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Topic: Norephedrine

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	UNODC - Changes in the scope of control of substances
		The Board finds that norephedrine is frequently used in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine and that the volume and extent of the illicit manufacture of amphetamine creates serious public health or social problems, so as to warrant international action.
		Norephedrine may be used in illicit drug manufacture, applying the same method, conditions and co-reagents, in the same way as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.
		The Board conducted an assessment of norephedrine in 1998 and found that the substance is frequently used in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine, and that the volume and extent of the illicit manufacture of amphetamine creates serious public health or social problems, so as to warrant international action.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/document_1999-12-21_1.html (2074 words)

	BeyondMass - AdipoKinetix--Let The Fat Fly Away
		The difference is that studies have shown norephedrine to be the most potent and most thermogenic of the ephedrine alkaloids.
		Another plus for norephedrine is that it doesn’t have the negative associations that ephedrine has—there are no Food and Drug Administration restrictions and no negative publicity.
		In the coming years norephedrine will definitely be the compound of choice for easy, effective weight loss—instead of the ECA stack, you’ll hear about the NCA stack.
	www.beyondmass.com /forums/showthread.php?threadid=3971 (702 words)

	YNCA Adipokinetix
		Again, norephedrine triumphs over ephedrine because it passes the blood-brain barrier much less the ephedrine therefore stimulating certain parts of the brain much less.
		The yohimbine would block the alpha sub 2 receptors, thus allowing the fat to be mobilized; the effects of the norephedrine, aspirin and caffeine would then do their part in burning this mobilized fat.
		Luckily, norephedrine is not as closely regulated and can easily be used in stacks for fat burning.
	www.qfac.com /articles/ynca.html (1065 words)

	US Pat 6,399,828 - Amphetamines from Phenylpropanolamines
		Norephedrine hydrochloride is commercially available and was used to illustrate in the reactions useful in this process.
		In one experiment, norephedrine free base in acetic acid was treated with 0.5 equivalents of sulfuric acid and then treated with 1.1 equivalents of acetic anhydride with heating to 63.degree.
		In another experiment, a 10 mol portion of norephedrine hydrochloride was acetylated with a 20% excess of acetic anhydride in 2 mL acetic acid/g of salt and progress of the reaction followed fours (Table 2).
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/amph.cth.ppa.html (3930 words)

	Enantiomeric alpha-Aminopropiophenones (Cathinone) - [www.rhodium.ws]
		The preparation of the optical antipodes of α-aminopropiophenone (cathinone) from norephedrine and an improved large-scale resolution of norephedrine are described.
		In this manner there was obtained, from racemic norephedrine, (-)-α-aminopropiophenone in 39% overall yield and the (+) enantiomer in 40% overall yield.
		It should be noted that use of an N-acetyl blocking group in the oxidation of norephedrine to α-aminopropiophenone was unsuitable because removal of the acetyl group led to racemization (~60%).
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/cathinone.html (2242 words)

	An Evaluation of l-Ephedrine Neurotoxicity with Respect to Hyperthermia and Caudate/Putamen Microdialysate Levels of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The labeled peaks indicate the 7.9 µM ephedrine and 0.2 µM norephedrine calculated to be present in microdialysate.
		The labeled peaks indicate the 8.4 µM ephedrine and 0.9 µM norephedrine calculated to be present in microdialysate.
		Levels of ephedrine and norephedrine in microdialysate are plotted on a logarithmic scale versus time of microdialysate fraction collection on a linear scale during the administration of 4 consecutive doses, given at 2-h intervals, of 25 mg/kg ip of l-ephedrine.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/55/1/133 (6157 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Federal Register 62 FR 30677 June 4, 1997 Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids Proposed Rule
		Norephedrine (also called phenylpropanolamine) is similar to ephedrine in its NS stimulant effects but has fewer CVS stimulant effects than ephedrine (Refs.
		Although norephedrine is often a minor ephedrine alkaloid constituent, in humans it can be produced from ingested ephedrine through normal metabolic processes (Refs.
		Results of several studies on blood pressure effects with the use of ephedrine alkaloids have indicated that individuals with hypertension may be at greater risk of blood pressure elevations with the use of ephedrine (reviewed in (Ref. 64)).
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~lrd/fr97064a.html (16454 words)

	Lycaeum > Leda > The chemistry of khat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is the main phenylalkylamine component of fresh khat, and pharmacological studies indicate that it may be the compound responsible for the characteristic stimulant activity and abuse potential of the plant.
		This observation is consistent with the GLC results [38], which showed that, depending on the conditions employed in the analysis of the extracts, the peak for norpseudoephedrine had a more or less pronounced shoulder.
		Independently, Schorno and Steinegger [44] identified norephedrine in khat by using NMR spectroscopy.
	leda.lycaeum.org /?ID=16634 (4958 words)

	Sun.Star Pampanga - Sison: Safety of PPA-laden medicine
		For his part, Romeo Sanga, deputy executive director of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), confirmed that norephedrine is classified as a "controlled precursor and essential chemical" under RA 9165.
		Under the law, Sanga continued, a permit is required for the importation or exportation of norephedrine.
		The DDB official also said there is no recorded incident or intelligence report of the use of norephedrine in the manufacture of methamphetamine or amphetamine in the Philippines.
	www.sunstar.com.ph /static/pam/2003/09/15/oped/mark.allen.sison.html (1032 words)

	anabolicsinternational.com
		Norephedrine (PPA) is a Thermogenic compound, which increases metabolic rate by activating the sympathetic nervous system.
		Norephedrine is a chemical cousin of ephedrine and acts on the region of the brain, which controls appetite.
		Triactaclen-2 offers a two-fold approach to enhancing the metabolism (burning of carbohydrates and fats for energy) while providing specific ratios of ingredients designed to work synergistically to achieve a common goal.
	www.anabolicsinternational.com /free/Fatburningrevolution.html (534 words)

	weights issue 2327
		My gut feeling is that because of the patents on tyrosine and ephedrine, companies are claiming norephedrine is better so they can sell norephedrine and tyrosine products.
		Norephedrine is a better anorectic agent (appetite suppressant) then ephedrine.
		Most companies have a BS factor in their ads/articles/etc. If you see any hype, divide the claims by a factor of 10 and now you have an idea of what the real world effect may be.
	www.weightsnet.com /weights/issue/2327 (2875 words)

	Possible Interactions with: Ephedra
		Phenylpropanolamine (also known as norephedrine, found in certain supplements); formerly in many over the counter and prescription remedies for cough and cold; was removed from the market by the FDA because of risk of bleeding stroke.
		Norephedrine found in certain dietary supplements for weight loss can cause liver damage.
		The publisher does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information or the consequences arising from the application, use, or misuse of any of the information contained herein, including any injury and/or damage to any person or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise.
	www.umm.edu /altmed/ConsHerbs/Interactions/Ephedrach.html (344 words)

	Fat Loss and Appetite Control - Fitnessprat.no (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		PPA is classified as a sympathomimetic (adrenergic) agent, which means that it mimics the effect of stimulating the organs and structures of the central nervous system.
		Of the two norephedrine enantiomers, (same chemical formulas, mirror images) d-norephedrine and l-norephedrine, the latter (l-norephedrine or 1r, 2s norephedrine) appears to be a more potent appetite suppressant.
		As previously described, caffeine along with norephedrine appear to be more effective together than alone at increasing fat-burning and preventing fat from being stored.
	www.fitnessprat.no /showthread.php?t=8417 (4602 words)

	Understanding The Ingredients in most Thermogenics - BodybuildingForYou - Bodybuilding Forums
		Norephedrine is no longer made and is banned for sale in the US.
		One final note, any products containing norephedrine are now off the shelves or soon will be so enquiring about them is almost a mute point.
		Keep in mind that because norephedrine and ephedrine occur naturally together in all ephedra based herbal products you can’t remove one without removing the other.
	www.bodybuildingforyou.com /forums/weight-loss-fatburners-central/12481-understanding-ingredients-most-thermogenics.html#post123867 (861 words)

	FDA Warning Letter, ThermoLife International (Lipodryl II)
		This product cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement because the norephedrine HCl used in the product appears to be a synthetic compound that is not derived from any botanical source.
		Synthetic norephedrine HCl is not plant-derived and cannot, therefore, be considered a constituent or extract of a botanical source.
		Consequently, FDA has determined that synthetic ephedrine alkaloids are not "dietary ingredients" as defined in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [the Act, Section 201 (ff)(1)].
	www.pharmcast.com /warningletters/Yr2002/June2002/ThemoLife0602.htm (580 words)

	Leaves of the khat plant harbour a key to improving men's fertility
		Cathinone is not very stable and is broken down into cathine (pseudonorephedrine) and norephedrine; all belong to a group of chemicals called phenylpropanolamines (PPAs), which are structurally similar to amphetamines and adrenaline.
		Mouse sperm were also tested for their responses to norephedrine.
		They found that cathine and norephedrine significantly stimulated capacitation in mouse sperm, while preventing the acrosome reaction.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-06/esfh-lot062804.php (871 words)

	Khat leaf chewing : the pharmacokinetics of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Khat leaf chewing : the pharmacokinetics of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine
		The aim was to study the pharmacokinetics of its alkaloids cathinone, cathine and norephedrine.
		The metabolism of cathinone to norephedrine had a substantial influence on its plasma concentration profile.
	www.biopsychiatry.com /khat-qat.htm (283 words)

	Biotest MD-6 Fat Loss Supplement
		Norephedrine is now on the FDA hit list, so we had to change the MD6 formula, replacing norephedrine with another potent metabolic stimulator.
		Based on our research and testing of the substitute stimulant, we've determined that, along with the norephedrine, we should remove the Guggul and replace it with 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan).
		Now, as a replacement for norephedrine, we debated between ephedrine HCl and a super extract of Ephedra sinica.
	www.leehayward.com /supplements/md6.htm (944 words)

	Adipokinetix alternatives? - Bodybuilding.com Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is why, when norephedrine is taken, you are more likely to experience the effect of appetite suppression as opposed to ECA.
		Norephedrine was asserted to be more thermogenic than ephedrine, but I have never seen any company explain as to how that may be.
		Also rememeber that, with the issue of the norephedrine scarcity, one should be suspicious of the numerous companies that are poping up offering alternatives to Adipo.
	forum.bodybuilding.com /showthread.php?s=&threadid=14932&highlight=Dante* (2446 words)

	Khat Plant May Enhance Male Fertility
		Researchers say cathinone is an unstable substance that then is broken down into cathine and norephedrine in the body.
		Although people who chew khat leaves say the plant can improve a man's sex drive and his ability to maintain an erection, researchers say that there has also been concern that the prolonged use of the plant may harm the male reproductive system.
		In this study, researchers examined the effects of cathine and norephedrine on mouse and human sperm in the laboratory.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/89/100328.htm (533 words)

	BeyondMass - Overcoming Those Dieting Blues!
		Again, norephedrine triumphs over ephedrine because it passes the blood-brain barrier much less than ephedrine therefore stimulating certain parts of the brain much less.
		The people that I have talked to feel that norephedrine has ideal stimulatory properties--just enough to cause some pep but not so much as to cause the person to feel badly.
		Of course, to potentiate the norephedrine we add caffeine and aspirin and voila we have the NCA stack.
	www.beyondmass.com /forums/showthread.php?threadid=3965 (1835 words)

	Shawn R. Hitchcock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Through synthetic methods, it is possible to use commercially available ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and norephedrine as enantiomerically enriched starting materials.
		S.R. Hitchcock, G.P. Nora, D.M. Casper, J.D. Wiman, J.T. Bentley, C. Stafford, M.D. Squire, "Synthesis of Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazinane-2-thiones Derived from Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine and Norephedrine," Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 39 (2002) 1113-1115.
		S.R. Hitchcock, D.M. Casper, G.P. Nora, J.R. Blackburn, J.T. Bentley, D.C. Taylor, "Synthesis of N4-Substituted [1,3,4]-oxadiazinan-2-ones Derived from Norephedrine," Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 39 (2002) 823-828.
	www.che.ilstu.edu /people/faculty/hitchcock.htm (383 words)

	Ingredients -- Ephedrine
		It is similar in form to the appetite control drug phenylpropanolamine (now banned in the U.S.), also known as norephedrine, meaning ephedrine whose methyl group has been replaced by a hydrogen.
		It is also similar to the controlled stimulant amphetamine, which is norephedrine with the hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen.
		Pseudoephedrine is an isomer of ephedrine, with the hydroxyl group on the other side of the molecule.
	sci-toys.com /ingredients/ephedrine.html (356 words)

	Fitflex.com Supplement Review: Biotest MD6 & Biotest MD6 Reviews
		Norephedrine is now on the FDA hit list, therefore we had to change the MD6 formula, replacing norephedrine by means of another strong in addition to effective metabolic stimulator.
		Based on our research in addition to testing of the substitute stimulant, we've determined that, along by means of the norephedrine, we should remove the Guggul in addition to replace it by means of 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan).
		Now, as a replacement for norephedrine, we debated between ephedrine HCl in addition to a super extract of Ephedra sinica.
	www.fitflex.com /biotest_md6_review.html (1203 words)

	Hardcore Dieting
		Studies have in fact shown norephedrine to be the most potent and the most thermogenic of all the ephedrine alkaloids, making this switch a very beneficial one.
		Since norephedrine does not cross the blood-brain barrier to the same extent as ephedrine we do not see the same level of central nervous system stimulation or side effects as with ephedrine.
		The properties of this drug are similar to ephedrine and norephedrine, which work mainly to stimulate certain adrenergic receptors.
	www.timinvermont.com /fitness/hardcore.htm (6085 words)

	TeenBodybuilding.com - Big Red - Fat Loss Supplement Review!
		In studies, norephedrine has been shown to be one of the most powerful fat burning ephedra alkaloids.
		When you buy a product that simply contains norephedrine, rather than the herb ephedra, you know that is the only alkaloid you are getting.
		Also, norephedrine doesn't cross the brain barrier as easily, so you don't feel as wired.
	www.teenbodybuilding.com /supreview2.htm (858 words)

	Ask Patrick Arnold #15
		Is there a difference between Norephedrine and Phenylpropanolamine or are they one and the same?
		There seems to be a trend among the fat burning supplements to get away from ephedrine containing compounds towards the former mentioned product.
		It is important to know that there are two different optical isomers of this compound.
	www.mesomorphosis.com /articles/arnold/19991122.htm (1399 words)

	UNODC - Voluntary international control of norephedrine
		Urges all Governments, in close cooperation with the International Narcotics Control Board and relevant branches of trade and industry, to establish or strengthen measures and codes of conduct governing trade in norephedrine, in accordance with their national legislation, to prevent the illegal diversion of norephedrine as a precursor;
		Urges Governments, to the extent possible under their national laws to initiate pre-export notification of norephedrine shipments between counterpart government agencies in exporting, importing and transit countries;
		Urges all Governments, to the extent possible under their national laws, to collect information on the extent of the licit production of, trade in and use of norephedrine, and to provide such information to the International Narcotics Control Board.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/resolution_1999-03-25_1.html (304 words)

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