words)

	Nordic Peace Diplomacy: Looking Back, Moving Forward - DIIS
		The Nordic countries have played a major role in peace diplomacy for the past 100 years.
		During the Cold War, the Nordic countries provided 25 percent of all the military personnel deployed on United Nations peacekeeping operations, and Nordic mediators and envoys have helped to negotiate peace agreements and facilitate peace processes in the Middle East, Sri Lanka, Kosovo and Columbia.
		This conference brings together researchers, politicians, officials and opinion leaders to discuss how the Nordic peace diplomacy can continue to make a difference in the post-9/11 world characterised by the threat of terror and an increased resort to military force.
	www.diis.dk /sw9099.asp (404 words)

	The NORDIC FAQ (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Accordingly Finland's Civil War (1918) and Continuation War (1941-1944) are topics not yet covered.
		That site has unfortunately disappeared from the www, but there are some Nordic maps mirrored by Lysator.
		Nordic Council and Nordic Councill of Ministers has its own web-site with official information about the Nordic co-operation.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn (580 words)

	The 18th Century
		However, when the Great Nordic War broke out in 1700, the Army proved its inadequacy to extend and conduct a prolonged military campaign.
		Russian raids along the Swedish East coast during the Great Nordic War showed that a more effective archipelago fleet was needed.
		At specific intervals this fleet had come under the command of the Army and the other fleet, until 1873 when it was integrated into the Navy.
	www.mil.se /historia/english/18th.html (364 words)

	HyperWar: European Theater of Operations--Contents
		The War in Eastern Europe (June 1941 to May 1945)
		The War in North Africa, Part 1 (Operations in Egypt and Libya)
		The War in Western Europe, Part 1 (June 1944 to December 1944) [In progress]
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ETO (266 words)

	Swedens Art in the 18th Century \| Art Documentaries \| TV, HV, Educational rights \| HIGRADE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In 1700, the eighteen years old Karl XII of Sweden, left Stockholm to go to the Nordic War.
		The war ended in 1721 and was followed by an astonishing rise in culture and the arts.
		New impulses from France were conveyed to Sweden by Carl Gustaf Tessin, who took up with the architect Härleman, the construction of the Royal Palace in the capital.
	www.higrade.fr /zz208.php4 (212 words)

	Finland - Bibliography
		Beck, Peter J. "The Winter War in the International Context: Britain and the League of Nations' Role in the Russo-Finnish Dispute, 1939-1940," Journal of Baltic Studies, 12, Spring 1981, 58-73.
		Effects of the War on Economic and Social Life in Finland.
		Finland's Way to the Nordic Family During the 1920s and 1930s, Scandinavian Journal of History [Stockholm], 9, No. 3, 1984, 201-19.
	countrystudies.us /finland/143.htm (1929 words)

	HJG: Online Articles Index: Nordic notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		"Russian troops and navy in Finland and population of the Grand Duchy during World War I." Nordic notes 5 (2001).
		"Did the Danes collaborate with the Germans during World War II?: what were the consequences for the Danish Jews?" Nordic notes 3 (1999).
		"Why did Munch turn to the exploration of the themes of class and national identity, and how typical was his exploration of that genre?" Nordic notes 2 (1998).
	www.history-journals.de /articles/hjg-eartic-j00204.html (710 words)

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