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	Rus' (people) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "Normanist" theory suggests that Kievan Rus' may have been named after its Scandinavian overlords, much as was the case with Normandy.
		The Normanist theory was first elaborated by the German historian Gerhardt Friedrich Müller (1705-1783), who was invited to work in the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1748.
		In Karamzin's writing the normanist theory formed the basis and justification for Russian autocracy, and Pogodin used the theory to advance his view that Russia was immune to social upheavals and revolutions, because the Russian state originated from a voluntary treaty between the people of Novgorod and Varangian rulers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rus'_(people) (1571 words)

	Rus’
		One weakness of the theory is that it fails to explain why a Finnish term was adopted for a state founded by Swedes.
		Supporters of a third theory, that ‘Rus'’ is of Iranian origin, derive the etymology of the term from the Iranian
		Although it suitably explains the early occurrences of the name, this theory is vitiated by historical and geographic evidence.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/R/U/RushDA.htm (469 words)

	Wikipedia: Rus' (people)
		This theory is called the Normanist theory, as it suggests that Russia may have been named after Scandinavian overlords just as Normandy.
		This theory claims that the name Rus is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) signifying their maritime heritage.
		The question is whether East Slavic civilisation owes an element of its cultural origin to the Scandinavian rulers of the 9th to 11th centuries, as suggested by the Normanist theory, or whether that heritage can excusively attributed to the Slavs, as held by the Slavicists.\\ The question can become emotionally charged.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/r/ru/rus___people_.html (855 words)

	Rus' (people) - TheBestLinks.com - Normanist theory, Angles, Bear, Constantinople, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The question is whether East Slavic civilisation owes an element of its cultural origin to the Scandinavian rulers of the 9th to 11th centuries, as suggested by the Normanist theory, or whether that heritage can excusively attributed to the Slavs, as held by the Slavists.
		The proponents of the so-called "Normanist theory" of the Russian state - including Nikolai Karamzin and, later, Sergey Pogodin - wrote about the claims of the Primary Chronicle that the Varangians were invited by East Slavs to rule over them and bring order.
		In Karamzin's writing the normanist theory formed the basis and justification for Russian autocracy, and Pogodin used the theory to claim that the Russian state was immune to social upheavals and revolutions, because people's submission to their rulers was voluntary from the very beginning.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Normanist_theory.html (1252 words)

	NORMANISTS AND ANTI-NORMANISTS
		Supporters of so-called "Normanist theory" maintain that the sole reasons why the Old Russian state emerged were of external nature - in particular, that reportedly the Old Russian state acquired its forms not in result of development of internal processes among the East Slavs, but due to a Varangian invasion.
		The "Normanist theory" was introduced in the first half of the 18th century by the German historians - Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) and Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783).
		Such a theory, of course, would presume solely passive role of the Slavs, incapable to influence their own fates and demonstrate organization skills in the course of foundation of the state.
	cozy-corner.com /history_eng/link_books_normanists_antinormanists.htm (1446 words)

	Kyivan Rus’ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		theory rests mainly on a literal interpretation of the
		This theory was disputed by Ukrainian historians such as
		Hrushevsky's theories were for the most part adopted by Ukrainian historians and by some others.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/K/Y/KyivanRushDA.htm (1880 words)

	COMMENTARY/200 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Normanist’s hold that Vikings initially were the Rus of history.
		His conclusion is buttressed by his assertion that the Achilles heel of the Normanist Theory is the name Rus.
		The question of from where the name Rus derives, on which the Normanist Theory seems constructed if the Varangians being the founders of Kyvian Rus is to be believed, seems determinative.
	www.ukraine-observer.com /articles/200/521 (807 words)

	Where Did the Rusyns Come From?
		This "eastern theory" is used to justify the "Orthodox origin" of Carpatho-Rusyns.
		The newest theory proposed in the 1980s by the late Greek Catholic priest and historian from Slovakia.
		On the other hand, the Orthodox Church in America and the Patriarchal Exarchate (in which Carpatho-Rusyns are members) emphasize the "eastern theory" and, therefore, they participated fully in the millennium celebrations in 1988 to honor the Christianization of Kievan Rus' ("Kievan Russia").
	www.carpatho-rusyn.org /where.htm (938 words)

	Kievan Rus'
		According to the Normanist theory of the origins of "Rus'", this marked the beginnings of the state called "Kievan Rus'." In 907, Oleg led an attack against Constantinople, and in 911 he signed a commercial treaty with the Byzantine Empire as an equal partner.
		The new Slavic Kievan state prospered because it controlled the trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and because it had an abundant supply of furs, wax, honey, and slaves for export.
		Other historians have debated the role of the Varangians in the establishment of Kievan Rus', see Rus' for the discussion of the two main theories.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/k/ki/kievan_rus_.html (1806 words)

	Normans
		In Eastern Europe this development, and rapid expansion, was paralleled by the Rus' (Varangians) in Kievan Rus'.
		Some Slavic scholars are strongly opposed to this Normanist theory (see Rus' (people)).
		The most famous Norman leader was William the Conqueror (Duke William II, also known as king William I of England), who successfully led an invasion of the British isles in 1066.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/n/no/normans.html (584 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One-theory states, (The Normanist theory) that the feuding tribes had little confidence that they could ever maintain peace due to a lack order over the lands.
		As for another theory on the Kyivan Rus’ first rulers is a simple one.
		Many scholars refuse to realize the validity of the Normanist theory and declare that the first rulers of the Rus’ were merely an eastern tribe called the Polianians; a tribe which resided right near the town of Kyiv.
	www.personal.psu.edu /jrt204/kyivan_Rus.html (794 words)

	mikebknight: The Following (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The opposition challenges the method of derivation used by the Normanists and stresses that treaties of the time were written in Greek and Slavic.
		Naturally, support for the opposition theory is associated with the current revisionist trend in historical studies.
		I see myself in the compromise camp: the Norman and opposition theories cannot be completely discredited and aspects of each theory are not mutually exclusive.
	www.mikebknight.com /temp/000261.html (257 words)

	ONE
		Riurik, the Normanists claim, fundamentally shaped the culture and political institutions of Russia, which during its first two centuries assumed a distinctly Scandinavian character.
		In theory, the scheme seemed ideal, but as the number of princes multiplied the system became hopelessly confusing.
		For example, according to the official rules, the elder son of the first brother in a princely generation was considered genealogically equal to his third uncle (that is, the fourth brother).
	www.oneworld-publications.com /books/texts/russia-a-short-history-chapter.htm (7053 words)

	INTERVIEW: Ihor Sevcenko on the significance of Hrushevsky in translation (11/09/97)
		However, when I was leafing through this volume, I was struck how Braudelian Hrushevsky was in his stress on the formative function of territory, of its geographical characteristics, on the history of its inhabitants.
		Fernand Braudel [the late author of "A History of Civilization" and founder of the "Eistoire Totale" school in modern historiography] is the inventor of the theory of the long-range developments in history, as opposed to the history of events.
		In this sense, it is less important to know that George Washington was president of the United States than to be able to analyze the overall process by which a powerful new polity was created on the North American continent.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1997/459719.shtml (1913 words)

	Germanic peoples - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		From the Migrations Period and forth, Germanic peoples are often referred to as quick to assimilate into foreign cultures.
		Established examples include the Romanized Norsemen in Normandy, and the societal elite in medieval Russia among whom many were the descendants of Slavified Norsemen (a theory, however, contested by some Slavic scholars in the former Soviet Union, who name it the Normanist theory).
		The island of Great Britain is similarly considered an example of assimilation, where Norsemen and other Germanics have assimilated with Celts; but where also a Romanizing influence has been considerable.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Germanic_peoples (641 words)

	DUO - Digital utgivelse ved Universitetet i Oslo - The historiography of Normanist and anti-Normanist theories on the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Normanist theory is one of the main controversial aspects in the history of Rus / Russian / Ukrainian.
		For many decades, the Normanist theory of origins of Rus´ has been firmly considered to be correct.
		Adherents of the Normanist theory also stressed the abundance of Scandinavian terms in the Russian language, especially in regard to the hydronyms (river / water / sea related terms): terms lahta (gulf), motka (way), voloknema (cape), sora (river-branch) and a few others seem to be of Scandinavian origin.
	urn.nb.no /URN:NBN:no-8998 (1009 words)

	ETYMOLOGY OF RUS AND DERIVATIVES FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		According to the ''Normanist'' theory, which has the broader traditional acceptance in the West, the word "Rus'" was adopted by the Slavs from the Norse root ''roðr'', in compounds ''roþs-'' (''roths-''), either directly or via the Finnish ''Ruotsi''.
		This root is the same as the English ''row'' and may have referred to the fact that the Varangians mainly ''rowed'' down the East European waterways; cf.
		These theories garner a narrower support among western scholars but are widely popular within Russian historical thought.
	www.freecabbagepatchkids.com /en:Etymology_of_Rus_and_derivatives (1894 words)

	Rusyns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This issue relates to the beginning of a medieval state called Kievan Rus’, which at its height in the eleventh century extended its sphere of influence over what are today the states of Russia (west of the Urals), Belarus, and Ukraine (north of the open steppe zone).
		Some scholars (supporters of the so-called Normanist theory) believe that Rus’ derives from either a Finnish (ruotsi) or an Old Nordic (ropsmenn, ropskarlar) term, which the Finnic tribes living in what is today northern Russia used to describe adventurers who came from Sweden and created the state that subsequently was called Kievan Rus’.
		Still other scholars argue that Rus’ is originally not associated with any particular ethnic group or tribe, but derives from the name of an international trading company Rūs, which plied the North Sea from the sixth century and that supplied the individuals who helped form Kievan Rus’ in the ninth century.
	www.rusyn.org /pop_rusyns.htm (903 words)

	Pritsak. Origin of Rus
		From these, academician Mueller developed the theory that the ancient state of Kievan Rus' was founded by Norsemen, and it was this theory that he began to propound in his speech
		The Normanists believe (the word believe is used here to characterize the intellectual climate in question) in the Norse origin of the term Rus'.
		The Anti-Normanists attribute to this "native" Slavic element a decisive role in the state-building process of that period, particularly that of Kievan Rus'.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/classes/pritsak.html (3629 words)

	[No title]
		Attempts to identify this people have been the stuff of controversy for almost two centuries and have largely focused on how this description can be made to contribute to the Normanist Controversy (the principal, but by no means the only, controversy concerns the extent of Viking involvement in the creation of Russia).
		Pavel Dolukhanov, however, a leading authority on the archaeology of the period, in his The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus, Harlow, 1996, is the most sophisticated and persuasive exponent of an essentially anti-Normanist, pro-Slav stance.
		In 1970 I. …Saskol’skij, in a survey of modern trends within the Normanist problem (“Recent Developments in the Normanist Controversy,” in Varangian Problems, Scando Slavica Supplementum 1 [Copenhagen 1970, 21–38], hereafter VP), called for a reassessment and thorough scrutiny of “the Oriental (Arabic and Persian) sources on the history of ancient Rus’” (31).
	www.baldrthebarbarian.com /Ibn.html (9585 words)

	Rurik
		However, some associate him with his contemporary Danish namesake Rörek of Jutland.
		There is a theory that Rurik, due to the common intermarriages between Varangians and Slav women, was both Slav and Scandinavian, but there are no sources about this.
		Another theory claims that he was wendish but it is not clear on what grounds this is based.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Rurik (318 words)

	Origin of the Rus
		There are three theories discussed in the textbook on the origin of the people of Kievan Rus.
		The Norman theory (Scandinavian), dealing with the Varangians, the Soviet anti-Normanist theory, dealing with the Slavics, and the middle of the road theory which blends the first two with some other facts theorized by Western Europeans.
		There are as many theories as there are people to listen to them.
	www.radessays.com /viewpaper.php?nats=MTAxMzoyOjE&request=28208 (133 words)

	Toward Political Organization
		The Hungarians, however, as the Magyars were called by their neighbors, have always contested that theory of Rumanian continuity, which is one of the most controversial problems in the history of East Central Europe.
		That philological puzzle would not be so important for the historian if it were not part of the general controversy between “Normanists” and “Anti-Normanists” which started in eighteenth-century historiography and is far from being decided even today.
		According to the first of these two schools, it was the Normans who, bringing even the name of Rus from Scandinavia, played a decisive role in the formation of the Russian State, giving to the tribes of the Eastern Slavs their first political organization and remaining their real leaders throughout the ninth and tenth centuries.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/3.htm (4576 words)

	Study Guide -- Eurasian Studies 201 Test One
		There are two basic theories on the origin of a unified East Slavic state (which came to be known as Rus (Rus;), probably after the Finnic name for the Vikings, Ruotsi, who founded this state).
		Know the difference between the Normanist Theory (Vikings founded Kiev and the unified state of Rus; "Norman" derives from "northmen") and the Anti-Normanist Theory (the Slavs did it all themselves through gradual local development and absorption of foreign influence from neighboring states).
		I personally believe the Norman Theory is essentially correct and that it was the arrival of the Vikings (in Russian history they are called Varangians, varq¡gi) who served as political catalyst for the unification of the dozen or so East Slavic tribes into a single polity.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/russ110/t1_studyguide.htm (5782 words)

	The Vikings
		The Normanist Theory suggests that Kievan Rus' may have been named after its Scandinavian overlords (as was the case with Normandy).
		According to the Primary Chronicle, an historical compilation attributed to the 12th century, the Rus was a group of Varangians who lived on the other side of the Baltic sea, in Scandinavia.
		The Normanist theory is also based on Ibn Fadlan (Rusiyyah) for a group of people who are usually recognised as Vikings near Astrakhan, and on the Persian traveller Ibn Rustah who allegedly visited Novgorod and described how the Rus exploited the Slavs.
	www.aspects.net /~janus/vikings.htm (6216 words)

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