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	U.S. Set to Retain Smallpox Stocks
		Administration officials said the remaining American smallpox samples, which are stored at a laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, should not be destroyed until the nation develops at least two licensed antiviral drugs, a vaccine that can be taken by the entire population, and other defensive measures.
		The eradication of smallpox as a disease is considered one of medicine's greatest triumphs and experts said the Bush administration's decision is likely to anger many doctors and scientists, particularly those in developing nations ravaged by the disease only a quarter of a century ago.
		Russia has vigorously argued that there are clandestine stocks of smallpox virus throughout the world and that retaining the virus could speed the development of new drugs to fight a possible outbreak, whether because of terrorism or other factors.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/usretainsmallpox.html (1136 words)

	North American smallpox epidemic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between 1775 and 1782, a smallpox epidemic raged across much of North America.
		The town of Boston during the British occupation and the American siege of 1775.
		Smallpox ravaged the populations of escaped slaves who fled to the British lines in the South during the American Revolutionary War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_American_smallpox_epidemic (166 words)

	Smallpox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Smallpox was responsible for an estimated 300-500 million deaths in the 20th century.
		Smallpox vaccination was discontinued in most countries in the 1970s as the risks of vaccination include death (~1 per million), among other serious side effects.
		In the meantime smallpox was devastating the Aztec population.
	www.infothis.com /find/Smallpox (3971 words)

	SMALLPOX: The Weapon // Viewzone
		The Pharaoh Ramses V died of smallpox in 1157 B.C. The disease reached Europe in 710 A.D. and was transferred to America by Hernando Cortez in 1520.
		Mortality of smallpox varies from 10 percent to 30 percent, depending on the age of the population.
		In 1984, when the world's remaining smallpox samples were moved to two high security laboratories in Russia and America, no inspections were carried out to verify that other countries had destroyed their stocks of the virus.
	www.viewzone.com /smallpox.html (1618 words)

	SparkNotes: Pre-Revolutionary America (1763-1776): The British on the Frontier
		As a result of the increased tension in North America, especially between the Native Americans and the British, the British government decided that rather than recall its entire army, 10,000 troops would remain behind to protect the empire's interests in the newly acquired territory.
		The history of the colonization of North America is also the history of forced western migration for the continent's Native Americans.
		After the British became the controlling power in North America, many colonists had grown excited about the prospects of settling in the west, and expansion was universally considered to be the path to prosperity.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/american/prerevolution/section2.rhtml (993 words)

	[No title]
		Before vaccination was invented, in 1796, smallpox epidemics could change the course of history, killing as many as half their victims and crippling entire civilizations.
		Americans born before 1972 can probably run their fingers over a dime-sized scar on their arms or legs, where they were immunized as children.
		Henderson recalls the smallpox conflagration that was sparked in Bangladesh in 1971 by the savage civil war that led to the country's independence from Pakistan.
	www.mercola.com /2001/nov/14/smallpox.htm (3193 words)

	1775 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		April 18 - American Revolutionary War: Paul Revere makes his famous midnight ride - "Listen my children, and you shall hear of the midnight ride of Paul Revere on the eighteenth of April, in seventy-five; hardly a man is now alive who remembers that famous day and year" (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow).
		April 19 - American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Lexington and Concord begins at dawn with a volley on 70 armed Massachusetts militiamen on Lexington Green by the British advance guard, which leaves 8 dead and 10 wounded - "the shot heard around the world".
		American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the Continental Marines (later renamed the United States Marine Corps) to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy (the Marines were disbanded at end of war in April of 1783 but were reformed on July 11, 1798).
	in-northcarolina.com /search/1775.html (985 words)

	Smallpox Vaccination Risks
		A slight of the hand trick was used to foster the claim that smallpox was eradicated by the vaccination practice.
		The papular eruption of smallpox is purposely created and chosen as the correct channel at the time for the elimination of these types of noxious substances.
		Smallpox is a disease of the bon-vivant, epicurean, who overeats on a daily basis, especially on animal foods.
	www.tetrahedron.org /articles/vaccine_awareness/smallpox_vaccine_risks.html (2990 words)

	Smallpox
		Smallpox is characterised in its classical form by the sudden onset of fever, headache, backache, vomiting, marked prostration and even delirium.
		With Edward Jenner's demonstration in 1796 that an infection caused by cowpox protected against smallpox and the rapid diffusion worldwide of the practice of cowpox inoculation (ie, vaccination), the potential threat of smallpox as a bioweapon was greatly diminished.
		The seasonal occurrence of smallpox was similar to that of chickenpox and measlesits incidence was highest during winter and early spring.16 This pattern was consonant with the observation that the duration of survival of orthopoxviruses in the aerosolized form was inversely proportional to both temperature and humidity.
	smallpox.phages.org (2346 words)

	Smallpox/Variola
		The first documented case of smallpox is thought to be the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses V who lost his life to the disease in 1157 B.C. Soon after, smallpox began to spread like wildfire throughout the world.
		Smallpox outbreaks reached plague proportions in European cities in the 18th century and during this time five reigning monarchs died from it.
		Smallpox was the first and to date only disease ever eradicated by man. However, stocks of the variola virus are still kept at the CDC in Atlanta and in an institute in Moscow.
	www.rhodes.edu /biology/glindquester/viruses/pagespass/smallpox/smallpox.html (3129 words)

	Smallpox
		It is also important to remember that during the smallpox epidemics in the 1960s and 1970s in Europe, there was considerable public alarm whenever outbreaks occurred and, often, a demand for mass vaccination throughout a very widespread area, even when the vaccination coverage of the population was high.
		Smallpox is a highly contagious virus that is usually spread through the air and infects 30% of the people who are exposed to it.
		Smallpox infection among personnel who handled laundry from infected patients has been well documented and it is believed that virus in such material remains viable for extended periods.
	www.alpharubicon.com /basicnbc/smallpoxfuchi.htm (2364 words)

	North American Smallpox Epidemic [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Between 1775 and 1782, a smallpox Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans.
		The American invasion of QuebecThe Arnold Expedition refers to the eastern invasion of Canada in 1775 by forces of the Continental Army led by Benedict Arnold.
		Smallpox ravaged the populations of escaped slaves who fled to the British lines in the South during the American Revolutionary WarThe American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war fought primarily between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen of her North American colonies.
	www.wikimirror.com /North_American_smallpox_epidemic (631 words)

	K.N.O.W. Vaccines Bioterrorism
		Smallpox outbreaks and epidemics have invariably been the call of Nature to responsible authorities at home: "Put your house in order"; personal municipal, and civic cleanliness has been her unvarying demand, a demand which was couched in one striking injunction by the prophet of old: "Wash and be clean."
		When, after time epidemic was over, investigation was made, the pipes were found to be broken in all directions; in fact, the whole district of--for the most part--crowded houses, many of them back-to-back with no through ventilation, lay over what was nothing more nor less than a huge cesspit.
		A woman employed in the early part of the epidemic as solitary night nurse told me that time sight and screaming of these poor children at night as they ran about the wards in delirium so completely unnerved her that she was obliged to leave.
	www.know-vaccines.org /smallpox.html (2308 words)

	[No title]
		Smallpox has not re-emerged from an unrecognized human or animal reservoir, from a variolator's store of infected scabs, or infected cadaver, either unearthed or thawed.
		This epidemic brought the city to the edge of disaster in 1902.
		Thanks to their efforts, this would be the last smallpox epidemic in the city of Cleveland.
	www.lycos.com /info/smallpox--disease-control.html (475 words)

	Take Our Word For It, page four, Sez You...
		In his discussion of the adoption of the fork, knife, and spoon, he notes that the American colonists evolved a utensil practice that differed from the one in their parent countries.
		Forks being rare in the American colonies in the seventeenth century, the rough colonists used a spoon with their knives.
		The American hand switch of the spoon was transferred to the fork when it replaced the spoon in the left hand.
	www.takeourword.com /TOW173/page4.html (1761 words)

	Smallpox articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		If a victim of ordinary smallpox survives for the course of the disease, the pustules will deflate in time (the duration is variable), and will start to dry up, usually beginning on day 28.
		This form of smallpox occurs in anywhere from 3-25% of fatal cases (depending on the virulence of the smallpox strain).
		The last major European outbreak of smallpox was the 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia.
	www.startlearningnow.com /smallpox.htm (3962 words)

	American Revolutionary War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Most American Indian communities east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, many dividing over the question of which side to support.
		Lieutenant General Thomas Gage, already the Commander-in-chief of British troops in North America, was also appointed governor of Massachusetts and was instructed by George III of the United Kingdom government to enforce royal authority in the troublesome colony.
		Full of resentment, Native Americans reluctantly confirmed these land cessions with the United States in a series of treaties, but the result was essentially an armed truce â” the fighting would be renewed in conflicts along the frontier, the largest being the Northwest Indian War.
	www.wilmingtonnc.biz /search/American_Revolutionary_War.html (5534 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/North American smallpox epidemic
		Between 1775 and 1782, a smallpox epidemic raged across much of North America, killing more than 130,000 people.
		The town of Boston during the British occupation and the American siege of 1775.
		Smallpox ravaged the populations of escaped slaves who fled to the British lines in the South during the American Revolutionary War.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/North_American_smallpox_epidemic (172 words)

	02-017t (Smallpox in New England)
		For the smallpox virus to survive for protracted intervals as a potentially infectious agent, a large, vulnerable population living close to each other is required, with many newborns constantly replenishing the pool of susceptibles.
		Thus, as the interval between smallpox epidemics lengthened, the fraction of the population with immunity to smallpox diminished, the number of susceptibles increased, and the likelihood of a major epidemic was heightened.
		Smallpox was highly contagious and was therefore a frequent companion of mercantile ventures, invading armies, fleeing masses of refugees, and religious pilgrimages.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/News_Bureau/2002-03/02-017t.html (6015 words)

	Blue Corn Comics -- The Facts About Blankets with Smallpox
		While there was a smallpox epidemic on the Plains in 1837—historians agree, and all evidence points to the fact—that it was accidental, and the Army wasn't involved.
		Though a connection cannot be proven, a smallpox epidemic erupted in the Ohio Valley that may have been the result of distributing infected articles at Fort Pitt.
		Allied with the French forces during the French and Indian War (the North American branch of the Seven Years' War), Pontiac was hunted by the British alter the French withdrawal.
	www.bluecorncomics.com /smallpox.htm (3788 words)

	The Lasker Foundation \| Smallpox
		Because vaccine to prevent smallpox carries an element of risk, the national policy for everyone, other than for the military, is being implemented on a volunteer basis and predicated on the potential for exposure to the disease in the event of attack.
		Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals.
		Smallpox and things like that get caught up in others - military mills, defense mills, all kinds of things that don't affect the delivery of medical care, per se, and that's why medical care is a more direct response from research to application.
	www.laskerfoundation.org /rprimers/inews/2003/spox/smallpox_top.html (8445 words)

	Smallpox Native American Plains Indian Genocide Pictures
		By 1840, smallpox vaccination in Britain was free for all infants.
		The 1837 smallpox outbreaks were initially confined to the Indian tribes that lived by, or had come to trade at, the upper Missouri River trading posts.
		The Indian of North America was as ardent as the white man, free, brave, preferring death to surrender, moral and responsible without compulsion of government, loving to his children, caring and loyal to family and friends, and equal to whites in vivacity and activity of mind.
	www.thefurtrapper.com /indian_smallpox.htm (8444 words)

	THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
		The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a conflict that erupted between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen British colonies, who declared their independence as the United States of America in 1776.
		American militia were sometimes adept at partisan warfare, and were particularly effective at suppressing Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area.
		American militiamen and their Indian allies marched to relieve the siege, but were ambushed and scattered at the Battle of Oriskany on August 6.
	www.solarnavigator.net /history/american_war_of_independence.htm (5985 words)

	Elizabeth Fenn: Pox Americana (excerpts)
		In the years of the American Revolution, long before the two explorers forged a unified continent in the American psyche, converging military, political, social, environmental, and economic upheavals had unwittingly united North Americans far and wide in a common, if horrific, experience.
		That experience was epidemic smallpox, passed from one human being to another in a chain of connections as terrible as it was stunning.
		While the American Revolution may have defined the era for history, epidemic smallpox nevertheless defined it for many of the Americans who lived and died in that time.
	www.nativeweb.org /pages/legal/amherst/fenn.html (1293 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hidatsa (North American Indigenous Peoples) - Encyclopedia
		Hidatsa[hEdAt´sA] Pronunciation Key, Native North Americans, also known as the Minitari and the Gros Ventre.
		After their separation from the Crow, with whom they were united before the historic period, they occupied several agricultural villages on the upper Missouri River in North Dakota and were in close alliance with the occupants of other villages, the Arikara and the Mandan.
		After the smallpox epidemic of 1837, they moved up the Missouri and established themselves close to the trading post of Fort Berthold.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hidatsa.html (289 words)

	StrategyPage.com - The War Against Smallpox
		Two months later Cortes returned and took the great city amidst a raging smallpox epidemic that left so many dead he was forced to abandon his conquest for sixty days until the natural decomposition of the enormous numbers of dead had rendered the city fit to live in again.
		Smallpox moved with the army and the civilians to spread thoughout he empire and materially aid the Spanish conquest.
		In 1776 the American colonial army was driven from Montreal and hence, lost Quebec and all of Canada.
	www.strategypage.com /articles/smallpox/3.asp (1323 words)

	[No title]
		Smallpox is a disease of high fevers, deep rashes, bloody sores and oozing pustules that extend from head to foot.
		While drawing up plans for a new smallpox vaccine, Washington quietly investigated if the nation's existing supply of up to 15 million doses could be diluted to one-hundredth of its original strength in an emergency.
		The scientific chief of the American team is Thomas P. Monath, a top virologist and recently chairman of a high-level group that advised the Central Intelligence Agency on ways to counter the spread of weapons of mass destruction.
	www.mercola.com /2001/oct/20/smallpox.htm (2183 words)

	American Indian Epidemics
		Smallpox enters what is now Mexico at the port of Veracruz on the ship of Panfilo de Narvaez on April 23.
		Smallpox kills two out of three Omaha Indians living in what is now Nebraska.Many Indians in California die during epidemics of pneumonia and diptheria.
		American Indians living near what is now the Missouri River in what is now South Dakota begin dying from smallpox.
	www.kporterfield.com /aicttw/articles/disease.html (1528 words)

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