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Topic: North Anatolian Fault

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	North Anatolian Fault - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The North Anatolian Fault (Turkish: Kuzey Anadolu Fayı) is one of the most energetic earthquake zones in the world.
		The North Anatolian Plate is grinding past the two plates at a rate between 1cm and 20cm a year.
		By analysing the stresses caused along the fault by each earthquake, they were able to forecast a disturbance that hit the town of Izmit with such devastating effect in August 1999.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Anatolian_fault (214 words)

	Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault
		The North Anatolian fault emerges as a close analogue of the San Andreas fault in California, with the two continental transforms sharing similar slip rates, total length, and straightness relative to their poles of rotation (Fig.
		Faults are assumed to be vertical and to slip in the sense indicated by the arrows, except for the west end of the 1939 rupture, which dips 50°N and has oblique reverse slip.
		Faults were digitized at 5-km increments, with calculations performed with the fault projected in UTM coordinates, as in Fig.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /research/deformation/modeling/papers/anatolia.html (8973 words)

	Geological Society of America - GSA Today - v. 10, no. 6, June 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Marmara Sea is located on the transform fault, at a place where a notable southwestward swing occurs in the velocity field of the Aegean-Anatolian plate and where a broad zone of faults swings gradually to the southwest to connect the North Anatolian transform fault to the Saros-Ganos fault (Figs.
		The linkage of the faults in the ridges with the sidewall faults is poorly resolved because of the spacing of the seismic grid.
		This fault is interpreted as a footwall splay of the southern sidewall fault.
	www.geosociety.org /pubs/gsatoday/gsat0006.htm (2840 words)

	Earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation within the Earth's upper crust.
		This is because seismic moment is derived from the concept of moment in physics and therefore provides clues to the physical size of an earthquake—the size of fault rupture and accompanying displacement and length of slippage—as of as well as the amount of energy released.
		Deadliest known earthquake in history, estimated to have killed 830,000 in China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Earthquake (2834 words)

	The North Anatoian fault
		Photo: The North Anatolian fault passes through the town of Gerede which was destroyed by 1944 Bolu-Gerede earthquake.
		The series of faulting events during 1939-1967 is one of the most striking observed example of fault segmentation on land.
		fault, the timing and the recurrence interval of faulting events in these two segments are probably not the same.
	home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp /kojiok/anatolia.htm (1304 words)

	Geological Society of America - GSA Today - v. 10, no. 1, January 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The North Anatolian fault is a major, right-lateral, continental strike-slip fault that accommodates the westward motion and counterclockwise rotation of Anatolia and extends approximately 1200 km from the Karliova triple junction to the Aegean Sea (Figure 1).
		The 1999 Izmit earthquake, on a fault segment specifically identified as a seismic gap (Toksoz et al., 1979; Stein et al., 1997), appears to be a continuation of the westward migrating historic earthquake sequence.
		While faults beneath the Marmara Sea are known to generate earthquakes (e.g., Barka, 1997), the geometry and nature of these active faults remain unclear, and the distribution of slip on specific faults within the Marmara is unknown.
	www.geosociety.org /pubs/gsatoday/gsat0001.htm (2970 words)

	North Anatolian Fault Field Trip Report
		Sag-ponds mark the fault trace and we noted and discussed the fact that the southern block of the fault is often uplifted.
		The northern fault block is uplifted along this section, and in the Ilgaz-Eksik area west of Berçin, we measured several right-lateral offsets of channels of 3.0 m, 5.0 to 6.0 m, and 2.3 to 3.8 m along the edges of streams.
		The fault traverses the city of Gerede and extends to the west and southwest until the Burnuk huge quarry showing a large and outstanding view of the fault zone with folded units and successive displacements of young alluvial deposits and paleosols.
	www.scec.org /news/newsletter/34anatolian.html (3574 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Aegean- Anatolian Plate is moving towards the west at an average rate of around 25 mm/y relative to the adjacent Eurasian Plate.
		While failure on one part of a fault plane will tend to reduce stress in the rocks surrounding the rupture zone, it is likely to increase the stress in some other part of the fault plane, or on other nearby fault planes.
		Stress changes related to fault rupture affect specific areas of the fault zone in different ways, and if the physics of the fault is sufficiently well understood it should be possible to determine which areas have been subjected to stress reduction and which to stress increase following an earthquake.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~earles/anatolian-mar00.htm (973 words)

	The Earthquake of 20 September 1999 in Taiwan - by Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		Briefly restated, the North Anatolian fault is a major fracture that transverses the Northern part of Asia Minor and marks the boundary between the Anatolian tectonic plate and the larger Eurasian continental block.
		The North Anatolian Fault Zone is the most prominent active fault system in Turkey along which numerous large earthquakes have occurred throughout history.
		A number of grabbens, fault offsets and other structural topomorhological features at the bottom of the Sea of Marmara indicate that seismic activity and movements of branches of the North Anatolian fault extend under the sea.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /Earthquake1999Turkey2.html (2017 words)

	The Earthquake and Tsunami of August 17, 1999 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey - by Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		The North Anatolian fault is a major fracture that transverses the Northern part of Asia Minor and marks the boundary between the Anatolian tectonic plate and the larger Eurasian continental block.
		It appears that most of the seismic strain along this section of the North Anatolian fault was released by the August 17, 1999 earthquake.
		A number of grabbens, fault offsets and other structural topomorphological features at the bottom of the Sea of Marmara indicate that seismic activity and movements of branches of the North Anatolian fault extend under the sea.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /Tsunami1999Turkey.html (2386 words)

	The American Museum of Natural History - EarthBulletin - Earthquakes - History of Earthquakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The North Anatolian Fault Zone is currently the most active strike-slip fault zone in the world.
		These scientists attribute it to the actual shape of the North Anatolian fault, which is relatively straight and simple.
		Unlike the infamous San Andreas fault in California, the North Anatolian fault is isolated from nearby faults.
	earthbulletin.amnh.org /B/4/1 (368 words)

	Earthquakes in Turkey - All About Turkey
		Initiated the eastward migration of significant earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault.
		Earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault are caused by the northwards motion of the Arabian plate against the Eurasian plate, squeezing the small Turkish micro plate westwards.
		The small Turkish micro plate is bounded on the east by the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ), on the north by the North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ), on the west by a diffuse zone of deformation surrounding the greater Aegean region, and on the south by the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /deprem.htm (1976 words)

	BACKGROUND
		For this study the historic seismicity record in the vicinity of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is used as the sole estimate of activity rate as input to the PSHA.
		The NAFZ is the northern boundary of the Anatolian block, which is moving to the west as a result of the continuing northward movement of the Arabian plate towards Eurasia (Figure 1).
		Dextral strike-slip faulting along the NAFZ appears to continue eastward, beyond the triple junction (41°E) with the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), but is not as continuous as it is along the NAFZ (Jackson, 1992).
	meltingpot.fortunecity.com /wisconsin/238/naf.htm (3156 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ) is a major boundary between the Anatolian and Asian plates.
		This rupture travels down the fault so that each EQ occurs in a separate portion of the fault Migration along the NAFZ Clustering of earthquakes in space and time is common and migration of earthquake sequences has occurred elsewhere.
		Discussion and Conclusions The propensity of the fault zone toward progressive failure is a product of its simple, straight geometry which makes for efficient transfer of stress; its isolation from other faults, which minimized stress transferred between the north Anatolian and competing faults.
	filebox.vt.edu /k/kaanders/EQMigration.doc (1017 words)

	In Turkey, Havoc From a Falling-Domino Fault (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The quiet stretch of fault to the west, passing near the port of Izmit, "was the obvious candidate" for a future earthquake, says Nicholas Ambraseys of Imperial College London.
		Other researchers viewed the fault segment as dangerous simply because it was a seismic gap, where the stresses of plate motion had not been released by a recent earthquake.
		The fault continues west from the ruptured area, diving under the Sea of Marmara and skirting 30 kilometers from Istanbul.
	www.med.ege.edu.tr /~norolbil/1999/earthquake.htm (884 words)

	Finding faults
		While California's quakes result from the intersection of two plates (the North American and the Pacific), Turkey and the Anatolian Plate are being squeezed by three pretty good sized ones: the Eurasian, Arabian and African plates.
		The movement occurs along the North Anatolian Fault that ruptured this past August, and pushes or rotates the Anatolian plate counterclockwise (to the west).
		Where the rock is weak, as it is along portions of the San Andreas and Anatolian faults, one side may "creep" gradually against the other, forming weak earthquakes that do little or no damage.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g115/quake/4.html (757 words)

	Case_Study_1
		The NAFS represents the boundary between the westward-moving Anatolian plate and the relatively stable Eurasion plate to the north.
		The Duzce Fault is the northern branch of the NAFS and is the source of the 12 November 1999 Duzce earthquake (M=7.2)
		The 1999 fault rupture is expressed in the trench as a near-vertical fault that extends to the ground surface with an associated fissure fill.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /~msarca/Case_Study_1.html (1021 words)

	references
		Basement Faulting And The Focal Depths Of The Larger Earthquakes In The Zagros Mountains (Iran).
		Kinematic Of The Levant Fault In Northern Syria: Microtectonic Analysis Of The Alghab Rift.
		Fault Movements And Tectonics Of Eastern Iran: Boundaries Of The Lut Plate.
	atlas.geo.cornell.edu /ctbt/references.html (14779 words)

	DRAINAGE EVOLUTION ALONG THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE, EASTERN MARMARA-TURKEY
		The NAF bifurcates in two strands in the eastern Marmara as the northern and southern strands characterized by trough morphology.
		Late Pliocene paleo-morphology is distinctive on the Kocaeli Peninsula, situated in the northern block of the NAF between Central Marmara bend and Sakarya Basin.
		Average elevation of the surface is 200 m on the peninsula and slightly tilted toward north and paleo-valleys hanged along the northern margin of the Izmit Bay.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77197.htm (510 words)

	Earthquake Research Project - Intro
		The western extension of this Mudurnu fault may be seen in the Iznik-Mekece fault which is presently studied within a cooperative Turkish-Japanese project.
		Here, the fault zone has a width of roughly 3 km and is clearly characterized by a distinct north-south contrast in the rock type: metamorphic rock in the north, right laterally displaced with respect to limestone in the south.
		There are indications for the hypothesis that this part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone may be a fault region of "difficult slip", and that here tectonic stresses may be building up considerably faster than in other areas of the fault.
	www.gfz-potsdam.de /pb2/pb21/Mudurnu/intro.html (1426 words)

	Why was the recent earthquake in Turkey so destructive?
		Seismologists recognized that the westernmost end of the fault, ruptured by the recent earthquake, was particularly hazardous.
		The ground across a strike-slip fault is displaced laterally, and right-lateral slip means that the opposite side of the fault moves to the right.
		The North Anatolian fault is the northern boundary of the small Turkish microplate, which is wedged between the Eurasian plate to the north and the Arabian plate to the south.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/1999/99_08_26.html (627 words)

	news article - Sonar Imaging
		Recent earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault, which runs through Turkey and Greece, may have put parts of the region at even greater risk for damaging earthquakes during the next 30 years, scientists believe.
		The North Anatolian Fault runs from Turkey along the floor of the Aegean Sea to the Greek mainland.
		In the years from 1939 to 1992, there were 10 earthquakes greater than 6.7 on the Richter scale that ruptured 1,000 kilometers of the North Anatolian Fault.
	www.ukfssart.org.uk /news_art1.htm (587 words)

	ipedia.com: Anatolian Plate Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Anatolian Plate is a continential tectonic plate consisting primarily of the country of Turkey.
		The southerly side is both a convergent boundary and a transform boundary with the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east.
		The westerly side is a convergent boundary with the Eurasian Plate as Turkey is being pushed west as it is being squeezed between the Eurasian Plate on the north and both the African Plate and the Arabian Plate on the south.
	www.ipedia.com /anatolian_plate.html (184 words)

	Long time shaking
		The 1939 quake, like the one in Aug. 1999, was along the North Anatolian Fault, a 900-mile crack that's near the junction of the huge African and Eurasian plates.
		The recent quake, rated at 7.4 on the Richter scale, was, despite the death toll, considerably weaker than the disastrous 1939 earthquake.
		Geophysicists believe underground stress is relieved when one section of a fault ruptures in an earthquake, but the rupture increases stress at either end of the section that moved.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g115/quake/2.html (401 words)

	PALEOSEISMOLOGY OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT, A PERSPECTIVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Seismic risks of the North Anatolian fault became an urgent and important issue after the 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake.
		The hypothesis of heightened risks in Istanbul based on the analyses of historic data and stress transfer model, for example, was a significant application of paleoseismology.
		However, for the major part of the North Anatolian fault, geological investigations on past earthquakes have not presented enough unique, or useful parameters to assess the risks.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_55851.htm (448 words)

	Strike-Slip Basins Along 1999 Earthquake Rupture, Anatolian Fault, Turkey
		The first of these earthquakes occurred on August 17, 1999 along the main western strand of the North Anatolian Fault and was Mw7.4.
		The second of these earthquakes occurred November 12, 1999 along the Düzce strand of the North Anatolian fault and was Mw 7.2.
		These cities are located in two poorly understood, strike-slip basins bounded by strands of the North Anatolian Fault.
	www.purdue.edu /eas/basin/strike.html (279 words)

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