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Topic: Norse language

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	Norwegian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century.
		The languages now spoken in Scandinavia developed from the Old Norse language, which did not differ greatly between what are now Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish areas.
		Danish, a language since mediæval times mostly influenced by Low German, came to be the primary language of the Norwegian elite, although adoption was slower among the commoners.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Nynorsk (2038 words)

	Old Norse language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Old Norse is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.
		Its modern descendants are the West Norse languages of Icelandic, Norwegian (nynorsk), Faroese and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands as well as the East Scandinavian languages of Swedish, Danish and Norwegian (bokmål/riksmål).
		The earliest inscriptions in Old Norse are runic, from the 8th century (although there are 200 inscriptions in Proto-Norse going as far back as the 2nd century), and runes continued to be used for a thousand years.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Old_Norse_language (2644 words)

	Encyclopedia: Norse language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A North Germanic language is any of several Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia, parts of Finland and on the islands west of Scandinavia.
		Due to the long dominance of Danish in Norway, Bokmål, the first written standard language in Norway and now the dominating official language, is often considered continental.
		All North Germanic languages are thought to be descended from the Old Norse language.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Norse-language (460 words)

	Old Norse language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its modern descendants are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands as well as the East Scandinavian languages of Danish and Swedish.
		Various other languages, which are not closely related, have been heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the Norman dialects and Scottish Gaelic.
		Indo-European Language Resources The resources in question are mostly Germanic, including two dictionaries of Old Icelandic (in English), two grammars of Old Icelandic (one in English, one in German) and a grammar of Old Swedish (in German).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Norse_language (2729 words)

	Norse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Norse is an adjective relating things to Scandinavia and may be used in a number of ways:
		North Germanic languages (through the synonym "Nordic languages"), a group of modern languages spoken in Scandinavia and nearby lands
		Old Norse language, the Germanic language in use from 800 A.D. to 1300 A.D. Norse art, Scandinavian art of period 400 A.D. to 1066 A.D. and sometimes of the pre-historic period 1700 B.C. to 500 B.C. This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Norse (213 words)

	Old Norse language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Old Norse was mutually intelligible with (English prior to about 1100) Old English and (Low German prior to 1200) Old Saxon and other (A German dialect spoken in northern Germany) Low German languages spoken in Northern Germany.
		Old West Norse was also characterized by u- (A diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel in German to indicate a change in sound) umlaut, which meant that e.g.
		The influence from East Norse had only begun and was continued after the union with (A constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea) Denmark in 1380.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/ol/old_norse_language.htm (2604 words)

	Orkneyjar - Norn, the language of Orkney
		The scale of settlement soon saw the new language practically obliterate whatever indigenous language was spoken in Orkney, and Norn became the dominant form of speech.
		Norn remained the language of Orkney until the early fifteenth century, but contrary to popular belief, its decline began well before 1468, when the islands were annexed to Scotland.
		The Norse settled the isles from the eight century onwards and brought with them their own language, Old Norse, which supplanted the Pictish language.
	www.orkneyjar.com /orkney/norn.htm (647 words)

	North Germanic
		Norse is another name for the North Germanic, or Scandinavian, group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Germanic languages).
		The bulk of medieval Norse literature, and the most readable today, survives in the form of sagas, that is, prose narratives, sometimes interspersed with verse, which relate the lives of legendary or historical figures with objectivity and skillful characterization and which reflect the old Icelandic devotion to personal honor and family.
		It is the official language of Sweden and one of the official languages of Finland, and it is spoken by about 9 million people: 7,500,000 in Sweden, 500,000 in Finland and Estonia, and 1 million in the United States and Canada.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/north.htm (2920 words)

	Old Norse orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The orthography of the Old Norse language since the introduction of the Latin alphabet in Iceland is a thorny subject.
		The original which are the source of our knowledge of Norse mythology did not employ a unified system of spelling.
		For the convenience of English writers and readers the Old Norse characters not used in English are commonly replaced with English ones.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Old_Norse_orthography (577 words)

	AllRefer.com - Norse (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		The modern Norse languages : Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish : all stem from an earlier form of Norse known as Old Norse.
		The earliest extant Old Norse manuscripts in the Roman alphabet are from the 12th cent.
		Old Norse is also noteworthy as the language of the Eddas and sagas (see Old Norse literature; Icelandic literature).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/Norse.html (245 words)

	Lesson One
		In studying arcane languages, one must deal with this by "reliving" and "realizing" the language, by familiarizing oneself with the culture of the language's former speakers and imagining the life behind it.
		One must understand that it was once the native language of a whole nation of people of all kinds, to whom it was as dear and natural as your first language is to you.
		Thus the nominative in Norse serves as subject and compliment and the accusative as object and prepositional.
	www.hi.is /~haukurth/norse/olessons/lesson1.php?colors=1 (2466 words)

	The Norse
		Although the Norse conquered and settled areas in northern England, northern France, Russia, Ireland, Scotland, the Orkneys, Iceland, Greenland, and even settled as far as North America in the west and Byzantium in the east, only Iceland and Normandy in the north of France became permanent, lasting polities under the Norse settlers.
		The Norse who had the temerity to sail west beyond the coast of England found an island warmed by vulcanism and the Gulf Stream that was ripe for the picking.
		England, which had been raided by the Norse, ruled by the Danish in the regions called the Danelaw, ruled again in the north by the Danish king Canute, finally fell completely into the hands of the Norse, or at least their descendants, the Normans.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/NORSE.HTM (2846 words)

	Language -- The Norn influence on the language of Shetland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Language -- The Norn influence on the language of Shetland
		As would be expected, the language was similar to that spoken in the nearest land masses, namely Orkney and northern Scotland.
		A few of the words from this Gaelic language were retained by the later Norse settlers, who first arrived around 800, and these survived into the 19th century, when they were recorded.
	www.verbix.com /documents/norn.htm (1006 words)

	GR Burgess's Old Norse Page
		Old Norse is the language spoken and written by the inhabitants of Scandinavia around 1000 A.D. and earlier.
		Languages within these families are closely related, and probably originated from the same early language.
		You should study Old Norse because it is your best source of information in understanding how early Germanic people thought, what their world was like, and what was important to them, and it is your best source for understanding the early history of all Germanic languages, including German, English, and the Scandinavian languages.
	odin.bio.miami.edu /norse (3036 words)

	Old Norse language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Old Norse, the language of the Vikings, is a North Germanic language once spoken in Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and in parts of Russia, France and the British Isles.
		The modern language most closely related to Old Norse is Icelandic, the written form of which has changed little over the years, while the spoken form has undergone significant changes.
		Between 800 and 1050 AD a division began to appear between East Norse, which developed into Swedish and Danish, and West Norse, which developed into Norwegian, Faroese, Icelandic and Norn, an extinct language once spoken in Shetland, Orkney, and northern parts of Scotland.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/oldnorse.htm (284 words)

	Read about Old Norse language at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Old Norse language and learn about Old Norse ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The two dialects Old West Norse and Old East Norse were very similar and were considered by their speakers to be one and the same language.
		Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands as well as the East Scandinavian languages of
		Indo-European Language Resources (http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/language_resources.html) The resources in question are mostly Germanic, including two dictionaries of Old Icelandic (in English), two grammars of Old Icelandic (one in English, one in German) and a grammar of Old Swedish (in German).
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Old_Norse (1523 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic languages: conjugate Old Norse verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Old Norse is classical North Germanic language used from roughly 1150 to 1350.
		Old Norse is the literary language of the Icelandic sagas, skaldic poems, and Eddas.
		Old Norse is the parent language of the three modern languages, Icelandic, Faroese, and Norwegian, and one extinct language called Norn.
	www.verbix.com /languages/oldnorse.shtml (107 words)

	Courses available 2005-06: Undergraduate degree in Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic
		The Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic Tripos is concerned with the history, material culture, language and literature of the different peoples of Britain, Brittany, Ireland and Scandinavia in the Middle Ages (from the fourth century to the twelfth).
		Scandinavian languages and literatures from the beginnings to the end of the Middle Ages are studied.
		Welsh language and literature from the beginnings to the end of the Middle Ages are studied.
	www.cam.ac.uk /cambuniv/guide/ugcourses/anc.html (1725 words)

	Norwegian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Together with these two languages, Norwegian belongs to the Northern, or Scandinavian group of the Germanic languages.
		As established by law and governmental policy, there are currently two official forms of written Norwegian — Bokmål (literally "book language") and Nynorsk (literally "new Norwegian").
		The Norwegian Language Council recommends the terms Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk in English, but others may prefer different terms.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Norwegian_language (2038 words)

	Norwegian language
		[national language] and Dano-Norwegian, was greatly influenced by Danish, which was the dominant language of officialdom when Norway was under Danish rule (1397–1814).
		The language of the cities, the official and professional classes, and literature,
		Sami heritage language program models: balancing indigenous traditions and western ideologies within the Norwegian educational system.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0836049.html (443 words)

	H-Net Review: R. A. Buck on Language and History in Viking Age England: Linguistic Relations between Speakers of Old ...
		Chapter 1, "Introduction: Anglo-Norse Language Contact," is delightful reading, for it reminds us of the questions we should be asking about language when we encounter texts and historical records of the period that name these two groups of speakers as participants.
		Chapter 2, for instance, "The Languages: Viking Age Norse and English," focuses on questions of cultural interaction between the two groups of speakers after the Germanic migration to England in the fifth century and up to the Viking invasions in the ninth century.
		His evidence demonstrates that the language situation was not one of bilingualism (requiring interpreters), for different types of lexical substitutions would be expected if that were the case.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=198291062149503 (1137 words)

	Norse_language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The North Germanic languages (also Scandinavian languages or Nordic languages) is a branch of the Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia, parts of Finland and on the Faroe Islands and Iceland.
		Due to the long dominance of Danish in Norway, Bokmål/Riksmål (Standard Norwegian), the first written standard language in Norway and now the dominating official language, is considered Continental.
		All North Germanic languages are thought to be descended from Proto-Norse.
	www.freecaviar.com /search.php?title=Norse_language (480 words)

	Language
		You could say that a culture is defined by their language (but then, how else can you define except in terms of language?).
		Tolkien's great work of fiction found its genesis in language -- as he invented his new languages, he had to invent the peoples who spoke them and the history that changed them.
		Klingon Language Institute deals with a fictional language that was actually developed by a linguist.
	www.bmarch.atfreeweb.com /language.htm (562 words)

	Learning Old Norse
		The early part of the book is a series of extracts in Old Norse followed by a rather full but terse grammar.
		Unless you are already very familiar with how to learn a foreign language from a grammar summary approach, this is not going to help you much in the beginning stages.
		While modern Icelandic is not the same as Old Icelandic/Old Norse (for purposes here I am not distinguishing the two), it is still close enough that if you start with modern Icelandic it i fairly easy to convert over to the medieval forms.
	has55.www9.50megs.com /OldIcel/LearningOldNorse.html (1169 words)

	Short history of the English language, from Rome to 20th century
		Their Celtic languages still survive as 'Gaelic' in Scotland and Ireland, 'Welsh', in Wales, and 'Manx' in the Isle of Man, as well as 'Breton' in France.
		Though today, because language has changed, it is difficult in places to understand, even for native English speakers, many people still use it.
		For example, those of us who know and love France, realise that the French regret the way their language may not be so much of an international language as it used to be.
	www.soon.org.uk /page18.htm (1060 words)

	Elder FUTHARK (Norse Runes)
		The Elder Futhark (Norse Runes) are a collection of 24 symbols divided into three families or aettr.
		They were inscribed on amulets for protection, luck in battle, etc. As the old Norse language had no future tense, these runes were not used for definitive future predictions, but could be consulted to understand trends based in the present (leaving the reader to extrapolate outward as appropriate).
		I'm not great with languages, so I don't see massive progress occurring on this in the near future.
	members.aol.com /JehanaS/futhark (412 words)

	Bibliography of Sources for Learning Old Norse and Modern Scandinavian Languages
		Since Old Norse is a dead language, there is no need (according to the folks who write dictionaries) for an English-to-Old-Norse dictionary.
		When I must for some reason figure out what the Old Norse equivalent of a word is, first, I look up the word in all the modern Scandinavian languages and note the results.
		Includes language constructions that are no longer in use in spoken Icelandic (for instance, the formal "you").
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /VikLangBib.htm (1083 words)

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